Maritime Trade Research Articles

The Snags of Maritime Piracy Facing the Maritime Trade: Implications for the Blue Economy and Maritime Laws

The Snags of Maritime Piracy Facing the Maritime Trade: Implications for the Blue Economy and Maritime Laws

Study on the ceramic wares from the Leizhou kiln of the Tang and Song dynasties

The Leizhou kiln in Guangdong Province was ever famous for porcelain manufacturing. High-quality porcelain products were produced for export, a core business of the Maritime trade. However, there has been little research on the Leizhou kiln in the past, particularly, regarding the manufacturing technology for porcelain in local areas. In this work, by using portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dilatometry (DIL), the samples from the Leizhou kiln dating back to the Tang and Song dynasties were systematically analyzed. The major emphasis was placed on analysis of the technological characteristics employed in the manufacturing process from the aspects of the raw materials, microstructure and firing temperature, etc. As indicated by the research findings, during the Tang Dynasty, the main raw materials used for the body were locally sourced porcelain stone alone, while the porcelain stone mixed with sort a kaolinite could have been added to the body during the Song Dynasty. The body of the samples from the Tang Dynasty contained low levels of Fe2O3. The body of the samples from the Song Dynasty were more compact, so the raw materials used for the body were more refine and had been carefully processed. The samples from these two periods all belonged to transparent glaze and calcium glaze. Moreover, the polychrome ceramics from the Song Dynasty were typically of high-temperature over-glazed craftsmanship, and the brown color was caused by iron ions. The “dragon kiln” and sagger were used both in the Tang and Song dynasties. The firing temperature of the sample was approsximately 1080 °C during the Tang Dynasty and 1150 °C during the Song Dynasty.

Book Review: Greek Maritime History: From the Periphery to the Centre by Katerina Galani and Alexandra Papadopoulou, eds.

Book Review: <i>Greek Maritime History: From the Periphery to the Centre</i> by Katerina Galani and Alexandra Papadopoulou, eds.

Shell Midden Archaeology: Current Trends and Future Directions

Since the 19th century, the study of shell middens has played an important role in archaeological research. Shell midden and broader coastal archaeology have transformed our understanding of human relationships with aquatic habitats, demonstrating the importance of marine environments to human evolution and ecology, the colonization of islands and establishment of maritime trade networks, changing social and political dynamics, and a variety of other issues. During the past two decades, shell midden research has greatly increased, marking an exciting time for new discoveries and heightened collaboration with Indigenous communities. Several key research trends in shell midden archaeology during the past 10–15 years include research on site distribution and temporality, underwater archaeology, historical ecology, terraforming, landscape legacies, and community collaboration. These research trends demonstrate the ways in which shell midden archaeologists are shaping our understanding of the human past and environmental change around the world.

The Structuring Process of Institutional Logics in Organizational Fields: The Case of Turkish Maritime Trade Sector

Bu makalede, Türk deniz ticareti örgütsel alanının Cumhuriyet Dönemindeki tarihsel seyri, kurumsal değişim ve kurumsal mantıklar çerçevesi dâhilinde, arşiv taraması, tarihsel inceleme, mülâkat gibi niteliksel analiz yöntemleri kullanılarak incelenmektedir. Bu kapsamda, devlet kurumlarının oluşum aşaması olan Cumhuriyet’in ilânının ertesindeki yıllarda genel itibarıyla devletçi ve geleneksel uygulamaların etkili olduğu görülmektedir. Diğer taraftan, 1950’li yıllar, özel teşebbüsün sektörde etkisinin hissedilmeye başlandığı ve ilk dışa açılma faaliyetlerinin gözlemlendiği dönem olarak göze çarpmakla birlikte, bu yıllarda anılan örgütsel alanda henüz tam anlamıyla bir özel sektör kurumsal mantığından bahsetmek mümkün bulunmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte, ülkemizde 1980’li yıllarda başlayan liberalleşme politikalarının Türk deniz ticareti sektörü üzerindeki etkileri, 1990’lı yıllarda görülmeye başlamaktadır. 2000’li yıllar ise, sektördeki liberalleşme, özelleştirme ve uluslararasılaşmanın artış gösterdiği dönem olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Dolayısıyla, Türk deniz ticareti sektörü özelinde, Cumhuriyet Döneminde, geleneksel kamu mantığından uzaklaşılarak piyasa ilişkilerinin hâkim olduğu modern mantığa doğru bir geçiş yaşandığı görülmektedir.

EFFECT OF PIRACY ON MARITIME INSECURITY IN SOUTH SOUTH NIGERIA

Piracy and maritime insecurity pose significant challenges to the South South region of Nigeria, a critical maritime gateway for trade and energy resources. This abstract provides a succinct overview of a comprehensive study that investigates the multifaceted aspects of piracy and maritime insecurity in this region. Employing a documentary research design, this study examines a wide range of historical records, government reports, legal documents, news articles, and other relevant sources to explore the root causes, historical evolution, and contemporary dynamics of piracy and maritime insecurity. The findings reveal a complex interplay of factors contributing to piracy and maritime insecurity in South South Nigeria. Historical legacies, economic disparities, inadequate law enforcement, and political instability have created an environment conducive to criminal activities at sea. Furthermore, this study identifies various piracy tactics, including kidnappings for ransom, oil theft, and attacks on vessels, which threaten regional stability and economic prosperity. The paper underscores the urgency of addressing piracy and maritime insecurity in South South Nigeria to ensure the safety of maritime trade and energy resources. It emphasizes the role of documentary research in shedding light on this critical issue and calls for concerted efforts by governments, industry stakeholders, and international organizations to promote maritime security, foster economic development, and safeguard the well-being of coastal communities.

Appraising the impact of COVID-19 on trading volume of selected vessel types in sub-Saharan Africa

The emergence and diffusion of coronavirus (COVID-19) have brought a lot of impacts on various spheres of human endeavours including maritime trading. This paper explores the effect of the lockdown on maritime port calls for selected vessels in the sub-Saharan African (SSA) regions (East, Middle, South, and West Africa). The study utilizes port calls data of the maritime profile of the global economies obtained from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Statistics between 2018 and 2021. Data include port calls for liquid bulk carrier, liquefied petroleum gas, dry bulk carrier, dry break bulk carrier, roll-on-roll-off, and container carrier. The analysis of data involves the use of exploratory technique to reveal dimensions of performance by various carriers across the regions. The results picture the kind of response of port calls in all the regions akin to the response from other regions of the world. However, the study observes that though responses to COVID-19 lockdown across the globe were similar, SSA regions were slow in recovering from the decline in port calls when compared to the developed and some rapidly developing economies of the world due to the region’s lack of economic resilience. Thus, since ports have been identified as vulnerable to economic, social, institutional, and environmental shocks, and to dynamic and highly unpredictable demand for port services, policymakers of various nationals in the SSA may need to examine the patterns of performance of vessels in the regions to manage trade flows more effectively as a way of responding to future dynamics in maritime trade in the region.

Ninteenth-Century Shipwrecks and the Maritime Cultural Landscape of the Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico shifted from a colonial backwater to an active center of increasingly global maritime trade and commerce in the nineteenth century. This was due to the acquisition of the Gulf’s northern territories by the United States as a result of the Louisiana Purchase and the transition of the region and the seas surrounding it into an American territory and economic center. The shipwrecks and maritime infrastructure of the Gulf from that period are a cohesive maritime cultural landscape. That landscape, however, also includes elements and sites that are non-American, but which relate to the other groups and nationalities in the region, as well as shipwrecks associated with Gulf trade that wrecked or were lost outside the geographic boundaries of the Gulf of Mexico while in active trade.

‘For King and Empire’: The Changing Political, Economic, and Cultural Identities of Kru Mariners in Atlantic Africa, 1460–1945

AbstractThis article traces histories of the Kru in West Africa from the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries, arguing that divergent identities of fifteenth- to eighteenth-century Kru canoers became unified when that unified identity was necessary for maintaining political, economic, and cultural autonomy during and after the slave trade. In conjunction with earlier multilingual work on the Kru mariners of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this article seeks to place the narrative of Kru identity and labor in a larger context of maritime history across the region at large. This article argues that the Kru relied on longstanding maritime traditions from localized groups to capitalize on the need for work and cash in a capitalist economy driven by growing European imperialism. The historical narrative of Kru maritime power shows how local and global identities in Atlantic Africa shifted in response to exploitation, blurring the lines between response and resistance.

몽골제국시기 술 문화의 남북교류

This study examines the exchange and influence of alcohol, often hailed as the greatest gift bestowed upon humanity, as it traversed the Eurasian continent from east to west and vice versa. Rather than being a mere beverage for enjoyment, alcohol should be regarded as a cultural heritage born from the fusion of local products and cultures. This paper gathers historical records on wine to explore how the people of the Mongol Empire enjoyed wine, and investigates the spread and diffusion of fermented beverages like Maotai and the distilled spirits derived from them, shedding light on the North-South cultural exchange of alcohol during the early 13th century in the steppe and the central plains.&#x0D; In particular, the invention of distillation apparatus and the activities of Islamic merchants contributed to the vast dissemination of distilled spirits throughout the vast regions of Eurasia, giving rise to various types of alcohol such as arrack and soju in the east, and whisky, brandy, vodka, and tequila in the west. This, too, can be seen as a result of extensive cultural exchange between the East and the West. The active exchange of alcohol during the era of the Mongol Empire was made possible by the empire's expansion of territories in all directions, establishing an empire that not only exerted political and military control over neighboring countries but also provided opportunities for subordinate ruling classes to participate in advanced civilization. Additionally, the empire secured hubs for exchanging goods between border regions and central cities, leading to the flourishing of economic exchanges, both public and private, between regions.&#x0D; This paper examines how the spread of alcohol in East Asia occurred in both the northern and southern directions, centered around the Mongol Empire, during different periods before and after the empire's existence. Contrary to our general assumption that alcohol spread unilaterally from China to Southeast Asian countries, it was confirmed that various types of fermented beverages produced in the region were introduced to China as trade developed. Likewise, distilled spirits were introduced to China through maritime and overland trade routes, and with the construction of a universal empire, the spread of these alcoholic beverages to other regions became more active, contributing to their popularization. This, too, can be seen as a cultural exchange phenomenon brought about by Pax Mongolica.

Canaletto: Synthetic Compositions of Maritime Greenwich

AbstractSoutheast London benefits from some of the finest historical buildings the city has to offer, and Greenwich is particularly notable for the Queen's House, the Old Royal Naval College and other magnificent edifices of maritime history. Using all the relevant technology available to them (drones, LiDAR scanners and ground‐penetrating radar), Captivate – a small research group of academic architects, landscapers and computer whizzes at the University of Greenwich – are revealing much about this area that has previously been unknown. Founder member Simon Withers shows us some of its recent explorations.

"It’s the colonisation of the mind”: How the legacy of the British Empire has impacted the University of Greenwich.

The aftermath of imperial Britain is entwined with every part of the United Kingdom (UK). Colonial dominion brought on by European sovereignty resulted in slavery, the subjugation of the Global South and a demolishing of indigenous cultures. Widespread entrenched inequalities throughout societal domains are all forms of colonialism. Repercussions of the British Empire are prevalent in education and the fundamental imperialistic philosophies of colonialism have been internalised throughout universities. This research investigated the outcome of these legacies within UK universities, with a focus on the University of Greenwich. This university takes pride in its rich maritime history, but acknowledgement of the ‘less desirable’ side of this past is lacking. The historical iconography of the University of Greenwich is rooted in colonialism, yet not enough light has been shed on this, nor on how it plays a role in perpetuating westernised imperialistic thought in academia. This research used semi-structured interviews with academic staff and students at the University of Greenwich to explore this topic. Thematic analysis revealed insights into how the British Empire continues to affect individuals within the university. It also provided valuable suggestions that include what the university, staff and students can do to confront colonial links.

Lesson Learn The Leadership Period of Admiral Keumalahayati for the Development of Maritime Defense Strategy

Aceh is one of the provinces in Indonesia which is located at the tip of Sumatra Island. History records that Aceh has a strategic position which is the starting point for trade from the sea. Both national and international traders use Aceh as a transportation route. The maritime history of the Kingdom of Aceh can be preserved and published, such as the story of Admiral Keumalahayati. The purpose of this research is to take lessons from the story of Admiral Keumalahayati's leadership for the development of a maritime defense strategy. This study uses qualitative methods and uses a socio-political approach to determine the character of leadership and historical methods to determine the journey of Admiral Keumalahayati's leadership. The results showed that Admiral Keumalahayati had been the leader of the Inong Bale Troop (widow woman), conducting diplomacy with countries that wanted to cooperate with the Kingdom of Aceh. Admiral Keumalahayati was the first female warlord to become the navy leader of the Kingdom of Aceh. This maritime history ultimately has a significant role in overcoming several problems related to Indonesia's position as the world's maritime axis country.

MARITIME MUSEUMS VS SEAPORT MUSEUMS NAVIGATING THE EVOLUTION FROM MARITIME PORT BUSINESS TO THE MARITIME TOURISM INDUSTRY

Ocean-based countries has more advantages compare to a landlock regions where there face challenges on the access to the oceanography activities. Beyond major maritime trading and transportation business, maritime tourism business is one of the economically contributing sectors for coastal region nations. The main aim of this paper is to (a) identify the role of seaport museum and maritime museum, (b) to explore the benefits of seaport museum and maritime museum towards seaport industry, (c) proposing a framework for the future research direction on seaport tourism as a complementary business opportunity for seaport industry. Bibliometric analysis technique was adopted with VoS viewer, and a content analysis on 30 research articles were performed to derive the results and then coded with NVivo 12 software. The result shows that, there are nine key measurement factors needed to be considered to archive the objectives. Seaport museum and maritime museum are not the same, whereas maritime museum only focuses on all the sea-based artifacts while seaport museum focuses on the specific sea-based artifacts which are in the port limits. Moreover, both the museums encourage the port city development and have a high impact to the seaport revenue generation.&#x0D;

Cultural and Trade Interaction between Champa and India: A Historical Analysis

In the history of humankind, maritime economic and trade connections always play an important role in development. The sea trade routes contributed part towards the development of cultures, diplomatic ties, and cooperation between nations. In Asia, the Champa maritime space used to be very significant for the connection of Southeast Asia with the markets in Northeast Asia and Southwest Asia. As a group of islands in Central Vietnam, the Cham Islands (Vietnamese: Cù Lao Chàm) kept an extremely significant position in the Southeast Asian coastal trade route. At the same time, it had a close linkage with other sea routes running across Insular Southeast Asia. Over many centuries, the Cham Islands were known as an outport of the port town by the estuary of the great kingdom of Champa, which was an extremely important trade port of the maritime polity of Champa. Using an interdisciplinary and multifaceted approach, the paper focuses on analysing the role and position of the Cham Islands in the East Asian trade and transportation networks, highlighting the regional and inter-regional linkage, describing the characteristics of the Cham Islands as an outport, an island port, and a multi- functional port, and interpreting changes in the role and functions of the Cham Islands during the maritime history of the kingdom of Champa and the period under the reign of the Nguyen lords in Đàng Trong (lit. Inner land, the region in Central to South Vietnam, which was later enlarged to become Cochinchina) from the 16th to the 18th century.

Exploring spatial patterns and environmental risk factors for global maritime accidents: A 20-year analysis

The global shipping industry faces increasingly complex safety challenges due to the rapid growth of international maritime trade. This study develops a novel framework that combines spatial density analysis and machine learning (i.e., extreme gradient boosting model) to investigate the evolutionary patterns of global maritime accidents during 2001–2020 from both spatial and temporal dimensions, and then identifies key environmental risk factors affecting maritime safety. The results show that the number of global maritime accidents exhibits fluctuations between 2001 and 2019, with a significant decrease observed in 2020. Furthermore, the distribution of global maritime accidents shows significant spatial variation over different time periods. Denmark's sea areas have high accident rates between 2001 and 2005, while concentrated accidents are observed in the seas around the United Kingdom, Denmark, and China between 2006 and 2010. From 2011 to 2015, Europe's accident-prone areas increase, but fewer accidents are reported along China's east coast. The Strait of Malacca is also an accident-prone area from 2016 to 2020. In addition, wave height, sea surface temperature, wind speed, water depth, and precipitation are identified as key environmental risk factors affecting maritime safety. These findings can inform strategies and mitigation plans to improve navigational safety in the global shipping industry.

Cost-benefit analysis of ballast water treatment for three major port clusters in China: evaluation of different scenario strategies

IntroductionThe expansion of maritime trade has led to the introduction of invasive species into aquatic ecosystems through ballast water discharge. China, being a major player in global trade and manufacturing, has experienced negative impacts on its coastal ecosystems and marine biodiversity.MethodsThis study examines the cost‒benefit trade-offs of ballast water management policies for major port clusters in China and other global ports. This paper evaluates compliance costs for individual vessels and fleets under different policy scenarios and ballast water treatment system (BWTS) installation strategies.ResultsThe onboard BWTS installation strategy appears to be more cost-effective under the existing International Maritime Organization (IMO) policy. However, with stricter global discharge requirements or a substantial increase in BWTS capital and operating costs, strategies based on port location could prove more beneficial due to potential economies of scale. Notably, ships with high ballast water discharge volumes, like bulk carriers, are potentially better equipped to cope with future policy shifts. In the face of stricter regulations in China, projected annual compliance cost increases range from $456 million (cost data based on China) to $1.205 billion (cost data based on US).DiscussionPolicymakers are advised to adopt a comprehensive view of ballast water management policies, taking into account the trade-offs between compliance costs and environmental risks. Other essential factors, such as advancements in BWTS technology, fuel consumption, emissions, and maintenance costs, also demand careful consideration in policy development.

Modeling Global Historic Maritime Trade Using A Least-cost Surface Analysis

Modeling Global Historic Maritime Trade Using A Least-cost Surface Analysis

National and international maritime situational awareness model examples and the effects of North Stream Pipelines sabotage

While many countries and international organizations with maritime security interests and rights at sea have developed new security strategies or policies in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States of America, they have accordingly changed or created new maritime security strategies or doctrines with appropriate Maritime Situational Awareness (MSA) models as well. Maritime deterioration, climate change, cyberattacks, serious and organized crime, epidemics, and state-made threats are just some of the new and growing concerns affecting maritime security. The sabotage of the Nord Stream gas pipelines in the Baltic Sea has given maritime security doctrines and frameworks a new dimension. In this article, the current maritime security approaches and maritime domain or situational awareness (MDA/MSA) model examples of some countries and international organizations from different geographic regions and also the ones that are located in the maritime choke point regions where global maritime trade routes are located and also the effects of the Nord Stream Pipelines sabotages on these are examined in light of the new threats and risks. The principle result reached in this study is that countries and international structures should have a cross governmental maritime security strategy, or at least a doctrine, in order to guide their own maritime situational awareness models and identify information sharing architectures. The most important result of the sabotages on Nord Stream Pipelines for MSA models in this study is that the fastest and most cost-effective method for protecting critical infrastructure under the seas is the concept of systems such as Mothership controlled autonomous and unmanned underwater vehicles, extra large unmanned undersea vehicles and Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) satellites.

The SeaLiT Ontology – An Extension of CIDOC-CRM for the Modeling and Integration of Maritime History Information

We describe the construction and use of the SeaLiT Ontology, an extension of the ISO standard CIDOC-CRM for the modelling and integration of maritime history information. The ontology has been developed gradually, following a bottom-up approach that required the analysis of large amounts of real primary data (archival material) as well as knowledge and validation by domain experts (maritime historians). We present the specification of the ontology, RDFS and OWL implementations, as well as knowledge graphs that make use of this data model for integrating information originating from a large and diverse set of archival documents, such as crew lists, sailors registers, naval ship registers, and payrolls. We also describe an application that operates over these knowledge graphs and which supports historians in exploring and quantitatively analysing the integrated data through a user-friendly interface. Finally, we discuss aspects related to the use, evolution, and sustainability of the ontology.