Green Water Research Articles

Land productivity and environmental sustainability for G7 economies: Does an inverted U‐shaped curve exhibit green finance?

AbstractLand productivity including both water and agriculture are equally important for sustainable environment. The study investigate the role of water productivity and agriculture land along with the non‐linear effect of green finance on environment. Specifically, this research aims to investigate the effect of agriculture land, water productivity, green finance, environmental taxes and technologies on environmental sustainability in the Group of Seven (G7) countries, covering the timeframe of 1990–2020. The study also scrutinized the effect of green innovation and environmental regulations on the environment. This study uses novel panel data methods that are robust to nonparametric data. The empirical data are confirmed to be nonnormally distributed; therefore, the quantile regression approach is used. The empirical results confirmed an inverted U‐shaped curve for green finance, as its linear term is positive, and its nonlinear term negatively impacts carbon emissions. This supports the idea that green finance is effective for a group of seven economies; however, its magnitude should increase. Moreover, agricultural land, water productivity, environmental regulations, and green innovation negatively impact carbon emissions. By contrast, increasing economic activities, such as gross domestic product, increase carbon emissions. This study recommends increasing the focus on green finance, agricultural land, water productivity, and environmental regulations for the G7 countries to achieve the target of COP 27 and address climate change.

"Theory of Pore Conflation" and "Shubhjyot's equation" in the treatment of Brilliant green dye-contaminated water using Jamun leaves biochar

This study investigates the adsorption of Brilliant Green (BG) dye onto biochar derived from Syzygium cumini (Jamun) leaves (JLB). Biochar was produced via pyrolysis at 800 °C and examined employing various methods, including Scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, Raman spectroscopy, Zeta potential and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optimum parameters for BG dye adsorption, determined by batch adsorption studies, were a temperature of 80 °C, an initial dye concentration of 500 mg L−1, a contact period of 30 min, and an agitation speed of 400 RPM. The maximum adsorption capacity of JLB for BG was 243.90 mg g−1. It was found that the adsorption process adhered to the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics, revealing heterogeneous adsorption with chemisorption. A novel "Theory of Pore Conflation" was proposed to explain enhanced adsorption at higher temperatures, supported by SEM and FTIR analyses. Additionally, a new equation termed "Shubhjyot's equation" was introduced to account for time dependency in adsorption capacity calculations. The thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that the process is endothermic and spontaneous. Isopropanol was the most effective organic solvent for desorption studies, demonstrating biochar regeneration potential for up to five cycles. Phytotoxicity and cyto-genotoxicity assessments demonstrated the environmental safety of JLB compared to BG dye. The use of JLB production offers a way to repurpose agricultural waste, contributing to circular economy principles. This extensive study demonstrates JLB's promise as an effective, economical, and environmentally safe adsorbent for wastewater treatment that eliminates textile dyes.Graphical

WORKSHOP PEMANFAATAN AIR KELAPA HIJAU (cocus nucifera) SEBAGAI MEDIA IDENTIFIKASI ALTERNATIF TRIPLE SUGAR IRON AGAR (TSIA) UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Escherichia coli

Bacterial growth media is a material consisting of a mixture of nutrients that are used by bacteria to grow and reproduce. Biochemical tests are carried out to see the characteristics of bacteria through biochemical reactions, which are usually carried out including TSIA (Triple sugar iron agar) media which is used to identify gram-negative rod bacteria to see their ability to ferment glucose, sucrose and lactose. Based on the potential nutritional content of green coconut water, green coconut water is rich in nutrients such as potassium, protein, carbohydrates in the form of suxora (disaccharides), glucose, fructose (monosaccharides) in green coconut water, which are monosaccharides that are more easily utilized for growth as prebiotics. This type of research is experimental research. Objective: laboratory scale where this research will look at the growth of bacteria using green coconut water (Cocus Nucifera) as an alternative medium to replace Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) media. The results of the research show the growth of Escherichia coli bacterial colonies on the media. Conclusion: Green coconut water resulted in good bacterial growth. Based on the results of research on differences in the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria on TSIA (Triple Sugar Iron Agar) media and on alternative media of green coconut water (Cocus nucifera), it can be concluded that Green coconut water media can be used as an alternative medium for cultivating Escherichia coli bacteria as a substitute for TSIA.

Thermal Environmental Impact of Urban Development Scenarios from a Low Carbon Perspective: A Case Study of Wuhan

Amidst the increasingly escalating global concern regarding climate change, adopting a low-carbon approach has become crucial for charting the future developmental trajectory of urban areas. It also offers a novel angle for cities to avoid high-temperature risks. This paper estimates carbon emissions in Wuhan City from both direct and indirect aspects. Then, the ANN (artificial neural network)–CA (Cellular Automata) model is employed to establish three distinct development scenarios (Ecological Priority, Tight Growth, and Natural Growth) to predict future urban expansion. Additionally, the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model)—UCM (Urban Canopy Model) model is used to investigate the thermal environmental impacts of varying urban development scenarios. This study uses a low-carbon perspective to explore how cities can develop scientifically sound urban strategies to meet climate change challenges and achieve sustainable development goals. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The net carbon emission for Wuhan in 2022 is estimated to be approximately 20.8353 million tonnes. Should the city maintain an average annual emission reduction rate of 10%, the carbon sink capacity of Wuhan would need to be enhanced by 382,200 tonnes by 2060. (2) In the absence of anthropogenic influence, there is a propensity for the urban construction zone of Wuhan to expand primarily towards the southeast and western sectors. (3) The Ecological Priority (EP) and Tight Growth (TG) scenarios are effective in alleviating the urban thermal environment, achieving a reduction of 0.88% and 2.48%, respectively, in the urban heat island index during afternoon hours. In contrast, the Natural Growth (NG) scenario results in a degradation of the urban thermal environment, with a significant increase of over 4% in the urban heat island index during the morning and evening periods. (4) An overabundance of urban green spaces and water bodies could exacerbate the urban heat island effect during the early morning and at night. The findings of this study enhance the comprehension of the climatic implications associated with various urban development paradigms and are instrumental in delineating future trajectories for low-carbon sustainable urban development models.

Subcritical water hydrolysis of eggshell membrane and its physicochemical characteristics.

The insolubility of eggshell membrane (ESM) limits it application. This study utilized a green process subcritical water (SW), to prepare soluble ESM and compared it with acid hydrolysis. The effect of SW temperature on the yields of total protein, free amino acids, and glycosaminoglycan in the hydrolysate was investigated. Hydrolysates generated at 180-210°C exhibited the highest protein (40.57±2.40mg/g ESM concentrate), peptides (20.36±0.43mg/g), hyaluronic acid (8.19±0.34mg/g), and chondroitin sulfate (11.68±0.76mg/g) content. Acid hydrolysis exhibited significantly lower protein hydrolysis (p<0.05) and total free amino acid content than subcritical water hydrolysis. Collagen was observed in the SW hydrolysate, and its secondary structure transformed from the stable α-helix to unstable β-aggregates as the temperature increased. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the disruption of the ESM fiber. SDS-PAGE analysis further revealed the presence of low-molecular-weight peptides in the hydrolysate. Compared to acid hydrolysates, hydrolysates obtained from SW exhibited higher degree of hydrolysis, and therefore, demonstrated greater free radical scavenging activity. Hence, SW hydrolysates can be used to develop functional foods from ESM. These results provide promising future directions for preparing active ESM.

Regenerating Urban Landscapes through Wetlands Restoration and Outdoor Open Space Connectivity: Off-road Bicycle Lane Planning Principles for Tourism Development

Purpose – Sustainable tourism development and outdoor activities are linked to the effective utilization of open spaces and green corridors within the city. The regeneration and revitalization of this landscape are vital for the emergence of a smart, resilient, and biophilic city for the health and well-being of both the residents and the tourists. This area is part of the urban fabric and is essential for the transportation network development and interconnectivity within the metropolitan space. The wetland and green corridor comprise marshes and canal drainage routes located within the setbacks of the Ikeja, Ojodu, Agidingbi, Opebi, Oregun, Maryland, Yaba, and Iwaya rivers floodplain. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative and descriptive analysis of the on-site data collection, observations, and evaluations, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were utilized to map out the developmental and adaptive strategies through GIS-based network mapping. This involved randomly selecting twenty-six (26) points that are landmarks and notable hubs within the city at approximately 750m intervals aligned within the 20km corridor of the waterways and wetlands of the selected study area. Findings – Through a variety of on-site observations, assessments, interviews, and inferential methods, people’s perceptions of the use of off-road bike lanes, and its economic and social information were gathered. Research limitations/implications – A healthy ecosystem, less reliance on fossil fuels, more green space, habitat restoration, clean water and air, and increased green space are all important for a city's overall well-being. Practical implications – This study suggested off-road non-motorized transportation connectivity, and other strategically adapted alternatives for resilient and sustainable city growth, in addition to carbon sequestration through restoration and preservation of already-existing wetlands. Originality/value – The restoration of urban desolate spaces, improvement of sanitation, governance of floodplains, recreation, and cultural values within metropolitan areas.

Examining future spatiotemporal changes in blue and green water using an enhanced SWAT model: A Jialing River basin case study

Examining future spatiotemporal changes in blue and green water using an enhanced SWAT model: A Jialing River basin case study

Expedient, metal-, extraction- and generally purification-free, temperature- and solvent-directed oxidation of diaryl sulfides using t-BuOCl

An environmentally friendly, operationally simple and convenient, scalable, temperature- and solvent-directed oxidation of hydrophobic sulfides that yields sulfoxides and sulfones is presented. The conversion proceeds rapidly in a variety of green solvents, e.g., methanol, water, acetone, and acetic acid using tert-butyl hypochlorite (t-BuOCl), an easy-to-prepare and inexpensive oxidant with numerous applications in green chemistry and industry. Oxidation proceeds efficiently for challenging and purely soluble perfluoroalkyl, heterocyclic, or polyaryl systems with multiple strongly electron-withdrawing groups, e.g. nitro, acyl, and chloro, and selectively for electron-rich systems with benzylic and enolizable competing reaction sites or multiple sulfur atoms. Various industrially important products such as pesticides, anti-HIV agents, polymer monomers and additives can be generally isolated in pure form by simply removing the reaction solvent and benign volatiles. The mechanism was explored by NMR experiments and DFT calculations. Selective oxidation of polyphenylene sulfide allowed us to synthesize more durable polymer powders and to modify the surface of the film. The depth of the oxidized layer was tuned by duration of exposure to the oxidant. The developed clean, rapid, preparative, and scalable transformation of sulfides generally without required purification can likely be extended to other similar substrates and might be of interest for synthetic and sustainability-oriented chemical processes.

Managing urban heat islands in Rajarhat-Newtown, India, with the help of greenery and waterscapes

This study aims to fill the research gap by assessing the efficacy of urban blue-green infrastructure in reducing the impacts of Urban Heat Island (UHI) over the newly developed satellite township of Kolkata in the Rajarhat Area. In that process, land-use transformation mapping for the last 40 years (1987-2020) is executed and correlated with LST dynamics. Afterwards, the UHI is mapped, and the Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) is measured to determine the spatial association of urban hot and coldspots. Results show that between 1987 to 2020, nearly 914% (11.35 km2) of the built-up Area was increased. Accordingly, the mean LST of the entire Area increased by 6°C. Increased temperature has led to the development of UHI patches over bare and impervious areas until new urban green spaces and water features started functioning as coldspots, cooler by 4°C - 6°C than their adjacent hotspots. The efficacy of urban water bodies in mitigating UHI is observed significant compared to vegetation; water bodies dipped the LST by 1.5°C - 2°C more than vegetated areas. UHI management techniques are rarely evaluated in developing countries; urban managers should incorporate these findings into their future planning to mitigate urban thermal discomfort.

The use of the microalgae Tisochrysis lutea in a green water system increases the weight of seahorse larvae Hippocampus reidi, Ginsburg, 1933

The use of the microalgae Tisochrysis lutea in a green water system increases the weight of seahorse larvae Hippocampus reidi, Ginsburg, 1933

Blue and Green Water Scarcity in the McKenzie Creek Watershed of the Great Lakes Basin

Blue and Green Water Scarcity in the <scp>McKenzie</scp> Creek Watershed of the Great Lakes Basin

Effects of the training system on water productivity and water footprint in Mediterranean vineyards

ABSTRACT The training system is a valuable strategy to face water resource limitations under climate changes as its canopy architecture influences evapotranspiration losses and both water productivity (WP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP). Detailed information on them (yield per unit of water) would support the choice of the training system. This study compared the water productivity in 38 irrigated (IRR) and rainfed (RAIN) vineyards trained at tendone (T, n = 30) and vertical shoot positioning (VSP, n = 8). The green, blue and grey volumetric water footprints (WFs) were also employed to characterize T and VSP. At harvest, grape quality traits (pH, sugars and potassium concentrations) were examined too. The mean (±SE) IWP in TIRR reached 45.0 ± 7.2 kg m−3 being approx. 2.5-fold than that in VSPIRR. Furthermore, TIRR showed 60% (WFgreen) and 30% (WFblue) lower than VSPIRR. Findings show the attitude of TIRR in valuating water resources with no significant impact on grape quality. This study integrates the set of knowledge to be evaluated for training system choice managing the trade-offs between yield, grape quality and water productivity triggered by climate change.

Strategi Pengembangan Atribut Green City Kota Malang

A green city is a city with good planning that has an environmentally friendly character and seeks to manage its resources for everything that focuses on environmental balance. In an effort to create a green city, various planning and implementation programs have been and are being carried out, both by the government, private sector and also the community in order to realize the concept of a green city. One form of sustainable program to support, this is known as the Green City Development Program (Program Pengembangan Kota Hijau) or more easily abbreviated as P2KH which refers to the Regional Spatial Planning Plan (Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah) or abbreviated as RTRW. Green cities themselves have indicators called eight (8) green city attributes, including: green open space, green waste, green transportation, green water, green energy, green building, green community, and green planning and design. The background on this research is presented in three criteria, including empirical problems, theoretical frameworks, and legal foundations used as references or legal guidelines for implementing the green city concept. It is known that the complexity of society's demands increases as the population increases. This of course becomes a challenge in managing environmental resources. Problems such as traffic jams, air pollution, increasing volumes of waste, slums, flooding and other social inequality problems, which of course with the increasing population, logically result in the living area becoming increasingly narrow. What happened in Malang City is no exception. Malang City has great potential for better services, especially in the context of realizing a green city. The research results show that there are eight green city attributes that have been implemented in several activities in Malang City. In practice, these eight attributes need continuous development. The concept of a green city is not a simple concept that can be planned once and then realized, it is a holistic, continuous and sustainable concept. Therefore, this research provides an in-depth look at strategies for developing green city attributes in Malang City using a qualitative approach. The strategy for developing green city attributes in the city of Malang is carried out through the SOAR and SWOT analysis stage, the development stage, the role enhancement stage, the support and development stage of appropriate technology, coordination and synergy between actors, as well as evaluation and supervision in improving the quality of the green environment and public awareness of development of the green city concept in Malang City.

Urban Spaces that Promote Reduction of Body Mass Index of Residents

In modern society, the issue of excess weight is becoming increasingly important. The growing number of people suffering from obesity is a growing concern among specialists as well as among the general population. Therefore, closer attention is paid to various approaches and measures aimed at increasing the level of physical activity, thereby preventing overweight and obesity. It can be assumed that urban infrastructure and transportation play a significant role in this process, and since environmental factors are largely modifiable, they seem to be promising means for solving the problem.This study aimed to analyze scientific data related to urban space planning on obesity incidence and to identify key recommendations for environmental planning that promotes obesity management.An analysis of international practices showed that effective urban design —such as transitioning from sprawling cities to more compact communities—can enhance physical activity levels and reduce air and noise pollution, potentially leading to lover obesity rates among city residents. Such methods of urban infrastructure management as sustainable transportation (shifting from car to public and active transport), improvement of walking areas, creation of green spaces and water spaces, traffic safety and availability of healthy food could encourage healthier lifestyle and significantly reduce obesity prevalence. An important aspect of this planning is the involvement of specialists of various profiles, as well as participation of citizens in the project development phase.

From Tourism to Agro-processing: Wekesa the Hustler

As Great Lakes Safaris, a Ugandan tour and travel company, expanded, so did the needs of its clients. This prompted the company’s proprietor, Amos Masaba Wekesa, to diversify to closely related fields to accommodate this demand. He spotted opportunities in the Ugandan National Parks, where he built several eco-friendly lodges. Relatedly, he took advantage of the blue waters of Lake Victoria to branch into marine tourism and co-patterned with his friends to buy their first water bus—MV Kazinga. However, the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic devastated the tourism industry, pushing Wekesa into the unrelated agro-processing business. The birth of his new venture, PELA Commodities Limited (PCL), was circumstantial and a survival backup plan due to the COVID-19 disruptions. As life returns to normal, Wekesa has to think critically about his diversification strategy and ensure he is well-positioned for success in his tourism and agro-processing businesses. He is worried that his new PLC business could become a distraction to his core Tourism business. He wonders if this will not stretch his current resources or devalue the quality of his services.

A global dataset of the national green and blue water footprint of livestock feeds

Agriculture accounts for a significant share of global freshwater use, with the livestock sector contributing substantially. The production of animal feeds stands out as the step of the production chain responsible for the high water use associated with the consumption of animal-source foods. Estimating the water footprint (WF) of livestock feeds is crucial for sustainable animal farming. This study fills gaps in the existing literature by evaluating the WF of 140 animal feed products across 262 countries. Utilizing the WATNEEDS model, we quantify green and blue water requirements based on crop-specific areas and climatic data averaged between 2015 and 2019. Our analysis covers rainfed and irrigated conditions, considering crop yields, conversion factors, and feed use fractions. Results provide insights into the water footprint associated with diverse feed products globally, aiding in informed decision-making for sustainable livestock production systems. This dataset contributes to enhancing our understanding of the environmental impact of the livestock sector and informs on strategies for water resource management in the agri-food sector through more sustainable animal nutrition.

The annual dynamic dataset of high-resolution crop water use in China from 1991 to 2019

Accurately quantifying agricultural water use is essential for protecting agricultural systems from the risk of water scarcity and promoting sustainable water management. While previous studies have innovatively provided spatially explicit analyses or datasets, they tend to have relatively coarse resolution (~8.3 km), and inadequately considered precise localization parameters. Here, we produced annual blue and green water use for 15 main crops with a resolution of 1 km for the years 1991–2019 in China. Firstly, we estimated the yearly crop blue and green water use at the site scale by incorporating more localized input parameters using a dynamic water balance model. Then, the random forest model was combined with site-scale simulation results to generate spatial predictions of blue and green water for each crop from 1991 to 2019. The resulting maps showed a high correlation with locally observed values at field stations (R2 = 0.95), statistics (R2 = 0.77), and exhibited some strengths compared with existing datasets that covered various scales. This dataset can play a key role in devising sustainable water management strategies.

Water footprint and virtual water trade of apples: Insights from India

India is a prominent producer and exporter of apples globally. However, apple cultivation requires significant water resources, and the water foot- print associated with apple production and trade in India has not been thor- oughly quantified. This study quantified the water footprint associated with apple production in India from 2000 to 2023, as well as the virtual water trade between 2018 and 2023. State-wise data on Indian apple production was collected and analyzed to assess the domestic water footprint, while trade data was compiled to estimate the virtual water flow associated with apple imports and exports. The results showed that the water footprint of Indian apple production averaged 2,430 million cubic meters (Mm3 ) annual- ly. This substantial footprint was primarily composed of green water (69.9%), along with blue water (23.9%) and grey water (6.2%). In terms of virtual water trade, India was a net importer with 27.8 Mm3 of virtual water embodied in apple imports from major exporters such as Turkey, Iran and Italy. This analysis underscores the considerable water footprint of Indian apple production and the nation's significant net inflow of virtual water re- sources through the apple trade. Additionally, the study highlights the im- portance of considering virtual water flow in agricultural trade policies to achieve sustainable and equitable water resource management.

Study Of Hybrid Cantang Grouper Breeding Techniques (Epinephelus Fuscoguttatus X Epinephelus Lanceolatus) At The Brackish Water Fisheries Cultivation Center Situbondo, East Java

Hybrid cantang grouper is a type of grouper fish that is included in the luxury food commodity, namely a type of commodity that has a high selling value and is often exported which has an impact on increasing the need for seeds so that efforts are needed that culminate in seeding. The purpose of this study was to study and understand the seeding technique of hybrid cantang grouper (Ephinephelus fuscoguttatus x Epinephelus lanceolatus) which was carried out at the Brackish Water Aquaculture Center (BPBAP) Situbondo, East Java. The population of this study used 2 larval maintenance tanks and 14 natural feed tanks. Data were obtained directly through direct observation in the field. The results of the study showed that cantang grouper seeds were produced from the hybridization process, then the types of feed given during the larval maintenance period were natural feed (Rotifera, Artemia and Rebon shrimp) and artificial feed (Powder, crumbs and pellets), then air quality maintenance was carried out by giving Chlorella sp. as a green water system, then air changes, siphoning with air quality values ​​during the maintenance period of temperature 30oC, Salinity 30.1 ppt, pH 8.05, Nitrite 0.498 mg / L, Free Ammonia 0.04675 mg / L, DO 5.85 mg / L. The Hatching Rate (HR) value was obtained 98.45% and 92.63% and Survival rate 12.68% with a maintenance period of 70 days until the total harvest of 2.7cm-3cm seeds.

Meso-Scale Impacts of the Urban Structure Metrics on PM2.5 in China

Currently, China’s urbanization has entered a stage of high-quality development, and rapid urban growth has led to a series of environmental pollution issues, with haze pollution caused by delicate particulate matter (PM2.5) increasingly becoming a focal point for scholars. This paper focuses on Xi’an, Wuhan, Taiyuan, and Lanzhou, exploring the relationship between PM2.5 concentrations using methods such as the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), dominance analysis (DA), and ordinary least squares regression (OLSR). The results indicate that (1) Xi’an’s built environment is distributed radially, Wuhan is circular, Taiyuan is grid-like, and Lanzhou is strip-shaped; (2) Xi’an, Wuhan, Taiyuan, and Lanzhou exhibited different development patterns between 2014 and 2022, with Xi’an experiencing rapid urban expansion but lagging infrastructure, while Wuhan focused on improving post-urbanization quality. Taiyuan and Lanzhou advanced expansion and infrastructure construction simultaneously. (3) The regression coefficients of PM2.5 concentration concerning factors such as building density, green space density, road density, and water density in Xi’an are relatively high. In contrast, the regression coefficients of urban spatial structure factors in Wuhan, Taiyuan, and Lanzhou show consistency. This study provides a basis for reducing PM2.5 and explores the interaction and contribution relationship between urban spatial structure and PM2.5, offering a new research perspective for promoting urban sustainable development.