Marital Rape Research Articles

“You can’t swim well if there is a weight dragging you down”: cross-sectional study of intimate partner violence, sexual assault and child abuse prevalence against Australian nurses, midwives and carers

BackgroundDomestic and family violence (DFV), including intimate partner violence (IPV), sexual assault and child abuse are prevalent health and social issues, often precipitating contact with health services. Nurses, midwives and carers are frontline responders to women and children who have experienced violence, with some research suggesting that health professionals themselves may report a higher incidence of IPV in their personal lives compared to the community. This paper reports the largest study of DFV against health professionals to date.MethodAn online descriptive, cross-sectional survey of 10,674 women and 772 men members of the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation (ANMF) (Victorian Branch). The primary outcome measures were 12-month and adult lifetime IPV prevalence (Composite Abuse Scale); secondary outcomes included sexual assault and child abuse (Australian Bureau of Statistics Personal Safety Survey) and prevalence of IPV perpetration (bespoke).ResultsResponse rate was 15.2% of women/11.2% of men who were sent an invitation email, and 38.4% of women/28.3% of men who opened the email. In the last 12-months, 22.1% of women and 24.0% of men had experienced IPV, while across the adult lifetime, 45.1% of women and 35.0% of men had experienced IPV. These figures are higher than an Australian community sample. Non-partner sexual assault had been experienced by 18.6% of women and 7.1% of men, which was similar to national community sample. IPV survivors were 2-3 times more likely to have experienced physical, sexual or emotional abuse in childhood compared to those without a history of IPV (women OR 2.7, 95% CI 2.4 to 2.9; men OR 2.8, 95% CI 2.0 to 4.1). Since the age of sixteen, 11.7% of men and 1.7% of women had behaved in a way that had made a partner or ex-partner feel afraid of them.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of intimate partner violence and child abuse in this group of nurses, midwives and carers suggests the need for workplace support programs. The findings support the theory that childhood adversity may be related to entering the nursing profession and has implications for the training and support of this group.

Four Waves of Feminism: A Blessing for Global Humanity

This paper tries to analyze the development of waves of feminism. In the human civilization, “Feminism” is considered as a mass movement, which has commenced by women of all groups to remove all forms of feminist oppressions by men that are prevailing in a patriarchal society. The world has already experienced four waves of feminism that act against women’s abuse and oppression. The first wave of feminism arises in the United States and Europe during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and concerns with the achieving voting right, equal opportunities, and other legal rights of women. Second wave of feminism has initiated by both white and non-white women of Western countries as well as in developing countries, starts in the 1960s and ends in the 1990s. It works for equal education and employment opportunities, maternity leave, birth control and abortion rights, etc.; and fights against domestic violence issues, marital rape issues, sexual harassment and rape, etc. Third wave of feminism presents a dynamic critique to the previous feminist political trends, and extents from the 1990s to 2000s. In this movement, women find themselves as strong and rebellious, and working women in various occupations are not subjected to a sexist patriarchy. Fourth wave feminism starts around 2012, which offers a new feminism that depends on online social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, etc. After the development of waves of feminism, various laws have been established in many countries of the world to support the participation of women in all activities of the society. This study takes attempts to discuss aspects of four waves of feminism elaborately.

Critical Analysis of Marital Rape in India

Critical Analysis of Marital Rape in India

Women’s rights campaigns in Lebanon:‎ A Bakhtinian-Foucauldian approach to voice and visibility

ABSTRACT Lebanon’s reservations in ratifying the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in 1997 left women at the mercy of the country’s personal status codes derived from its 18 religious sects and its lenient, if not absent, laws on marital rape and domestic violence. It was only in August 2017 that article 522, which allows a rapist to escape punishment in case he marries his victim, was repealed by parliament. Rape, nonetheless, is still stigmatized and victims are often blamed and shamed. Using Bakhtin’s heteroglossia and Foucault’s moral principles of refusal, curiosity and innovation, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of women’s advocacy campaigns to argue that these campaigns formulate heteroglossic discourses that consolidate the social field of women through their silence and visibility. Identifying heteroglossic disturbances as fundamental to the production of the discourse on gender and the propagation of its perception, the study also attempts to show how women’s voice is generated through a particular staging of forces. The main case study for this paper is the campaign entitled Shame on Who?, launched in November 2018 by ABAAD, one of the most prominent non-profit associations advocating gender equality in the MENA region.

Kriminalisasi Marital Rape: Eksistensi dan Pembuktiannya

Abstract
 Generally, marriage is a moment of happiness, but it cannot deny that when marriage occurs, it brings misery in it such as Domestic Violence. There are several causes of Domestic Violence which split into various aspects, and one of them is sexual violence. This often makes the wife in a weak position or has a more inferior position, making her victim of her husband. The marital status that binds the wife as the victim and the husband as the perpetrator should not abolish the woman's rights over her body. The wife's position as a victim causes her physical and psychological traumatization, making the community also take responsibility by providing moral support. Not necessarily blaming the victim and justifying the behaviour of the perpetrator because it is still considered forbidden for the community to interfere in household matters. Any form of violence and its occurrence is not something that can be accepted and justified in the rule of law in each country. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discuss acts related to sexual harassment without the victim's consent even in a marriage bond, known as marital rape. In Indonesia, the criminal act of domestic violence is regulated in Act No. 23 of 2004, which concerns the elimination of domestic violence, requires a clear and firm implementation, because the law must provide protection to victims and the accountability of perpetrators of such violence must be adjusted to the applied laws and regulations.

Women’s Status in Refusing Marital Rape and Its Associated Factors in Ethiopia

Human right instruments underscore that wives have the right to refuse marital rape. This stu dy was aimed to assess women’s status in refusing marital rape and its associated factors. The study used data from the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of Ethiopia. The sample (n=8,695) was limited to married women. To examine associated factors, socio-demographic variables were computed using logistic regression. The finding revealed that the majority (53.73%) of married women did not refuse marital rape. Education and economic status of women were positively associated with women’s status in refusing marital rape. Women whose age 35-49 years old (AOR=.277;95%CI=.088,.876), being a housewife (AOR=.839;95%CI=.757,.929), and women who got their marriage by others decision (AOR=.761;95%CI=.682,.849) were less likely refuse marital rape. Women who drink alcohol (AOR=1.232;95%CI=1.053,1.442) were more likely to refuse marital rape. In conclusion, women’s status in refusing marital rape is low. Accordingly, addressing its associated hindering factors is necessary.

Role of Women in Good Governance

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the significance of gender mainstreaming in good governance for the overall growth of the nation, with a particular emphasis on how gender engagement in decision making through consensus building and representation directly leads to women's empowerment. Qualitative study employed descriptive and analytic methods to achieve a conclusion by extensively utilising a thematic analytical tool. The concept of "good" governance requires making normative decisions about what constitutes the legal appropriation and efficient exercise of authority. Some organizations that offer outside assistance and social activists view good governance as implying democratic governance, which implies a focus on participation, human rights, and social justice. Good governance is more about the state's effectiveness than the justice of the economic system or the legitimacy of the political system. Decision-makers ability to act to improve the suffering of disadvantaged women or address the problem of gender inequality depends on how policies are implemented in practice. The process has only just begun with the signing of international agreements and the enactment of laws addressing issues like women's rights, equal access to education, marital rape, and credit and property ownership. The concept of "governance" clarifies the link between political commitment and a programme's successful and efficient implementation. Reform efforts for governance systems have received much attention recently. They are still receiving attention now on a national and international level.

Perlindungan Hukum bagi Korban Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual dalam Rumah Tangga (Marital Rape) (Studi Putusan No.43/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Ksn)

Sexual violence is a forced sexual relationship by the perpetrator to the victim, or an act of sexual intercourse that is not desired by one of the parties. Sexual violence usually occurs outside of marriage, but in this case sexual violence can also occur within marriage. Sexual violence in the household is referred to as marital rape , which is rape that occurs in a marriage. Sexual violence in the household can happen to anyone, regardless of gender or status in the family, especially not to a wife. In cases of sexual violence in the household, many cases are found that befell a wife. The wife as the husband's life companion often gets violent actions from an irresponsible husband. In Indonesia itself, several cases of domestic sexual violence that afflict wives tend to be ignored or even not widely known by the wider community so that these cases are often underestimated. Indonesian law in this case as the basis for imposing sanctions on perpetrators of sexual violence has not been completely fair to the victims. As in this case, there are differences in the sentences given by judges to perpetrators of sexual violence in the household to wives with other members of the household, so it can be found that there is discrimination in punishment received by a wife. This raises the question of how the judge actually decides the case with the legal considerations he takes, whether it is appropriate and can fully realize justice or is it inversely proportional. For this reason, further research is needed on the handling of cases of domestic sexual violence that afflicts the wife with the aim of finding out how cases of domestic sexual violence can be decided fairly for the perpetrators and victims.

Socioecological Model for Health Care Systems to Address Intimate Partner Violence, Human Trafficking, and Sexual Assault

Health care systems are uniquely positioned to go beyond provision of clinical care for victims of intimate partner violence (IPV), human trafficking (HT), and sexual assault (SA) by interrupting the cycle of violence. Using a trauma-informed approach to patient care, educating staff at every level of the organization to recognize risk factors, and maintaining effective community partnerships can help individuals affected by violence extricate themselves from dangerous domestic situations. Health care systems can also advocate for policies to fund community-based violence-prevention programming as well as remuneration for crime victims.

Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Assault, and Child Abuse Resource Utilization During COVID-19.

IntroductionKey measures in preventing spread of the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are social distancing and stay-at-home mandates. These measures along with other stressors have the potential to increase incidences of intimate partner violence (IPV), sexual assault, and child maltreatment.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of county police dispatches, emergency department (ED) visits, Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) consults, Domestic Violence Healthcare Project (DVHP) team consults, and Child Protection Team consults at a large, tertiary, Level I trauma center. We queried International Classification of Diseases Revision 10 codes most specific to IPV, sexual assault, and child maltreatment from March–October 2020 compared to 2019. Similarly, the number of consults performed by SANE, DVHP, and our Child Protection Team were collected. We compared all ED visits and consultations to total ED visits for the reviewed time period. Finally, the total number of calls and referrals to a child advocacy center and resource call line for victims were recorded during this timeframe.ResultsPolice dispatches for IPV-related assaults increased by 266 reports from 2019 to 2020 (P = 0.015). Emergency department visits related to IPV increased from 0.11% of visits in 2019 to 0.15% in 2020 (P = 0.032), and DVHP consults increased from 0.31% in 2019 to 0.48% in 2020 of ED visits in the first three months (P < 0.001). Child maltreatment visits increased from 0.47% of visits in 2019 to 0.81% of visits in 2020 (P = 0.028), and a higher percentage of patients required Child Protection team consults from 1% in 2019 to 1.6% in 2020 (P = 0.004). Sexual assault-related visits and SANE consults both showed a small increase that was not statistically significant. Fewer calls and referrals were made to our child advocacy center and resource call line, decreasing by 99 referrals and 252 calls, respectively.ConclusionDespite decreased ED volumes throughout the pandemic, we observed an increase in police dispatches, ED visits, and utilization of hospital consult services related to IPV and child maltreatment following the initiation of stay-at-home orders. However, use of community resources, such as the local child advocacy center, declined.

Violence Is a Public Health and Healthcare Issue.

Violence is a global issue that destroys the quality of life in communities and societies. Violence includes intentional and unintentional injury found in individuals who seek health care after acts of family violence, intimate partner violence, child abuse, elder abuse, sexual assault, trafficking, youth-on-youth violence, gang warfare, terror, war, disaster, and violence in schools, workplaces and prisons. The nature of violence is evolving. Death as a result of crime victimization now exceeds that of armed conflict. It is the position of the International Association of Forensic Nurses that forensic nurses are uniquely positioned to improve health outcomes that result from violence, including early identification of patients at risk of victimization or perpetration.

Fenomena Marital Rape: Hukum dan Konsekuensinya dalam Perspektif Islam

This research is focusing on its law and its consequences according to The Islamic Perspective. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of marital rape, why the phenomenon occurs, how the Islamic perspective on marital rape is, and what are the consequences based on the Islamic perspective are. This type of research is mixed between quantitative and qualitative by conducting library research. The results obtained from this study are that the cause of the phenomenon of marital rape is the COVID-19 pandemic, the absence of regulations governing marital rape, and the existence of assumptions or rules that require married women to obey their husbands. The Islamic perspective on one of the rapes in marriage is discussed in Q.S. An-Nisa '(4): 34. Furthermore, sanctions for the marital perpetrators according to The Islamic perspective, the perpetrator will be given ta'zir sanctions which have not been determined by syara'. So, the determination will be submitted to ulil amri or judges.

Marital rape and its impact on the mental health of women in India: A systematic review.

This systematic review aims to describe the prevalence of marital rape in India, the analytic methods employed in its study, and its implications on mental health of victims. Online databases, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and APA Psych, were systematically searched for articles published up until November 2020. Selected articles included those published from or studies conducted in India where the primary exposure was marital rape. The primary outcomes of interest are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Depression. Secondary outcomes related to PTSD and depression (e.g., suicidality) included in identified studies were also described. 11 studies were included after excluding studies based on our selection criteria: 9 quantitative studies and 2 qualitative studies. Sexual coercion by intimate partner was highly prevalent, ranging from 9%-80% and marital rape ranged from 2%-56%. Many of the studies reported statistically significant associations between marital rape and mental health outcomes, including clinical depression (7 of 8); PTSD (1 of 3). Quantitative studies were assessed for quality and risk of bias using the NIH Quality Assessment Scale and the modified Newcastle Ottawa Scale for cross-sectional and observational cohort studies, and most exhibited a low risk of bias. Qualitative studies identified a broad range of exposures and psychological sequlae of marital rape not captured by quantitative studies. Included publications exhibit a low to moderate association between marital rape and adverse mental health outcomes. Qualitative data also supplements these findings and provide relevant context. Further research on marital rape, its prevalence and consequences, is needed to advance policy, and health infrastructure on the subject.

The Urgency of Crime Prevention Policy to Control Rape in Marriage (Marital Rape)

The Urgency of Crime Prevention Policy to Control Rape in Marriage (Marital Rape)

The Urgency of Crime Prevention Policy to Control Rape in Marriage (Marital Rape)

Rape, according to the Criminal Code, is forcing sexual relations outside of marriage so that if rape occurs in marriage, it is not rape. Marital rape has become a case of domestic violence in which few victims want to speak up. This writing uses a normative juridical method by using a literature study. Indonesia regulates the issue of Marital rape by using Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence, this law provides sanctions for perpetrators of rape, but with many assumptions that in domestic relations, it is natural for sexual relations to occur, this invalidates the assumption that husband can rape the wife. This left many victims speechless. Therefore, a countermeasures policy is needed to provide a way out through penal means using legal channels and non-penal means by using settlements outside the law. The integration between penal and non-penal means can reduce marital rape cases.

Marital Rape in India: The Consequences Of Its Criminalisation, Social And Cultural Impact

Marital Rape in India: The Consequences Of Its Criminalisation, Social And Cultural Impact

COVID-19 and Gender-Based Violence: Investigating the "Shadow Pandemic" of Sexual Violence During Crisis Lockdown in Nigeria.

The COVID-19 pandemic created a myriad of problems including an increase in the cases of gender-based violence, prompting the United Nations Women to refer to the trend as a "shadow pandemic." In spite of this trend, research exploring the impact of COVID-19 in Africa have given little consideration to issues bordering on gender. To address this, a qualitative study involving 19 women and girls who experienced sexual violence during the lockdown, and 6 officials of women and child protection services as key informants, was conducted. Findings indicated a variety of sexual violence directed toward participants including marital rape, incest, acquaintance rape, date rape, and stranger rape. The conditions of the COVID-19 lockdown not only created opportunities for motivated offenders, but also increased the vulnerabilities of women to sexual victimization. These findings advance the need to acknowledge the increase in sexual violence, reimagine government's policies, create awareness, and recognize women and child support networks as essential services during a lockdown.

Marital Rape as a Human Rights Violation of Women in Ethiopia: A Case Study of Alumni Association of the Faculty of Law of Addis Ababa University and Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association (EWLA)

Initially, the concept of marital rape was a legal nullity analogous to the inability to steal what one already owns. Many defended for the exemption of marital rape from being recognized as a crime. The defense came under the assertion that a husband and a wife acted in consent and the wife had no separate rights apart from her husband; the husband was legally responsible for his wife’s conduct, which made it unlikely for a man to stand in court alleging that he had raped her. A reflection of power and position in the household fully supported with the legal exemption and societal approval of family privacy, marital rape remained a taboo for women to talk about despite their sufferings. This paper undergoes an assessment of the challenges women go through in the veil of family privacy and explores the possible mechanisms that can be set to avail protection in the area. In a nutshell, the findings of the research demonstrate that 60% of respondents were victims of marital rape. This piece thus puts forward concrete recommendations that call for the attention of the legal system in terms of resolving the issue from a legal point of view, academic institutions in engaging in scholarly research and organizing high legal dialogues, and awareness raising work by civil society organizations working at the grass root level.

Prevalence, determinants and coercive strategies relating to marital rape among women in Oyo State, Nigeria.

The study assessed the prevalence, determinants and coercive strategies relating to Marital Rape (MR) among women in Oyo State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey. The study was conducted in 120 communities, 30 wards, 6 Local Government Areas in Oyo State. A total of 1200 ever-married women aged 18-60 years were recruited using a multi-stage sampling. The participants were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire which captured MR-related experiences and coercive strategies. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and logistic regression. Odds ratios (OR) and their corresponding 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were reported. Respondents' mean age was 36.6±9.6 years, while husbands' mean age was 42.1±10.3 years. Most (n=1094, 91.2%) respondents had ever married once and 82.8% (n=993) were currently married. The prevalence of MR was 15.3%. Physical force (n=153, 25.9%), followed by threat (n=139, 23.5%) topped the list of coercive strategies involved in MR. Currently, married women were at a higher risk of MR (OR: 2.73, CI: 1.39-5.37, P = 0.04) relative to divorced women. Respondents whose husbands were aged <30 years were at lower risk of MR (OR:0.03, CI: 0.002-0.47, P=0.01). Women who take decisions on sex alone were more likely to suffer MR (OR:3.95, CI: 1.38 - 11.31, P=0.01). Marital rape existed among women with increased risk among those who were currently married, married to older partners or sole decision-makers on sex. Physical force was the commonest coercive strategy used to facilitate MR. Community-based MR -related interventions are recommended. None declared.

Abolishing consummation: the need to de-essentialise sex within marriage

ABSTRACT This article critiques the centrality of heteronormative sex and “functional” bodies within marriage by analysing provisions on non-consummation andfault-based grounds of divorce, in codified personal laws. Such provisions, arguably, allows judges to construct marriage as an institution entrenched in heterosexual performatives. When heterosexual intercourse is construed as an obligation it leads to three problems. First, courts use such provisions to direct parties to undergo humiliating gender and impotency tests Second, it blurs the distinction between marital rape and marital sexuality. Finally, such provisions present a challenge to the recognition of non-normative,marriages as well, if they come to be recognized in India. Given this, we argue for de-essentialising of sex within marriage through the removal of consummation as a ground of annulment and more broadly, for the introduction of a no-fault regime of divorce. Reliance is placed on recent developments in the arena of privacy jurisprudence in India.