Marital Disharmony Research Articles

+Case Profile of Marital Discord with the help of SIS-II Images

The current contextual analysis inspected the meaning of Somatic Inkblot Series-II as a device to gauge conjugal contentions. As conjugal struggles can add to changes in conjugal status, a powerful estimating method can be useful in understanding the issues causing marital disharmony and can hence be valuable in providing restorative treatment. The case includes a couple who was married for one year. Since the start of their marriage, they began having issues in their conjugal life. Their relationship was analysed using SIS-II and their reactions showed an important connection between the case history and SIS reactions, which were examined utilising content examination and psychoanalytical understanding. Psychotherapy meetings were held with the couple and after 12 meetings, the SIS-II booklet was administered again where reactions showed positive changes. Thus, Somatic Inkblot Series can be useful in estimating the viability of psychotherapy.

Religiosity, Personality, Emotional Labour and Socio-Economic Status as Predictors of Marital Satisfaction Among Police Officers in the Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria

The study investigated religiosity, personality (neuroticism), emotional labour and socio-economic status as determinants of marital satisfaction among police officers in the Ibadan metropolis, Oyo state, Nigeria. Two hundred (200) police officers were randomly selected for the study. Valid and standardized instruments were used to measure the variables. Three research questions were raised and answered. Data collected were analyzed using the Multiple Regression Analysis and Pearson Product Moment Correlation at 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed that marital satisfaction negatively correlated with personality (neuroticism) (r =. -336, p<0.05), and emotional labour (r= -.137, p<0.05) while it was positively correlated with religiousity (r = .767, p<0.05) and socio-economic status (r = .109, p<0.05). The combination of the independent variables accounted for 93.6% (Adj.R 2 = .936) of the total variance in the prediction of marital satisfaction. The independent variables made relative contribution to marital satisfaction in the following order: religiosity (Beta = .967, t= 48.254, P<0.05), socio-economic status (Beta = .139, t = 1.613, P<0.05), emotional labour (Beta = .456, t= 7.069, P<0.05), and personality (neuroticism) (Beta = .133, t = 1.711, P<0.05). Based on the findings, it was recommended that counseling psychologists and allied professionals should endeavour to sensitize the benefits of religious involvement by the couples, especially among the police officers as their joint participations in religious activities could reduce stress, anxiety and strain which could promote marital disharmony among the couples. The police administrators should engage in policies that could boost police officers’ socio-economic status as it will have great influence on their adjustment in their micro-system which is the family, starting from their partners. Psychological assessment of officials and intervention should be inculcated into the Nigerian police system to ensure healthy personalities and of course the promotion of healthy living at home with significant others especially their spouses. Keywords: marital satisfaction, religion, personality, emotional labour, socio-economic status. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/14-12-07 Publication date: June 30 th 2022

HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE AND UTILISATION OF HCT UPTAKE AMONG MUSLIM YOUTH IN SOUTH WEST NIGERIA

Nigeria has the third highest population of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Despite this, the knowledge of HIV/AIDS and uptake of voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) is still low, especially in the rural areas. This study assessed knowledge of HIV/AIDS and uptake of VCT among Muslim youths in a community in Oyo State, Nigeria. A pretested questionnaire was administered on a cross-section of 309 Muslim youth attending a religious programme in Iseyin town, Nigeria. Information about knowledge of HIV/AIDS and uptake of VCT was elicited among respondents. The majority of respondents did not know the need to assess and why VCT; however, knowledge of route of disease transmission was high, with majority mentioning sexual activity and unscreened blood transfusion, respectively, as possible transmission routes. Respondents listed avoidance of premarital sex, outlawing prostitution, and screening of blood before transfusion as protective measures respectively. Reasons for rejection of VCT included fear of stigma, marital disharmony, incurable nature of the disease and Islamic belief that HIV is most common among youth that are not religious because Islam is already against sexual intimacy before marriage.

Etiological Factors and Clinical Patterns of Subfertility among the Couples Attending in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh

Subfertility, a global health issue is defined as the failure in pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse. It affects approximately 10%-15% of the couple in developed country1. It is not merely a health problem but also a matter causing social instability, marital disharmony and many disgraceful conditions. Regarding causes of subfertility, female factor, male factor, combined male and female factors and sometimes unexplained factors are responsible.
 Objective: The aim of the study was to find out the etiological factors and the patterns of subfertility among the couples attending the infertility clinic and outpatient department (OPD) of Kurmitola General Hospital of Bangladesh.
 Methods : This cross-sectional study was done at the OPD and infertility clinic of Kurmitola General Hospital during the period of January 2019 to- December 2019. Total 140 couples with necessary investigations were interviewed by structured questionnaire. Data analysis done under SPSS method.
 Result : In this study total number of 140 couples were studied. The frequency of primary and secondary subfertility was 55% and 45% respectively. Among 140 couples mean age of female was 32.6 year and mean age of male was 36.4 year. The mean duration of the subfertility among the couples was 7 year. Concerning the contribution of male and female factor among 140 couples, female factor was responsible in 55% case and male factor was responsible in 20% cases, 10% had combined male and female factor and in 15% couple causes of subfertility was unexplained. Regarding the etiology of subfertility among women, different factors included. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) 46.15%, tubal factor 31.86%, endometriosis 8.79%, among hormonal disorder hypothyroidism was responsible in 5.49% and hyperprolactinemia in 2.19 % cases, and ovarian cause like poor ovarian reserve was responsible in 4.39% cases and uterine factor was responsible in 1.09% cases. To detect the male factors of subfertility semen analysis report was done., among male partner 69.04% had oligospermia, 16.66% show asthenospermia, another 9.52% show teratospermia. Azoospermia was detected in 4.76% cases.
 Conclusion: Bangladesh is a developing country where population burden is a big concern. On the other hand, reproduction is a basic human right. As the subfertility leads to physical, psychological and social problems so government needs to take care of this subfertility issue. This study gives us the idea of the needs and further demands of the services in our country to identify social cultural and economic factors associated with subfertility and interventions needed to overcome the current situation.
 Sir Salimullah Med Coll J 2021; 29(2): 136-140

A Critical Review of the Literature on the Relationships between Personality Variables, Parenting and Marital Satisfaction

The aim of the paper is to examine the relevant literature on the relation-ships between personality variables, parenting correlates and marital satisfaction. It should also contribute to reader’s knowledge and under-standing through a critical review of the literature published in recent years. Data source: empirical studies were searched from for in scientific data-bases: Ebsco, ScienceDirect, PsychInfo, and Proquest. The searches generated 4477 articles, of which 28 studies met the criteria for inclusion in the analysis. Systematic searches of studies published in English in the period 2005–2019 were carried out. The key search terms in English were adapted according to the search options in each database and included variations on the components or dimensions of the topic of interest: marital satisfaction, marital stress, marriage, co-parenting, married couples, marital disharmony, marital quality, marital relationship, personality, and factors involved in marital satisfaction. The studies were selected based on their relevance according to the identification of the search terms in the title, abstract, or in the keywords/ or topic, or, where necessary and possible, in the main text. The most commonly identified predictors of marital satisfaction and well-being for the couple included neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, parental stress, openness to experience, impulsivity, parenting, immature defence mechanism, communication, emotional stability, and marital support.

MODERN PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN DEALING WITH FAMILY CRISIS

The article represents the peculiarities of the crisis of a young couple, analyzes the approaches to the problem of family adaptation, possible reactions of partners to the critical situation in the family, and examines diagnostic tools and psychotherapeutic models that can be used in practical work with the family. The results of the study made it possible to deepen the understanding of the peculiarities of the crisis in the young family. We have four forms of responding to a marital conflict and two response lines – protective and co-owner. It is proved that the violation of family adaptation as a manifestation of the family crisis has specific features in numerous variants of the pathology of a young marriage: conditionally adapted, forming a "dead", isolated, symbiotic and pseudoconsortium marriage; undated, which form the habitually conflict, emotionally alienated, rigorously rational and "swinging" types of marriages. The use of one or another model of counseling is determined by two factors: the nature of the revealed defect in marital relations and the style of the work of the therapist. If the disorder of family functioning is related to the fact that the person is a psychopathic person, then it will be expedient to use the energy and symptomatic model. In variants of marital disharmony, which may be due to latent, unconscious psychic dynamics, a semantic model of counseling is given. In the opposite case, the transition of pathogenesis therapy to the symptomatic, which is aimed at the formation of adaptive forms of behavior.

A Cross Sectional Study on Prevalence of Postpartum Depression among Recently Delivered Women in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Chennai, India

Background: Postpartum depression is a common type of depression most people are not much aware and the most important causes being poverty, unwanted child/gender, marital disharmony and lack of family support.
 Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of postpartum depression among recently delivered women in a tertiary care hospital in an urban setup.
 Methodology: It was a cross sectional type of study in urban population in a tertiary care hospital in Chennai. Data on postpartum depression was collected using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EDPS).
 Results: A total 165 postpartum women participated in the study. The prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 19.23% (an EPDS score of 10 and above) and it was noted in our study that none of these women sort to any medical help.
 Conclusion: The study shows prevalence of postpartum depression is quite high and none of those women seeked appropriate medical help. All health care professionals have to be trained to raise awareness, detect and treat postpartum depression among women promptly.

Jealousy and Domestic Violence by Women in Early and Medieval China

Abstract Beginning in the early imperial era, Chinese texts recorded instances of domestic violence perpetrated by women living in polygynous households. These acts of abuse were commonly understood to be the result of sexual jealousy. Marital disharmony was a cause of great concern to the elite, as a result of which legal and historical texts, as well as the literature of the period, provide a rich vein of evidence concerning domestic violence perpetrated by women. Furthermore, there are some surprisingly sympathetic accounts of the psychological pressures that led to such abuse by wives. As the importance of this material in the history of marital relationships and domestic life in China has been neglected, this study provides an overview of some of the key sources, particularly the recently discovered Han dynasty narrative poem, Wang Ji 妄稽.

Effectiveness of video assisted teaching program on knowledge regarding good touch and bad touch among school age children in selected schools of Jodhpur

Background: The purpose of research was to provide education for every school child about good touch and bad touch so that the child can protect himself in this threatening condition.Methods: A quantitative approach, pre-experimental one group pre-test post-test only design was adopted to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programs on good touch and bad touch amongst 150 school children, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria at selected government schools of Jodhpur. Non-probability convenient sampling was used to select the samples. Good touch bad touch knowledge was assessed using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive statistics and Chi square as well as paired t test.Results: The study revealed a statistically significant difference between mean pre-test score (16.09) and mean post-test (20.56) score. In pre-test more than one third (39.3%) of children had average knowledge and 8.6% children had poor knowledge, whereas in post-test more than half (54.6%) of children had excellent knowledge and (42%) children had good knowledge. Study further revealed the significant association of religion, total number of siblings and marital disharmony with the pre-test knowledge score.Conclusions: From this study finding, concluded that a video assisted teaching program pertaining to good touch and bad touch is an effective program in improving the knowledge and awareness amongst the children, which has been depicted in the result, that there was a marked increase in post-test level of knowledge.

Managing sexual dysfunction for women with breast cancer: the perspective of healthcare providers in North East Malaysia.

Management of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is vital for women with breast cancer due to the devastating consequences, which include marital disharmony and reduced quality of life. We explore healthcare providers' (HCPs) perceptions and experiences in managing FSD for women living with breast cancer using a phenomenological approach. This qualitative study was conducted using a face-to-face interview method with HCPs from two tertiary hospitals in North East Malaysia. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and transferred to NVivo ® for data management. The transcriptions were analyzed using thematic analysis. Three key barriers were identified through the thematic analysis: a scarcity of related knowledge; the influence of socio-cultural ideas about sex; and the specialty-centric nature of the healthcare system. Most HCPs interviewed had a very narrow understanding of sexuality, were unfamiliar with the meaning of FSD, and felt their training on sexual health issues to be very limited. They viewed talking about sex to be embarrassing to both parties that are both to HCPs and patients and was therefore not a priority. They focused more on their specialty hence limited the time to discuss sexual health and FSD with their patients. Therefore, interventions to empower the knowledge, break the socio-cultural barriers, and improve the clinic settings are crucial for HCPs in managing FSD confidently.

Post-Mortem Forensic Analysis of Suicidal Cases

Introduction: Suicide is the act of intentionally killing oneself by using various methods. Hanging is a very common method of suicide worldwide. The rate of suicide cases by hanging is increasing daily in Bangladesh. Suicide by hanging means killing oneself intentionally by suspending themselves from an anchor point by a ligature or by jumping from a height with a noose around the neck. As hanging is a simple method that does not require any complicated techniques, and the materials are also easy to come by, many choose this as their suicide method. Aim of the study: The objective of this study was to observe the demography of hanging cases, its distribution according to age group, sex, common ligature materials used by victims, observe post mortem findings and in this way, try to identify the causes and develop the preventive measures that are essential to reduce death due to hanging. Methods: This was a retrospective study done on the basis of the 3rd copies of postmortem reports preserved in the department of Forensic Medicine, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi, Bangladesh for the period of 2 years with proper permission from the autopsy surgeon. Result: 72% of the suicide victims were female, and 53% of those 361 victims were married. Most of the victims were from the age group of 21-30 years. Marital disharmony was the biggest common cause. The commonly used ligature material was Orna (dupatta). Conclusion: The number of deaths by suicide is on a rise, and to reduce this, a well-designed program is needed. This can help identify the causative factors f suicide by hanging and could help in preventing suicide cases.

Sociodemographic and Clinical Profile of Patients Presenting With Erectile Dysfunction: Experience From a Tertiary Care Centre of North India

Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common psychosexual disorders in clinical practice, and it results in significant distress, interpersonal impairments, poor quality of life, and marital disharmony. However, there is limited research on ED in India. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients presenting with ED. Method: Cross-sectional evaluation of patients with ED presenting to the psychosexual outpatient department (OPD) of psychiatry department in a tertiary care hospital was done on structured clinical pro forma, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, International Index of Erectile Function-5, Arizona Sexual Experience, Hamilton rating scale for depression, and Hamilton rating scale for anxiety. Results: The sample included 102 patients. The mean age was 33.38 years. The majority of the patients were married (81.4%), Hindu (82.4%), residing in a rural area (60.8%), and belonging to a nuclear family (62.7%). The majority of the patients had a moderate level of ED (50%) followed by mild-to-moderate ED (26.5%) and severe ED (23.5%). Premature ejaculation (46.1%) and depression (28.4%) were the most common sexual and psychiatric comorbidities. Obesity was common (62.7%), and only a minority had other metabolic dysfunction, namely dyslipidemia (7.8%), diabetes (5.9%), and hypertension (4.9%). Tobacco dependence and alcohol dependence were present in 37.3% and 6.9% cases, respectively. Conclusion: Young adults with moderate-to-severe ED were present for treatment at a tertiary center. Comorbidities of other sexual disorders, psychiatric disorders, and substance use are commonly encountered in such patients. Promotion of early help-seeking should be encouraged. Clinicians should thoroughly assess even the young patients for other sexual, psychiatric, and medical comorbidities.

Hannah’s prayer for a male child: Interpreting 1 Samuel 1:11 in the Nigerian context

Studies have shown that a preference for male children is prevalent in many parts of the world, including Africa. In Nigeria, with its patriarchal family structure, a preference for sons has become an institutionalised way of life. Hence, the Hannah narrative in 1 Samuel 1 is of high relevance in Nigeria. The story of Hannah’s barrenness has often been employed to encourage childless Christians to have faith in God for children, but not many have paid attention to her request specifically for a male child in verse 11. To this end, Hannah’s prayer for a male child is examined in this article against the context of the strong desire for male children in Nigeria. The article employed the historical-critical and descriptive methods. Apart from the exegesis of 1 Samuel 1:11, using the descriptive approach, the author interacted with and utilised relevant material on preference for male children in Nigeria. The research found that Hannah’s request for a son is consistent with the pattern of the narratives of barren mothers in the Old Testament in which all asked for male children. Hannah’s specific request for a male child is therefore a reflection of the preference for sons in ancient Israel, which derived principally from the fact that, in that society, male children were greatly desired for the purpose of the perpetuation of the husband’s lineage, as well as for land inheritance. Understanding Hannah’s prayer for a son in this way, makes 1 Samuel 1:11 relevant in Nigeria where people prefer male children for similar reasons. In view of the fact that the preference for sons has a fatal effect on female children, as well as their mothers, it amounts to women abuse, which makes it an issue of pastoral significance in Nigeria. 1 Samuel 1:11 is thus relevant in the context of marital conflicts among Nigerian Christian couples arising from male child preference. To this end, teaching to illuminate this preference for sons should form an integral part of the marriage theology of the church in Nigeria.Contribution: The article is a contribution in the field of marriage theology, in that it identifies the preference for male children as a possible factor for marital disharmony among Nigerian Christian couples.

Integrating Rehabilitation and Psychoanalysis in the Form of Object Relation Therapy in a Case with Marital Disharmony

Psychoanalysis and psychiatric rehabilitation are two vastly different theoretical concepts in psychiatry which can be used in patient’s interest when the resources are scarce. This case was approached with the objective of studying a case and its management using the psychoanalytic approach towards psychosocial rehabilitation in the low resource countries. A 37-year-old female presented with the chief complaint of stress and severe IPR issues with husband resulting in the socio-occupational dysfunction. Via psychoanalysis, the issues were resolved, and couple was rehabilitated in society with restoration of normal functioning. This study puts forward the concept of applying and integrating psychoanalysis as an approach towards rehabilitation.

Nymphomania Associated With Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Case Report

Defining and classifying nymphomania has been a challenge for clinicians. It is characterized by an unquenchable urge to engage in repeated sexual contact with many partners without a deep emotional involvement. The sexual drive is unvarying, voracious, impetuous, and unrestrained. The case report describes a young female who presented with increased sexual desires and engaging in excessive sexual activity leading to divorce and marital disharmony in her second marriage. There was a history of childhood sexual abuse. Women developed nymphomania out of engagement in the behavior due to a genetic predisposition or from an environmental stressor such as trauma or sexual abuse. Since sex addiction is not a recognized disorder in DSM-5 or ICD-11, women who have this disorder have difficulty receiving treatment. Proper diagnosis and treatment of such patients will lead to better functioning and quality of life.

Patriarchy and marital disharmony amongst Nigerian Christians: Ephesians 5:22–33 as a response

This article employs the descriptive and exegetical methods. It found several ways by which patriarchy precipitates marital disharmony in Nigeria. For instance, the custom of the bride price instils in the husband the feeling of ownership of the wife, which encourages some men to treat their wives like their property. The nature of marital disharmony varies with couples, but there are some common characteristics. The husband may withdraw from his wife, avoiding all forms of contact and communication with her; wife beating is also common. Ephesians 5:22-33 mitigates the patriarchal view of marriage, redefining the concepts of submission and leadership. The wife should submit to her husband’s authority as she would to Christ whilst the husband should exercise his authority with love in imitation of Christ. When this new definition of marital relationship is understood and applied by Christian couples, disharmony will be considerably alleviated. The church should be involved in the application of the text, teaching husbands particularly the need to exercise their authority in sacrificial love. Contribution: The article endorses the journal’s focus on the combination of the notions ‘source’ and ‘interpretation’ by its emphasis on the exegesis of writings in the field of early Christian literature.

Correlation Between Ultrasonic Testicular Volume and Seminal Fluid Analysis in Men with Infertility

Background: Infertility is a major cause of marital disharmony in Nigeria because of the high premium placed on childbearing. Unfortunately, the blame is on the woman most times in Nigeria. Seminiferous tubules comprise 80-90% of testicular mass. Thus, the testicular volume is an index of spermatogenesis. Therefore, accurate testicular volume will help in assessing testicular function if there is no obstruction. This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between testicular volume, measured by ultrasound and conventional sperm parameters (semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility and sperm morphology) in men with infertility presenting to Urology Division, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada Abuja.
 Methodology: This was a descriptive cross sectional study, male subjects with infertility presenting to University of Abuja Teaching Hospital were recruited into the study. The testicular volume of all the subjects was measured by ultrasonography. The semen samples were collected by the process of masturbation on day five of sexual abstinence and analyzed according to WHO criteria 2010. Collated data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. P-value<0.05 was taken as statistically significant.
 Results: The average total testicular volume (TTV) of men with infertility was 19.83 ml while mean testicular volume (MTV) was 10.24 ml. There was a statistically significant difference between MTV and semen volume (r=0.391, p=0.000), and sperm concentration (r=0.639, p=0.000). There was a weak and insignificant correlation between MTV and sperm motility and MTV and morphology (r=0.216, p=0.055 and r=0.076, p=0.502) respectively. Linear regression analysis showed significant impact of MTV (P<0.001) on sperm concentration with a critical MTV of ≤10ml.0 indicating poor testicular function (severe oligospermia)
 Conclusion: The mean ultrasonic testicular volume in men with infertility in this study was 10.24ml and there was a significant positive correlation of MTV with semen volume and sperm concentration. Although, there was correlation of MTV with sperm motility and morphology, this was not significant. The critical mean ultrasonic testicular volume indicating poor testicular function (severe oligospermia) was found to be 10ml. This study has shown that the mean ultrasonic testicular volume can be a pointer to semen volume and sperm concentration in evaluating men with infertility.

Grief reaction and psychosocial impacts of child death and stillbirth on bereaved North Indian parents: A qualitative study.

Grief following stillbirth and child death are one of the most traumatic experience for parents with psychosomatic, social and economic impacts. The grief profile, severity and its impacts in Indian context are not well documented. This study documented the grief and coping experiences of the Indian parents following stillbirth and child death. This exploratory qualitative study in Delhi (India) included in-depth interviews with parents (50 mothers and 49 fathers), who had stillbirth or child death, their family members (n = 41) and community representatives (n = 12). Eight focus group discussions were done with community members (n = 72). Inductive data analysis included thematic content analysis. Perinatal Grief Scale was used to document the mother's grief severity after 6-9 months of loss. The four themes emerged were grief anticipation and expression, impact of the bereavement, coping mechanism, and sociocultural norms and practices. The parents suffered from disbelief, severe pain and helplessness. Mothers expressed severe grief openly and some fainted. Fathers also had severe grief, but didn't express openly. Some parents shared self-guilt and blamed the hospital/healthcare providers, themselves or family. Majority had no/positive change in couple relationship, but few faced marital disharmony. Majority experienced sleep, eating and psychological disturbances for several weeks. Mothers coped through engaging in household work, caring other child(ren) and spiritual activities. Fathers coped through avoiding discussion and work and professional engagement. Fathers resumed work after 5-20 days and mothers took 2-6 weeks to resume household chores. Unanticipated loss, limited family support and financial strain affected the severity and duration of grief. 57.5% of all mothers and 80% mothers with stillbirth had severe grief after 6-9 months. Stillbirth and child death have lasting psychosomatic, social and economic impacts on parents, which are usually ignored. Sociocultural and religion appropriate bereavement support for the parents are needed to reduce the impacts.

Patterns and Clinical Outcomes of Poisoning among Poisoning Cases Presented in a Hospital: Retrospective study

Introduction: Poisoning is one of the major health and health-related problems of our nations. It causes significant disease and death in many countries. In developing countries, the incidence of poisoning is increasing resulting in significant threats including hospitalization and huge financial crisis. This study aimed to assess the pattern of acute poisoning cases and their management at the emergency department of the hospital. Methods: Study design was institution based retrospective cross sectional. All patients who presented with poisoning conditions between September 2016 and August 2020 were included in the study. Data was collected using a data extraction form from the case records. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20. Results: In this study, most cases were among females, young age groups, and rural residents. The prevalence of acute poisoning per number of people presenting to the emergency departments in the hospitals was 0.52%. More than half (63.06%) of the patients were poisoned intentionally (deliberately), and the mortality rate due to poisoning was 2.5%. Discussion and Conclusion: Among 360 acute poisoning cases, two third (63.06%) were intentional poisoning cases. Organophosphate poisoning accounts greater than one third (40.56%) of the total poisoning cases; the three major reasons for intentional poisoning were unemployment, marital disharmony, and quarrel with family.

Outcome of Laparoscopy in Infertile Couples attending a Teaching Hospital in Eastern Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Infertility is a global health issue and a socially destabilizing condition for couples with several stigmas including medical, social, psychological burdens and a marital disharmony. The aim was to study the outcome of laparoscopy in infertile females attending Nobel Medical College as laparoscopy is considered as a gold standard in investigation and treatment of infertility. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology over a period of May 2018-April 2020, where the outcomes of laparoscopy in infertile females were studied. All the patients with abnormal HSG, unexplained infertility and adnexal mass in the background of infertility were enrolled. Of the 100 infertile patients who underwent laparoscopy, 62 (62%) had evidence of tubal disease as documented by unilateral or bilateral block, 63 (63%) had peritubal adhesions and hydrosalpinx in 15 (15%). Associated pelvic pathology like endometriosis in 50 (50%) in the form of cyst, adhesions and complete and partial obliteration of Pouch of Douglas. Laparoscopy is definitely an effective diagnostic tool of tubal and pelvic pathology. Laparoscopy is recommended for all infertile females with suspected tubal factor and moreover it provides opportunity to correct the condition in possible cases.