Maritime Areas Research Articles

Scour Impact on the Horizontal Bearing Capacity of Pier-Type Dolphin Structures

A study using numerical analysis techniques was conducted to examine the scour effect of pier-type dolphin structures installed in the domestic marine environment, and the effect of scour on horizontal bearing capacity was examined. In this study, we designed the berthing structures, taking into account the environmental and ground conditions of the target maritime area, and after calculating the predicted scour area, stability evaluation was performed by removing the ground elements of the area. The increase in scour depth was found to induce a direct decrease in horizontal bearing capacity due to soil loss in contact with the foundation, establishing a relationship that increases horizontal displacement. However, in the foundation designed to withstand the design load by reflecting the safety rate, the increase in horizontal displacement formed by possible scour is not large, which did not have a dominant effect on the horizontal bearing capacity of the foundation. In the future, research is required to analyze the impact of each factor and formalize evaluation and design techniques to evaluate the scour safety of marine foundations and pier-type structures installed in various ground conditions and structural formats.

Strategic Role of Amphibious Assault Rifles in the Operating Environments of Maritime, Coastal, Underwater, and Land Areas in Advancing Defense Technology to Support National Resilience

Amphibious Assault Rifles, known for their versatility, play a crucial strategic role in various operating environments, including maritime, coastal, underwater, and land areas. This study investigates their significance in advancing defense technology and contributing to national resilience. These rifles, essential to TNI AL special forces like KomandoPasukan Katak (KOPASKA), excel where traditional firearms fall short, making them indispensable in modern military operations. The research explores how these rifles influence defense technology, enhancing national security and resilience in an ever-evolving security landscape. This study analyzes the role of amphibious assault rifles in amphibious operations to support national resilience, identifies challenges, and considers the defense technology mastery as an effective solution for the development of amphibious assault rifles. A Systematic Literature Review method is employed to gather literature. Challenges encompass defense technology readiness, financial, and manufactur aspects. Strategies involving increased investment, long-term planning, coordination, and human resource development are needed. Development of amphibious assault rifles is proposed to defense technology mastery and support national resilience. The success of defense technology mastery and the development of amphibious assault rifles requires strategic collaboration and the implementation of appropriate solutions.

Evaluasi Kebijakan Terhadap Pencegahan Limbah Sampah Pelantar Kota Tanjungpinang

This research aims to evaluate the Tanjungpinang City Environmental Service's policy towards preventing Tanjungpinang City Landfill Waste. Tanjungpinang City is the capital of the Riau Islands province which will be used as a tourist city in the Riau Islands. However, to make this happen, one of the tasks of the Tanjung Pinang city government is to solve the waste problem in the city of Tanjung Pinang, especially the old city of Tanjung Pinang, which is a slum area that has the largest area among other slum settlements in Tanjung Pinang. The research method uses a descriptive approach which is a method that used to describe a phenomenon or event by relying on data and facts found in the field. The purpose of qualitative research with a descriptive approach is to explain and describe phenomena and their characteristics, as well as having a greater tendency towards how it is implemented or the reasons why something happens. The results of the research show that evaluation is very important so that steps are taken so that the policies made are not arbitrary. -To do this, there must be an appropriate regulatory basis in order to get maximum results because sea cleanliness is the main milestone in the Riau Archipelago, where almost 100% of the Riau Archipelago is sea and is a maritime area, therefore the importance of awareness by both the public and the government so that the economy which is based on the needs of communities in coastal areas and small islands as an effort to empower communities to increase community participation and capacity in coastal and small island management, especially in the field of dealing with coastal and marine waste pollution.

A first ecological coherent assessment of eutrophication across the North-East Atlantic waters (2015–2020)

This paper presents the outcomes of the fourth application of the Common Procedure for the Identification of the Eutrophication Status of the OSPAR Maritime Area (the “Common Procedure”), conducted for the period 2015–2020 for the North East Atlantic. Previously, OSPAR has assessed eutrophication based on national assessment areas and disparate approaches lacking a transparent and comparable basis. A more harmonized approach has now been achieved through development of ecologically relevant assessment areas defined by oceanographic criteria rather than international boundaries, allowing for consistent assessments across exclusive economic zones and acknowledging that eutrophication is a transboundary problem. Thresholds that were specific for those harmonized assessment areas and eutrophication parameters have been derived primarily from an ensemble modeling approach to determine pre-eutrophic conditions. Common assessment areas and harmonized thresholds have enabled, for the first time, an objective and comparable assessment of the eutrophication status of the whole OSPAR Maritime Area. This establishes a level playing field for managing eutrophication and a solid basis for deriving OSPAR nutrient reduction targets as a prerequisite for targeted and successful regional eutrophication management. This assessment shows that eutrophication problem areas persist, in particular along the continental coasts from France to Denmark/Sweden and in the Greater North Sea and the Bay of Biscay and Iberian coast. The main areas affected by eutrophication are the plumes and adjacent coastal areas in the Greater North Sea and Bay of Biscay/Iberian Coast, with riverine nutrient inputs remaining the major source of nutrient pollution. Approximately 6% (152,904 km2) of the OSPAR Maritime Area is eutrophic, with the impacted area supporting many important ecosystem services. Fifty-eight percent of river plume areas (eight assessment areas out of 14), 22% (five of 27) of the coastal areas and 10% (three of 17) of the shelf areas were classified as problem areas. Application of the current assessment process to historical data from the previous three OSPAR assessment periods shows a gradual improvement since 2000. However, the OSPAR 2010 objective “to combat eutrophication, with the ultimate aim of achieving and maintaining a healthy marine environment where anthropogenic eutrophication does not occur” has not yet been fully achieved. Further measures to reduce nutrient loads are needed to ensure long-term sustainability of our coastal waters.

Trans-boundary water management during the peace process in Korean peninsula: Solution finding from previous precedents

South Korea and North Korea are divided states and armed-conflict counterparties. Peace building has been pursued since the 1953 Armistice Agreement, but no meaningful results have been achieved. Recently, tensions have risen in the transboundary maritime areas around the NLL, the provisional maritime delimitation line between the two Koreas. Two Koreas' unique circumstances require case studies between divided and/or armed-conflict States focusing on maritime areas. From the first case of maritime delimitation under the peace treaty between Israel and Jordan to the divided States and/or the armed-conflict States case, i.e. the East and West Germany case, the Cyprus case, the Northern Ireland case, the Israel-Jordan case), this paper aims to extract legal implications and lessons for the peaceful management of transboundary maritime areas and waters surrounding the NLL. Till now two Koreas have only agreed on transboundary maritime management with the issue-specific approach. For the future, in addition to the achievement of the issue-specific approach to the transboundary maritime management, it needs to consider the integrated maritime management, such as the MSP.

Digitalized Ship Maintenance Management System Website Application Innovation Strategy Using Design Thinking Method

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to explore the benefits of digitalization, specifically in the context of PT Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia's (PT. BKI) digital transformation efforts. The focus is on how digitalization can enhance operational efficiency, productivity, customer service, and global competitiveness in the maritime industry.
 Method: The research employs the design thinking method to identify and address customer needs and challenges. It highlights the development of the "Digitalized Ship Management Maintenance System" application, showcasing its role in simplifying ship maintenance processes. The study uses a customer-centric approach to determine modules that provide effective solutions to identified issues.
 Result: The Digitalized Ship Management Maintenance System application is designed to streamline ship maintenance for customers. Utilizing design thinking, the study identifies customer problems and develops modules to address them. The application offers direct integration with PT. BKI's survey status, strengthening its international classification standing. Additionally, it supports government data integration, ensuring safety and environmental protection in Indonesia's maritime areas.
 Implication: The implications of the study underscore the significance of digital transformation for companies in the maritime sector, particularly for PT. BKI. The "Go Global" and "Big Top 5 Asia" targets align with the broader benefits of digitalization, including enhanced operational efficiency, global market access, and improved customer service. The developed application serves as a tangible outcome of the digitalization process, contributing to PT. BKI's competitiveness and its role as a trusted classification body.

Making knowledge matter: Understanding and improving knowledge-integration in Dutch marine spatial planning policy

Lacking knowledge concerning the North-Sea's socio-ecological system causes the rapid increase of Offshore Wind Farm (OWF) development to occur under serious uncertainty. Optimising OWF development while minimizing negative effects on the socio-ecological system of the North-Sea thus requires holistic knowledge and its appropriate use in policy. Together with the pressure for OWF development, the subsequently rapid development of an array of scientific knowledge results in a dynamic and multidisciplinary knowledge situation, challenging the integration of knowledge, particularly between research and policy. To ensure policy is based on the latest holistic understanding, knowledge requires integration in strategic Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) policy. While the need for better knowledge processes is widely mentioned as a challenge for MSP, knowledge-integration in MSP remains understudied. This paper responds by studying the role of OWF-related knowledge in MSP while formulating a framework of conditions for knowledge-integration between research and policy in MSP policy and OWF development. These conditions are formulated based on knowledge management and MSP literature and subsequently applied in semi-structured interviews, document research, consortium observations, and focus groups. The case study used for acquiring data is knowledge-integration in Dutch MSP and OWF development. The Dutch maritime area is intensively used and faces important tensions over space due to conflicting stakeholder interests. In addition, while being an early adopter of MSP, the Netherlands also faces serious challenges due to high political pressure promoting Offshore Wind Farm development and a related need for maritime knowledge production. Together with the array of knowledge programs aiming to inform Dutch MSP, this provides a useful case to analyse knowledge-integration in MSP.The framework developed in this paper includes conditions for knowledge-integration ranging from the acceptance of differences between researchers and policymakers, to the need to employ interface managers who can develop a structural and effective knowledge-integration process. Fundamental differences between researchers and policymakers, such as differing timeframes, and differing views on uncertainty were found to form significant risks for knowledge-integration, as such influencing conditions. Additionally, the dynamic, long-term, area specific, and multidisciplinary context of MSP and OWF development was found to significantly influence the knowledge-integration process, underlining the importance of context for knowledge processes.

Design and Evaluation of the Compact and Autonomous Energy Subsystem of a Wave Energy Converter

This paper presents the results of the design process focused on the development of the energy subsystem (ES) of a wave energy converter (WEC). The ES is an important electrical part that significantly affects the energy reliability and energy efficiency of the entire WEC device. The designed ES was intended for compact WECs powering IoT network devices working in the distributed grid. The developed ES is an electronic circuit consisting of three cooperating subsystems used for energy conversion, energy storage, and energy management. The energy conversion subsystem was implemented as a set of single-phase bridge rectifiers. The energy storage subsystem was a battery-less implementation based on the capacitors. The energy management subsystem was implemented as a supervisory circuit and boost converter assembly. The designed ES was verified using the physical experiment method. The model experiment reflected the operation of the designed ES with a piezoelectric PZT-based WEC. The experimental results showed a 41.5% surplus of the energy supplied by ES over the energy demanded by the considered load at a duty cycle of ca. 6 min—37.2 mJ over 26.3 mJ, respectively. The obtained results have been evaluated and discussed. The results confirmed the designed ES as a convenient solution, which makes a significant contribution to the compact WECs that can be applied among others to a distributed grid of autonomous IoT network devices powered by free and renewable energy of sea waves. Finally, it will also enable sustainable development of mobile and wireless communication in those maritime areas where other forms of renewable energy may not be available.

The Cabotage Principle on Law Enforcement for Licensing Ship Operations in Indonesian Waters

This study aims to examine and comprehend the cabotage principle on law enforcement for licensing ship operations in Indonesian Waters. This study is a descriptive analysis of normative legal research.  Secondary data, comprising primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, is utilized. Techniques for collecting data involve library research, whereas techniques for analyzing data involve legal interpretation. The study results show that Indonesia has regulated the cabotage principle in several regulations. However, supervision in applying this principle has not been optimal due to the increase in transactions between countries due to globalization and overlapping shipping permit issues marked by overlapping authority between the 13 (thirteen) mandated ministries/state institutions by 17 (seventeen) laws as law enforcement officers in marine and coastal areas. The overlap in authority referred to is characterized by the same authority to carry out supervision, pursuit, and investigation in Indonesia's maritime and jurisdictional areas.

Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) and Archives: the Role of Archives in Sovereignty

In the pursuit of enhancing awareness and preparedness for territorial waters, Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) is closely associated with the role of archives in upholding state sovereignty. Archives function as documentation of events and activities within an area, serving as tangible evidence of control over that region. This paper explores the connection between MDA and archives in the context of sovereignty, posing a central question: How does the role of archives contribute to maintaining sovereignty within the MDA framework? Utilizing qualitative research methods and a literature study, the paper delves into the actors responsible for creating agency, the categories, and the functions of archives in upholding sovereignty within the MDA concept. Primary sources include literature on MDA and regulations governing archives, with data analysis conducted through the stages of a literature study. The MDA concept operates as a unified system involving various actors in a given area, with information at its core – information preserved in archives. Archives within the MDA concept emerge as an alternative means of identifying actors and documenting proof of state territorial sovereignty. In the maritime field, at least 13 agencies or actors contribute to the production of archives. These accumulated archives are considered treasures, aligning with the provisions of Law Number 43 of 2009 regarding archives, labeled as guarded records. The triad of MDA, archives, and sovereignty establishes a significant link in safeguarding Indonesia's territorial integrity. MDA archives play dual roles in sovereignty: facilitating effective occupation and soft diplomacy. They serve as tangible evidence of ownership, control, and management of maritime areas, reaffirming Indonesia's territorial sovereignty.

Designing and implementing a multi-scalar approach to Maritime Spatial Planning: The case study of Italy

The Italian coastal and marine space includes areas with remarkable differences in terms of oceanographic characteristics, maritime uses, natural habitats, species distribution, landscape and cultural heritage. In Italy, coastal and marine management competencies are shared among national, regional, and for some aspects even local authorities. This geographic heterogeneity and governance complexity required the adoption of a multi-scalar approach to Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP). Such an approach aims at implementing decision-making and spatial planning at multiple and nested scales. In the case of Italy, the multi-scalar approach included the definition of national guidelines and the development of three maritime spatial (MS) plans, one for each maritime area (Adriatic, Ionian and Central Mediterranean, and Tyrrhenian and Western Mediterranean), including subareas and nested planning units. The development of the MS plans involved competent Ministries, the coastal Regions and several researchers. Based on the description of the adopted six-phase methodology and the exemplification of results of the Italian MSP process, this paper discusses the most relevant features and common challenges of multi-scalar MSP (i.e. co-planning, vertical and horizontal integration, multi-level governance, scalability, flexibility, integration of data and knowledge with different resolution, multi-scalar stakeholder engagement). Finally, the paper reflects on some novel aspects of the adopted multi-scalar approach and identifies actions to grant efficacy to this approach during the next phases of the Italian MSP process.

State Obligation in the East China Sea: Unilateral Activities and Countermeasures

Abstract Maritime disputes among the East Asian States have garnered increasing attention worldwide with expanding offshore activities in the East China Sea. To avoid confrontation and potential conflict, unilateral maritime claims in the East China Sea usually have been non-explicit. While maritime boundary disputes remain unresolved in the region, changes have taken place because of resource shortages, the rise in military assertiveness from Tokyo, and increased alliances with the United States. This article explores the limits of unilateral activities within the disputed maritime area under current international law and how East Asian States should behave when they encounter unilateral activities conducted by other States, including analysis on sovereign entitlement and the limits of unilateral activities in the region. A code of conduct among the East Asian States is needed to ensure peace and prosperity in the region.

Wind resource assessment and potential development of wind farms along the entire coast of South Korea using public data from the Korea meteorological administration

The feasibility of a wind farm locations should be evaluated on a thorough analysis and assessment of the available wind resources which necessitates wind data measurement for a minimum period of one year. Nevertheless, several limitations arise during this process, including challenges related to the site selection, cost considerations such as the installation of meteorological masts subsequent to marine physical and geotechnical surveys, and the requirement for ongoing maintenance. Therefore, several studies have been carried out to determine wind energy potential using reanalysis data. However, in areas with distinct terrain characteristics, such as maritime and coastal areas, uncertainties exist in the use of reanalysis data. Therefore, an analysis of wind resources based on measurement data is necessary in such areas. In this study, wind data measured by the Korea Meteorological Administration's automatic weather system and light house automatic weather system for 56 points along the Korean coast is obtained and analyzed. Additionally, the expected annual energy production and capacity factor were predicted when offshore wind turbines are installed using the power curve of a reference model of large offshore wind turbines in the 15–20 MW class. As a results, five points at which a capacity factor of over 35% is predicted as promising sites for future wind farm development. These public data from the Korea Meteorological Administration are also limited in their ability to provide accurate wind resource analysis for wind power generation due to the wind speed measurement instrument's height being lower than that of the wind turbine hub and environmental influences. However, these results can be useful in identifying possible candidate sites for wind farms in South Korea.

Ho Chi Minh’s thought, the Communist Party of Vietnam’sview on the military participating in production, economic construction

The military’s participation in economic development is a significant resource for the country, bringing about great economic and social benefits as well as national defence and security. This is the result of the consistent and coherent viewpoint of President Ho Chi Minh and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam on the military’s participation in production and economic construction. Participating in production and economic construction is one of the three functions and tasks of the military. Besides the mission of fighting and being ready to fight to protect the country, maintain national defence and security, the military is increasingly asserting its role and position in the economic field. The military’s participation in economic construction not only contributes to socio-economic development, but also enhances the military’s fighting capability and strengthens national defence. In the current industrialization and modernization of the country, the military's participation in economic construction combined with national defense has become more diverse and richer. In addition to building military enterprises, the military also participates in building economic-defense zones, economic-defense delegations, socio-political establishments... in remote, border and maritime areas, islands.

OPTIMALISASI PEMBERDAYAAN POTENSI SUMBER DAYA NASIONAL DI KALIMANTAN TIMUR GUNA MENGHADAPI ANCAMAN MILITER DI ALKI II

In era of the industrial revolution 4.0 which is marked by a world that is increasingly borderless and full of uncertainty, these challenges are becoming increasingly complex. potential threats in the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes (ALKI II), particularly in the East Kalimantan region. Developments in the global, regional and national strategic environment have had a significant impact on the conditions and situation at ALKI II. One of the national strategic developments is the establishment of East Kalimantan as the new National Capital (IKN), which makes ALKI II an area vulnerable to military threats. Optimizing the empowerment of the potential of national resources in this region is very important in maintaining stability, sovereignty and state security in the maritime area, especially in ALKI II. To achieve this, steps are needed to be implemented by the central and regional governments to deal with maritime challenges more effectively and ensure the integrity and security of the maritime area. Changes in Indonesia's Center of Gravity (CoG), which was previously based in Jakarta, moved to the East Kalimantan region. In addition, the IKN location is at the ALKI II crossing which is an international waterway passed by military and civilian ships, and is close to the Flight Information Region (FIR) of a neighboring country and within the cruising radius of a neighboring country. Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) from China on the northern side of Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to implement a solid defense architecture in the East Kalimantan IKN and optimize the empowerment of the potential of National Resources in order to deal with military threats and support national defense at sea.

Energy Security in the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area: Political and Economic Risk Factors

The Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area (MTJDA) Authority was legally formed in 1979 by a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) and a 1990 Agreement on the Constitution and Other Matters of MTJDA between the Malaysian and Thai governments. The MOU's main goal is to explore and exploit oil and gas resources in a contested maritime area. According to the agreement, the Joint Development Area (JDA) is located in the North Malay Basin, off the coast of Thailand. This was a bilateral agreement permitted by the UNCLOS. Since production began in 2005, the area has significantly aided Malaysia and Thailand's economic and energy security. The goal of this research is to look into the issues and challenges in political and economic aspects that could affect the bilateral agreement once it expires in 2028. The perspectives of decision-makers, industry participants, and government officials were gathered through qualitative methods, which included secondary data and interviews. The results show that the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area has been a close partnership for the past 40 years, and both countries should keep the agreement because the JDA is defined as joint efforts by Malaysia and Thailand to explore and exploit natural gas resources through enhanced bilateral diplomatic relations, as well as contribute to global economic growth. Under the current JDA, the emphasis is on strengthening bilateral diplomatic relations through cooperative cooperation. Because the current arrangements benefit both countries in terms of strengthening their partnership, Malaysia and Thailand should keep the agreement in place.

Le patrimoine culturel subaquatique en Tunisie : défis et opportunités (Étude de cas : le littoral nord et le Cap Bon)

Abstract This article summarises the research, protection, enhancement and awareness-raising activities carried out on coastal and submerged archaeological sites and wrecks discovered on the northern and Cap Bon coasts in Tunisia. The objective of these activities is to better understand and protect the underwater cultural heritage, while ensuring its preservation for future generations. The article also highlights the policy put in place by the supervisory institution to ensure an integrated and sustainable management of this heritage, despite the challenges it faces, in accordance with the principles of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, ratified by Tunisia in 2009. Furthermore, the article stresses the importance of coordinating the conservation of this heritage with local development, while promoting responsible tourism practices, as part of Tunisia's active search to enhance its tourism and cultural potential – as a source of sustainable development in the coastal and maritime areas concerned.

Pemberdayaan Peningkatan Sadar Wisata Pelabuhan Melalui Konsep Ekonomi Biru dan Orientasi Potensi Lokal

Indonesia's most potential is as a maritime country and is known as a maritime country. So that maritime, marine, beach and coastal development is used as superior tourism. As in Probolinggo City is an area that has a maritime area. Probolinggo City has Tanjung Copper Port and Mayangan Beach Fishing Port with superior potential for various marine and fishery products. organizing Empowerment to Increase Port Tourism Awareness in the Probolinggo City Port Complex with the Concept of Blue Economy and Oriented to Local Potential aimed at Probolinggo City students. So that as part of academics and the millennial generation, they are more sensitive to the environment, especially to the existence of local tourism and are active in recognizing the relevance of tourism development in the Probolinggo City Complex with the concept of blue economy and optimizing local potential. This activity was held in the form of empowerment with pre-test activities, lectures accompanied by discussions, post tests, and post-activity e-book distribution. It is known that initially many partners did not know and lacked information related to Port Tourism Awareness with the Concept of Blue Economy and Oriented to Local Potential changed after the activity was held. As a result, all partners understand Port Tourism Awareness with the Concept of Blue Economy and Oriented to Local Potential in the Probolinggo City Port Complex.

Recent renewable energy policy changes in Ireland satisfy the requirements of a nascent wave energy technology development sector?

Regulatory frameworks for European countries are influenced by international and EU policies. These policies have a direct effect on the renewables sector with European countries as signatories to the Paris Agreement[1]and the European Green Deal[2].
 As a result of emissions targets being ratified into national statute books, governments have agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 51% in 2030 and to net zero by 2050, and with recently heightened energy security concerns, renewable energy policies must adapt to keep pace. One country undergoing major changes is Ireland. This study examines the changes to renewables policy in Ireland in general and offshore renewables policy in particular, and whether they are sufficient to enable the country to forge what has the potential to become a vibrant wave energy technology development sector. This study will compare these policy changes with some of the successful wind energy policy measures implemented in Denmark and with examples set by other international institutions.
 This study will examine policy changes in Ireland since the ratification of the Climate Action Act 2021[3] and Marine Area Planning Act 2021[4]. The study will attempt to determine whether the new policies meet the requirements of Ireland’s nascent wave energy industry. It will look at areas of interest for wave energy technology developers, specifically: climate-related legislation, test facilities, consenting procedures, feed-in tariffs, environmental impact, public support, intellectual property protection and government financial support. This study will examine examples set by Wave Energy Scotland (WES) and EuropeWave; pre-commercial, government funded procurement models, and ask whether the newly established Maritime Area Regulatory Authority (MARA) which will be responsible for issuing foreshore licences in Ireland, is Ireland’s version of these institutions and how it is likely to differ. Questions will be raised about whether the focus on offshore wind by policy architects helps or hinders wave energy technology development and whether it is possible to balance public concerns with technology development through policy. Finally, it will look at Denmark’s wind energy development and examine which policies contributed most to its enduring success and whether these have been absorbed into new offshore renewables policies in Ireland.
 Conclusions will show that many policy requirements that had been formerly lacking have been addressed. It will be shown that the changes have largely come about due to the demand for offshore wind and that wave energy technology developers in Ireland will benefit and lose from this. Further analysis and the passage of time are required to determine whether the new policies are fully enforced by newly formed MARA but that Ireland needs to develop an institution that embraces the new policies.
 
 [1] The Paris Agreement | United Nations
 [2] European Green Deal | Think Tank | European Parliament (europa.eu)
 [3] Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Act 2021 (irishstatutebook.ie)]
 [4] Maritime Area Planning Act 2021 (irishstatutebook.ie)

Towards a data-driven marine spatial plan for the maritime area of Bangladesh

ABSTRACT The development of a sustainable blue economy is a priority for the government of Bangladesh. However, to expand the coastal and ocean based economic activities, a marine spatial plan (MSP) is necessary. This paper aims to present a background study to set-up a MSP for the maritime area of Bangladesh. Data on spatial distribution of current maritime activities have been collected from all available sources. These data have been complemented with stakeholder survey data through which information on the constraints for MSP implementation and requirements were collected. Our study found that ecological data and knowledge are currently limited to establish an organized spatial conservation; stakeholder need to be on board right from the beginning to co-produce the MSP; sectorial spatial initiatives such as, for instance, the seaweed mariculture and salt production plans, should be used as case studies, especially for the lessons learned for the development of the MSP.