Maritime Logistics Research Articles

Impact of Maritime Logistics on Statistical Characteristics of Foreign Trade Indicators of Georgia

Introduction. Most of the cargo in foreign trade is transported by the sea. That is why the development of foreign trade relations without proper sea logistics is impossible. During the period of the pandemic, this was the area that functioned most successfully. In 2021, Georgia has increased the volume of exports, imports, re-exports, local exports by sea transport, while improving the structure of exports and imports.
 Aim and tasks. The aim of the paper was revealing the trends of foreign trade by sea transport in Georgia. In the research process, general methods, as well as specific statistical methods were used, such as: observation, aggregation and analysis: mean values, ratios, variation analysis, dynamic sequences, selective observations, etc.
 Results. Since 2016, sea transport has consistently held one of the leading positions in trade relations. In 2021 alone, maritime exports increased by 27% compared to the previous year. In period of 2016-2021, foreign trade in maritime transport increased by an average of 8.4% annually. In 2016-2021, Georgia mainly exports copper ores and concentrates, Ferroalloys, passenger cars and nitrogen, mineral or chemical fertilizers. Statistics in the dynamics over the years show that no change has taken place in the export commodity structure and in general, 73.7% of exports are local exports, which is an increase of 12.5 percentage points compared to 2019. The share of exports by sea in local exports was 57.3% in 2021, which is 2.8 percentage points higher than in 2019. During the whole study period, the volume of locally produced products exported by sea increased by an average of 18.1% per year. The average annual growth rate of re-exports by sea transport in Georgia in 2016-2019 was 140.9%, although in 2020 its volume decreased by 22.2% compared to the previous year, and in 2021 increased by 17% compared to 2020.
 Conclusions. In conclusion, it can be said that sea transport is used quite actively in foreign trade in Georgia, a large part of foreign trade flows in the country are based on maritime transport. The statistical characteristics of foreign trade in the country have improved. The growth trend was maintained even during the period of severe pandemics and lockdowns, which once again emphasizes the advantages of conducting trade processes by sea and the need to use it for other purposes.

PENGARUH KOMPETENSI, DAN KOMITMEN ORGANISASI TERHADAP KINERJA MANAJERIAL PADA PT. SUKSES BAHARI LOGISTIC SURABAYA

This studys aims to examine and analyzes the effect of competence and organizational commitmen at PT. Success of Maritime Logistics Surabaya. The sampling techniques used in this research is saturated sampling (Census), with a total sampel of 35 respondent. The analiysis technique used in this research is multiple linears regressions analysis technique. The result of the analysis show that competence and organizational commitment simultaneously have a significant effect on managerial performance at PT. Success Bahari Logistics Surabaya, Competence (X1) partially has a significan effect on managerial performances at PT. Success of Maritime Logistics Surabaya. Organizational Commitment (X2) partially has a significant effects on managerial performances at PT. Success of Maritime Logistics Surabaya

Do maritime innovation centers produce results?

Over the last decade, numerous innovation centers, accelerators, and incubators have been developed globally to facilitate startup firms within the global maritime sector or as it is a part of what is called the “Blue Economy.” Several of these industry-focused centers have a venture funding connection as part of their offerings. The intent is to spur development of new technologies to be incorporated within the maritime logistics industry or totally reinvent processes that have been in place for decades. Ideation competitions have been developed in some instances and entrepreneurs are urged to participate in programs that will provide networking opportunities and access to funding. Despite this development, the number of maritime startups that reach minimum viable product for introduction and investment remains small in comparison to other industries. This study will examine the current state of maritime innovation centers around the world and consider the value of these programs in the evolution of the industry toward digitization.

Chattogram Port: A dedicated service institution to evolve the country boldly

Chattogram Port, the premier seaport of Bangladesh, has reached a remarkable position, not only in South Asia, but also in the world for its record performance in handling cargo and containers. This has happened due to continuous increase of GDP, infrastructural development, increased purchasing power, foreign exchange by manpower business, port development, and the efforts of many people. The history of Chattogram port began in the 4th century BC, when Chattogram was known as “Shetgang”, or “Delta of the Ganges”; later, in the 16th century, it was known as “Porte Grande”. The present location of the port was established in the year 1887 that developed by 1910. In 1960, all assets of the port were declared under the property of “Port Trust”. However, port management, operations, and others are directed by Chittagong Port Authority Ordinance, 1976. As per port throughput of 2019, the port was declared as the 58th busiest container port in the world by Lloyds List in their 100 ports ranking in 2020. Furthermore, in 2021, Chattogram Port handled a record 3.2 million TEUs. This research applied a mixed-method approach, where the quantitative approach tried to explore Chattogram Port’s performance data, and the qualitative approach used historical data and information to articulate port features in the internal and external environment. The originalities of this research are geopolitical debate to select Chattogram Port as a prime maritime load center of South Asia to connect the landlocked parts of India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Myanmar, active regional and international forums like BCIM, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN), SAARC, BIMSTEC, OBOR, and QUAD based on Chattogram Port, and development of Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI) internationally to improve freight transport connectivity, and use expansion of hinterland to provide maritime logistics services for regional connectivity. A recent step by the port authority to invest in constructing a deep seaport in the Bay of Bengal, attractive to the world port community and remarked by all in port expansion, investment, and efficiency, was investigated rigorously. Overall, this paper aims to explore Chattogram Port’s current activity and future planning, and recall the port’s history as inspiration and motivation to shape the port in a notable position in the port world. Highlights Dedication of Chattogram port in developing Bangladesh Managing maximum Import and Export trade to increase the GDP of Bangladesh Golden gateway of the Bay of Bengal Regional connectivity in South Asia

Enhanced Communications on Satellite-Based IoT Systems to Support Maritime Transportation Services.

Maritime transport has become important due to its ability to internationally unite all continents. In turn, during the last two years, we have observed that the increase of consumer goods has resulted in global shipping deadlocks. In addition, the future goes through the role of ports and efficiency in maritime transport to decarbonize its impact on the environment. In order to improve the economy and people’s lives, in this work, we propose to enhance services offered in maritime logistics. To do this, a communications system is designed on the deck of ships to transmit data through a constellation of satellites using interconnected smart devices based on IoT. Among the services, we highlight the monitoring and tracking of refrigerated containers, the transmission of geolocation data from Global Positioning System (GPS), and security through the Automatic Identification System (AIS). This information will be used for a fleet of ships to make better decisions and help guarantee the status of the cargo and maritime safety on the routes. The system design, network dimensioning, and a communications protocol for decision-making will be presented.

Conceptualizing Floating Logistics Supporting Facility as Innovative and Sustainable Transport in Remote Areas: Case of Small Islands in Indonesia

Transportation is the main component that ensures the optimal distribution of goods in the maritime logistics system of small Islands. Therefore, this research developed a Floating Logistics Supporting Facility (FLSF) to overcome the logistics problems on small Islands by implementing sustainable operational systems. The research samples used were Nias, Kisar, and Sangihe Islands in Indonesia, with dimension, propulsion, operation, and mooring utilized as the four primary considerations. An FLSF was applied as a floating terminal capable of accommodating loading and unloading operations, ship mooring, cargo storage, stacking, and dooring services. The result showed that an FLSF can be applied to logistics activities while considering the safety aspects and related regulations. Based on the results, the FLSF can improve the quality of sustainable logistics operations and increase economic growth in remote islands.

인천∼제주 해상물류 활성화 방안에 대한 연구

On December 10, 2021, the ‘Incheon-Jeju’ ferry started its first regular service after 7 years and 8 months. The ferry, which had been cut off after the Sewol ferry disaster in April 2014, was reopened. The resumption of the ‘Incheon-Jeju’ waterway is expected to revive the local economy of the Incheon coastal pier and revitalize the logistics business of the Incheon coastal pier due to the increase in the supply of Jeju agricultural and marine products. In the meantime, the flow of logistics from Jeju to the Seoul metropolitan area via Honam is expected to lead directly from Jeju to Incheon Port, reducing logistics costs and resolving the distortion of logistics, thereby opening the door to logistics business through maritime transport. In addition, Incheon Port Authority expects that the annual number of coastal passengers will recover to 1 million, and it is expected to increase the number of coastal passengers, revitalize the area around the coastal pier and revitalize the local economy by contributing to the expansion of Incheon Port infrastructure and revitalization of coastal tourism. Accordingly, it is necessary to study a plan to revitalize the local economy according to the increase in maritime freight volume between Incheon and Jeju. It is time for policy proposals to revitalize the Incheon regional economy due to the increase in the Incheon-Jeju maritime trade volume. Therefore, in this study, the current status of maritime logistics between Incheon and Jeju before and after the Sewol ferry disaster was investigated, and the ‘total employment of An analysis model was developed for ‘inducing effect’ and ‘economic inducement effect’. Based on this research model, “total employment induction effect” and “economic inducement effect” caused by the increase in maritime transport volume were calculated and “how much the Incheon local economy is activated” simulation was performed. In other words, after the Sewol ferry disaster in 2014, only about 5-6% of Jeju Samdasoo and Jeju agricultural products entered Incheon Port, and on December 10, 2021, sea transportation from Jeju → Incheon Port was resumed and about 60 to 65% of Jeju Samdasoo and Jeju agricultural products were resumed. It is expected to flow into Incheon Port again. Therefore, by estimating the change in future cargo volume for the next three to five years, such as 2022 to 2025, the number of jobs created by the total employment induction effect and the economic inducement effect were calculated. In other words, when the vitalization of maritime logistics between Incheon and Jeju is normalized, Jeju Samdasoo, Jeju agricultural products, etc. will flow into Jeju → Incheon Port, and the volume of marine cargo is expected to increase from a minimum of 1.45 million tons to a maximum of 215 tons. It is expected that the total employment inducement effect will occur from a minimum of 1,629 people to a maximum of 2,618 people. In addition, it was analyzed that there was an economic inducement effect of at least 106 billion won to a maximum of 170.3 billion won due to an increase in the amount of sea freight flowing from Jeju to Incheon.

A Bibliometric Analysis of The Impact of COVID-19 on Maritime Logistics and Ports

Starting from the city of Wuhan in China in March 2020, the Covid-19 virus, which spread all over the world in a short time, affected many areas globally. With the declaration of the epidemic worldwide, a red alert was issued in the national and international community. The significant impact of the restrictions applied to slow the spread of the Covid-19 epidemic, as in many other sectors, has also manifested itself in the economy sector. The maritime industry, which constitutes the most important part of international trade, was caught unprepared for this unexpected epidemic. The purpose of this study is to bibliometrically analyze the articles written on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on maritime logistics and ports. Web of Science database was used to conduct the study and 29 articles were reached. The articles were examined in detail in terms of number of publications, keyword analysis, author and journal information, and citation analysis. It is aimed that the results of the bibliometric study will guide future studies in this field.

Demurrage pattern analysis using logical analysis of data: A case study of the Ulsan Port Authority

Maritime logistics, which accounts for around 80% of international trade around the world, has been a driving force for economic growth. Increases in maritime traffic, however, lead to increased congestion in berths and terminals. This congestion in turn negatively affects the total ship turnaround time and leads to decreased efficiency in port operations and a higher demurrage rate, which refers to the number of vessels in queue for more than a fixed time period waiting to load/unload out of the total number of vessels entering a port. The demurrage rate directly affects a port’s operating profits; thus, this rate needs to stay as low as possible. In this study, we focus on developing a methodology to address the demurrage rate of a port. To this end, we first collect two sets of vessel data (2016 annual data for training and 2019 annual data for validating) for ships entering and leaving the Port of Ulsan in the Republic of Korea and integrate these datasets with berth data and weather data. We tailor the logical analysis of data (LAD) technique to derive the patterns from the training data that mitigate or aggravate the demurrage rate. We use these patterns to predict the demurrage rate for the validating set of data. The overall binary classification results demonstrate the proposed LAD technique’s competitive performance, compared with other state-of-the-art machine learning methods. We then analyze the patterns to derive policy suggestions that can lower the demurrage rate at the Port of Ulsan. Our computational experiments find that the availability of tugs or pilots and port arrival times mainly affect the demurrage rate at the Port of Ulsan. Finally, our study showcases new possibilities for using patterns of demurrage and non-demurrage vessels obtained by LAD to help policymakers and port operators address the growing demurrage problem.

Существующие проблемы в глобальных цепях поставок морскими контейнерными судами

The article considers the system of maritime logistics as the dominant sector in world transport. Container transportation is analyzed in detail as its key segment. Global supply chains in maritime container transportation depend to the complex interaction of participants (from the supplier and carrier to the terminal operator), where many problems arise due to the lack of a clear work algorithm for each party. With supply chains distributed across global markets, container shipping is now an important element of the transport system having a significant advantage. The general characteristics of transport activity in container supply chains are listed. The imbalance in trade flows and limited capacity complicate the realization of all the advantages in this type of transportation. Insufficient knowledge of the chain interaction of maritime transport has been stated, a review of the main problems in global supply chains in the field of maritime container transportation was carried out, as well as an analysis of existing works on the proposed topic. For further research, it is recommended to pay attention to the problem of coordination of container transportation of the supply chain, to study the issue of pricing and risk management, competition in transportation by sea container ships, and also to consider performance management in the supply chain of this type of transport. Conclusions are drawn about the need for additional research and the application of methods and tools for managing operations to optimize work without financial losses for all participants in the container transportation chains.

Risk assessment of maritime container shipping blockchain-integrated systems: An analysis of multi-event scenarios

Blockchain applications in maritime logistics services face uncertainties and risks, obstructing a broader and more sustainable adoption. Although the operational risk of blockchain-integrated systems (BISs) is significant, studies in this area are still conceptual and scarce. This research is a mixed-methods risk analysis focusing on (1) modeling the risk situation by a connected network of potential disruptive events in container shipping BISs, and (2) applying a quantitative risk analysis with probabilistic indexes considering the multiplicity of multi-event risk scenarios (MESs). Thirty-two telephone interviews with experts from container terminal operators, shipping companies, and freight forwarders helped establish a risk network with the description of 25 vertices and 54 directed connections. The quantitative analysis of 64 web survey responses provided insights and foresight about different characteristics of each risk and causal connection. The results enable a comprehensive view of the potential failure modes of blockchain applications. This study is the first to explore the potential risk situation in container shipping BISs with inputs from the industry. The applied methodological framework expands the toolkit of risk researchers, analysts, and managers against the fast-paced development of digitalization in maritime logistics and supply chain operations.

Exploring the vulnerability of transportation networks by entropy: A case study of Asia–Europe maritime transportation network

With the rise of global trade, maritime transportation networks have become an indispensable element of logistics networks. Approximately 80% of the global trade volume is transported by sea with the maritime logistics network fueling global economic integration. Due to the uncertainty of the transportation process and the impact of accidents, the reliability analysis of the logistics network is a topic of immense interest. In this paper, we propose an original and novel model to quantitatively analyze the vulnerability of the maritime logistics network by considering the importance of each port in the network. Three centrality measures that consider different topology information of the network are used in this paper to identify the importance of ports. Different information about the network is considered through the joint entropy and the multiscale factor q to evaluate the vulnerability of the logistics network. The Asia–Europe maritime transportation network serves as a real-world example to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of our proposed model. The experimental results suggest that the performance of the maritime network is closely related to the heterogeneity of the connectivity pattern and the process of decentralization can reduce the vulnerability of the maritime network.

Collaborative management evaluation of container shipping alliance in maritime logistics industry: CKYHE case analysis

With the shipping industry development, shipping alliances have become a new mode of competition and played a crucial role in the maritime logistics. The competitiveness of a container shipping alliance lies in its collaborative management operation level of the system. This article establishes an indicator system to evaluate a container shipping alliance's collaborative operation level and applies the fuzzy quality function deployment (QFD) method to build the collaborative management framework of the container shipping alliance. Drawing on the CKYHE case, it calculates the importance degrees of system elements in the alliance, and evaluates CKYHE's collaborative management level and its members' management and operation levels. The evaluation results prove the inevitability of the CKYHE alliance's disintegration and restructuring. Finally, this study provides a reliable systematic indicator system and effective collaborative management methods for alliance performance evaluation, which has positive significance for container shipping alliances to improve collaborative management.

Port performance factors and their interactions: A systems thinking approach

Indonesia’s inter-island movement of goods relies heavily on sea transportation because it can transport large volumes of goods at a reasonable cost. However, it is challenging to meet the same pricing standards everywhere, particularly for regions located far from the production centres. The government initiated the Motorways of the Sea Program to tackle this issue. Stakeholders in Indonesia’s maritime logistics should be involved in the implementation processes, including the port operators, the shipping industry, and the government as a regulator and infrastructure enabler. However, the democratic, decentralised, and pluralistic nature of Indonesia’s government, culture, and bureaucracy has challenged the implementation of the Motorways of the Sea Program. Based on a systematic map of each stakeholder’s interests, barriers, and expectations, the study used a systems thinking approach to capture the interactions among stakeholders’ activities and policies in the maritime logistics system. A causal loop diagram and a stock and flow diagram were developed to provide a holistic view of the system. Several systemic forces that became the leverages of the system’s performance were identified. The most important factors are infrastructure development, both physical and non-physical infrastructures that include information and communication technology, service procedures, and human capital supporting the service system.

Are shore power and emission control area policies always effective together for pollutant emission reduction? – An analysis of their joint impacts at the post-pandemic era

Shore power (SP) and emission control area (ECA) have been two of the main polices for a green maritime logistics. However, it is still not clear how the joint impact of these two polices will influence vessels' shipping and energy consumption plan. The influence could be more complicated at the post-pandemic era of COVID-19 when the vessel's refueling could be risky. This paper develops mathematical model of the vessel's routing and fuel inventory decisions by considering both the SP and ECA. Based on the model, we analyze the optimal decision of a vessel under three different policy conditions, which are non-SP, compulsive utilization of SP at all ports, and optional SP utilization by the vessel. The numerical experiments are conducted based on the information of a vessel delivering cargos along the coastline in China. The results uncover a novel phenomenon that the implementation of the SP might incentive the vessel to travel longer distance outside the ECA for a lower total cost that results in more pollutant emissions. We show that the SP policy would influence the vessel's fuel management and refueling times which can change the route of vessel sailing inside and outside ECAs. Sensitivity analysis also shed light on how the government's decision on the SP policy may influence the overall pollutant emissions of the vessel from both berthing at ports and sailing on the sea. We discussed how the fixed cost of refueling, which is affected by the risk of the COVID-19 condition, will influence the vessel's plan under the SP and ECA polices. This study suggests the government to make an integrated policy of both SP and ECA at the post-pandemic era to achieve an overall reduction of the pollutant emission.

REVIVING THE KLANG VALLEY ECONOMY DURING PANDEMIC THROUGH DIGITALISATION OF THE MARITIME LOGISTICS INDUSTRY

The maritime logistics industry is an international business ecosystem and backbone of Malaysia’s economic development. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have witnessed a drastic decline of industries all over the world, which may take a very long time to recover. This paper discusses the digital transformation of the maritime logistics industry based in the Klang Valley of Peninsular Malaysia as a strategic plan to improve existing business processes and make it resilient in face of the challenges brought on by the pandemic. We evaluated the digitalisation practices of maritime logistics companies to identify enablers that can help restore the economy as the industry tries to move on under the shadow of COVID-19. The Fuzzy Delphi (FD) method is used to collect and analyse data based on the response of 18 experts with more than five years of industry experience. A total of 15 key enablers were determined and ranked in terms of priority, with the top three being changes in the long-term industry growth rate, marketing innovation and implementation of digital platforms. These key enablers may then be used to develop good strategies to enhance competitiveness and build the resilience of this sector against the disruptions brought on by the pandemic.

Strategic priorities of innovative transformations of maritime transportation

World trade transformations make the variability of cargo delivery logistics more strategically significant. In order to determine sector strategic priorities the authors of the article set innovative objectives of maritime transport logistics to optimize the international shipping process. The authors justify the need for innovative decisions in modern maritime logistics based on strategic analysis of the trends in transport structure of the global cargo traffic with the consideration of competitive advantages of maritime transportation. Transformations in the international trade are considered to be one of the key trends affecting the development of transport and logistics sector. The authors make use of extensive analytical material to show the way the transformation of the world trade affects the contents of the logistic schemes of maritime cargo transportation in terms of the dynamics of its quantitative indicators, commodity and geographical structure. In accordance with the study the authors conclude that the sectoral strategic development of maritime transportation ought to correspond to the innovative type of development of intermodal transportation taking into account the crucial factor of time.

Seaport throughput forecasting and post COVID-19 recovery policy by using effective decision‐making strategy: A case study of Vietnam ports

This study deals with the dynamic interactions between seaports and decision-making strategy for seaport operations by utilizing four-dimensional fractional Lotka-Volterra competition model under frequently disrupted by time-delay factor. Nonlinear analysis methods, including equilibrium analysis, stability evaluation, and time series investigation, are intensely explored to describe the cooperation and competition dynamics in maritime logistics. The dynamical analysis indicates that the port competition system shows a complex and highly nonlinear behaviour, notably illustrating unstable equilibria and even chaotic phenomena. Besides, nonlinear dynamical interactions in seaport management have been analysed by exploiting fractional calculus (FC) and system dynamics theory. Novel multi-criteria decision-making strategies realized by the neural network prediction controller (NNC) and adaptive fractional-order super-twisting sliding mode control (AFOSTSM) have been presented for dealing with throughput dynamics under parametric perturbations and external disturbances. Particularly, the active control algorithms are implemented to ensure the recovery strategy for throughput growth of Vietnam ports in the post-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic era. The case study has confirmed the efficacy of the proposed strategy by using system dynamics and control theory. The simulation results show that the average growth rates of container throughput can be ensured up to 7.46% by exploiting resilience management scheme. The presented method can be also utilized for providing managerial insights and solutions on efficient port operations. In addition, the control strategies with neural network forecasting can help managers obtain timely and cost-effective decision-making policy for port sustainability against unprecedented impacts on global supply chains related to COVID-19 pandemic.

Locating a Hub Port in Eastern Indonesia Using Network Analytics

The main, current challenge to the maritime logistics system of Indonesia is the low level of freight transport from its eastern region. The transportation of goods to and from the eastern and western regions of Indonesia must be balanced if efficiency is to be enhanced and costs are to be reduced. One remedy to the current imbalance is increasing the existing economies of scale. This could be achieved by developing a hub port to enable goods to be consolidated and transported efficiently. The present study employs network analytics to determine the best site for a hub port in the eastern region of Indonesia. The coordinates of the ports in that region were analyzed using centrality algorithms and the NetworkX library. Based on analysis result, in perspective of relative distance between ports then Bitung port will be recommended as hub port in eastern Indonesia.

The Impacts of the Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Maritime Logistics

This study aims to identify current approaches in the usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods for solving shipping problems. Recent advances in AI are being examined, and the way it is adapted to maritime logistics is reviewed. In this study, 66 papers dealing with AI in the maritime industry are reviewed bibliometrically. Research data were primarily sourced from databases of IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, ScienceDirect (Elsevier), Sciences Citation Index, Google Scholar, Springer, and journals. Selected papers are categorized and classified, and the outcomes of some noteworthy publications are discussed in detail. A comprehensive assessment is also presented, which highlights research gaps and forecasts future research orientations. Two possible areas in the maritime industry are proposed for further research using AI capabilities. Predictive analysis is the first domain, followed by energy efficiency optimization. In addition, Machine Learning (ML) and Operations Research (OR) have fostered a growing interest in automating the learning of heuristics to solve optimization problems to avoid the need for expensive and inefficient human labour to create highly specialized heuristics. Future research can take advantage of these new ML approaches to address Maritime Logistics problems utilizing the ever-increasing amount of data available. Future research on maritime logistics can also develop learning models based on the identified gaps.