Marine Invertebrates Research Articles

Gregarines of mass species of darkling beetles (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) of Ukraine

Gregarines (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) are protists that live in the digestive tract and other body cavities of numerous terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates. The gregarine fauna of Eastern Europe has not yet been sufficiently studied. In the course of this study, we aimed to record gregarines living in the insides of the most widespread species of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera) in steppe zone of Ukraine. We found 7 species of gregarines belonging to 3 families: Actinocephalidae, Gregarinidae and Stylocephalidae, with the latter family being the most diverse. Gregarina Steinina diaperis was recorded in Diaperis boleti, Gregarina ormierei in Gonocephalum pusillum, and G. ovoidea in Asida lutosa. As for members of the family Stylocephalidae, Sphaerorhynchus cf. hamoni was found in G. pusillum, Stylocephalus gigas in Blaps lethifera, S. longicollis in Gnaptor spinimanus, and S. oblongatus in A. lutosa, Opatrum sabulosum, Oodescelis melas, and Pimelia subglobosa. G. ovoidea Wellmer, 1911, S. gigas Filipponi, 1949, S. longicollis (Stein, 1848) Watson, 1916 and S. oblongatus (Hammerschmidt, 1838) Watson, 1916 were first found in a new host species. All the identified species are new to the fauna of Ukraine and are recorded for the first time in the steppe zone of Eastern Europe.

Comparative analysis of gut microbiome of mangrove brachyuran crabs revealed patterns of phylosymbiosis and codiversification.

The acquisition of microbial symbionts enables animals to rapidly adapt to and exploit novel ecological niches, thus significantly enhancing the evolutionary fitness and success of their hosts. However, the dynamics of host-microbe interactions and their evolutionary implications remain largely underexplored in marine invertebrates. Crabs of the family Sesarmidae (Crustacea: Brachyura) are dominant inhabitants of mangrove forests and are considered keystone species there. Their rapid diversification, particularly after adopting a plant-feeding lifestyle, is believed to have been facilitated by symbiotic gut microbes, enabling successful colonization of intertidal and terrestrial environments. To investigate the patterns and mechanisms shaping the microbial communities and the role of microbes in the evolution of Sesarmidae, we characterized and compared the gut microbiome compositions across 43 crab species from Sesarmidae and other mangrove-associated families using 16S metabarcoding. We found that the gut microbiome assemblages in crabs are primarily determined by host identity, with a secondary influence from environmental factors such as microhabitat and sampling location, and to a lesser extent influenced by biological factors such as sex and gut region. While patterns of phylosymbiosis (i.e. when microbial community relationships recapitulate the phylogeny of their hosts) were consistently observed in all beta-diversity metrics analysed, the strength of phylosymbiosis varied across crab families. This suggests that the bacterial assemblages in each family were differentially shaped by different degrees of host filtering and/or other evolutionary processes. Notably, Sesarmidae displayed signals of cophylogeny with its core gut bacterial genera, which likely play crucial functional roles in their hosts by providing lignocellulolytic enzymes, essential amino acids, and fatty acids supplementation. Our results support the hypothesis of microbial contribution to herbivory and terrestrialization in mangrove crabs, highlighting the tight association and codiversification of the crab holobiont.

Metagenomic dissection of the intestinal microbiome in the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii infected with Decapod iridescent virus 1

Microbiome in the intestines of aquatic invertebrates plays pivotal roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, especially when the host is exposed to pathogen invasion. Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is a devastating virus seriously affecting the productivity and success of crustacean aquaculture. In this study, a metagenomic analysis was conducted to investigate the genomic sequences, community structure and functional characteristics of the intestinal microbiome in the giant river prawn Macrobrachiumrosenbergii infected with DIV1. The results showed that DIV1 infection could significantly reduce the diversity and richness of intestinal microbiome. Proteobacteria represented the largest taxon at the phylum level, and at the species level, the abundance of Gonapodya prolifera and Solemya velum gill symbiont increased significantly following DIV1 infection. In the infected prawns, four metabolic pathways related to purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and pentose phosphate pathway, and five pathways related to nucleotide excision repair, homologous recombination, mismatch repair, base excision repair, and DNA replication were significantly enriched. Moreover, several immune response related pathways, such as shigellosis, bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, Salmonella infection, and Vibrio cholerae infection were repressed, indicating that secondary infection in M. rosenbergii may be inhibited via the suppression of these immune related pathways. DIV1 infection led to the induction of microbial carbohydrate enzymes such as the glycoside hydrolases (GHs), and reduced the abundance and number of antibiotic-resistant ontologies (AROs). A variety of AROs were identified from the microbiota, and mdtF and lrfA appeared as the dominant genes in the detected AROs. In addition, antibiotic efflux, antibiotic inactivation, and antibiotic target alteration were the main antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Collectively, the data would enable a deeper understanding of the molecular response of intestinal microbiota to DIV1, and offer more insights into its roles in prawn resistance to DIVI infection.

Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities as Indicator of the Water Quality of a Suburban Stream in the Littoral Region of Cameroon

As bioindicators, benthic macroinvertebrates are often used to assess stream quality. Based on standard hydrobiological study techniques, the physicochemical and biological health status of the Missolé stream was assessed. Waters of the Missolé stream were found to be slightly acidic (pH: 6.23–6.26) and well-oxygenated (O2: 69.80–76.80%), with low values of temperature (T°: 23.60–24° C), turbidity (49.40–88.40 FTU) and mineralized ions (NH4+: 0–1.19 mg/L; NO2-: 0–1.61 mg/L; NO3-: 0.02–6.80 mg/L). Concerning aquatic invertebrate communities, a total of 489 individuals, grouped in two classes, eight orders and 35 families, all belonging to the phylum Arthropoda, were collected and identified. The class of Insecta was the most diversified, with seven orders and 32 families, while that of Crustacea had only one order and three families. Overall, Insecta accounted for 52.35% of the total abundance, and Decapod Crustacea was 47.65%. The three predominant families were Palaemonidae, Dytiscidae and Atyidae. Shannon and Weaver (H’) and Piélou’s evenness (J) indices were high at all stations and showed a slight decrease from upstream to downstream. In the same vein, the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI) classified the water quality of the Missolé stream as medium. Overall, this suburban aquatic ecosystem offers moderately favorable living conditions for aquatic biota.

Exposure to nanoplastics and nanomaterials either single and combined affects the gill-associated microbiome of the Antarctic soft-shelled clam Laternula elliptica

Nanoplastics and engineering nanomaterials (ENMs) are contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), increasingly being detected in the marine environment and recognized as a potential threat for marine biota at the global level including in polar areas. Few studies have assessed the impact of these anthropogenic nanoparticles in the microbiome of marine invertebrates, however combined exposure resembling natural scenarios has been overlooked. The present study aimed to evaluate the single and combined effects of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NP) as proxy for nanoplastics and nanoscale titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) on the prokaryotic communities associated with the gill tissue of the Antarctic soft-shell clam Laternula elliptica, a keystone species of marine benthos Wild-caught specimens were exposed to two environmentally relevant concentrations of carboxylated PS NP (PS–COOH NP, ∼62 nm size) and nano-TiO2 (Aeroxide P25, ∼25 nm) as 5 and 50 μg/L either single and combined for 96h in a semi-static condition.Our findings show a shift in microbiome composition in gills of soft-shell clams exposed to PS NP and nano-TiO2 either alone and in combination with a decrease in the relative abundance of OTU1 (Spirochaetaceae). In addition, an increase of gammaproteobacterial OTUs affiliated to MBAE14 and Methylophagaceae (involved in ammonia denitrification and associated with low-quality water), and the OTU Colwellia rossensis (previously recorded in polluted waters) was observed. Our results suggest that nanoplastics and nano-TiO2 alone and in combination induce alterations in microbiome composition by promoting the increase of negative taxa over beneficial ones in the gills of the Antarctic soft-shell clam. An increase of two low abundance OTUs in PS-COOH NPs exposed clams was also observed. A predicted gene function analysis revealed that sugar, lipid, protein and DNA metabolism were the main functions affected by either PS-COOH NP and nano-TiO2 exposure. The molecular functions involved in the altered affiliated OTUs are novel for nano-CEC exposures.

Nucleic Acid Sensing by STING Induces an IFN-like Antiviral Response in a Marine Invertebrate.

The cytosolic detection of pathogen-derived nucleic acids has evolved as an essential strategy for host innate immune defense in mammals. One crucial component in this process is the stimulator of IFN genes (STING), which acts as a vital signaling adaptor, connecting the cytosolic detection of DNA by cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) to the downstream type I IFN signaling pathway. However, this process remains elusive in invertebrates. In this study, we present evidence demonstrating that STING, an ortholog found in a marine invertebrate (shrimp) called Litopenaeus vannamei, can directly detect DNA and initiate an IFN-like antiviral response. Unlike its homologs in other eukaryotic organisms, which exclusively function as sensors for cyclic dinucleotides, shrimp STING has the ability to bind to both double-stranded DNA and cyclic dinucleotides, including 2'3'-cGAMP. In vivo, shrimp STING can directly sense DNA nucleic acids from an infected virus, accelerate IFN regulatory factor dimerization and nuclear translocation, induce the expression of an IFN functional analog protein (Vago4), and finally establish an antiviral state. Taken together, our findings unveil a novel double-stranded DNA-STING-IKKε-IRF-Vago antiviral axis in an arthropod, providing valuable insights into the functional origins of DNA-sensing pathways in evolution.

Comparative genomics of Ascetosporea gives new insight into the evolutionary basis for animal parasitism in Rhizaria

BackgroundAscetosporea (Endomyxa, Rhizaria) is a group of unicellular parasites infecting aquatic invertebrates. They are increasingly being recognized as widespread and important in marine environments, causing large annual losses in invertebrate aquaculture. Despite their importance, little molecular data of Ascetosporea exist, with only two genome assemblies published to date. Accordingly, the evolutionary origin of these parasites is unclear, including their phylogenetic position and the genomic adaptations that accompanied the transition from a free-living lifestyle to parasitism. Here, we sequenced and assembled three new ascetosporean genomes, as well as the genome of a closely related amphizoic species, to investigate the phylogeny, origin, and genomic adaptations to parasitism in Ascetosporea.ResultsUsing a phylogenomic approach, we confirm the monophyly of Ascetosporea and show that Paramyxida group with Mikrocytida, with Haplosporida being sister to both groups. We report that the genomes of these parasites are relatively small (12–36 Mb) and gene-sparse (~ 2300–5200 genes), while containing surprisingly high amounts of non-coding sequence (~ 70–90% of the genomes). Performing gene-tree aware ancestral reconstruction of gene families, we demonstrate extensive gene losses at the origin of parasitism in Ascetosporea, primarily of metabolic functions, and little gene gain except on terminal branches. Finally, we highlight some functional gene classes that have undergone expansions during evolution of the group.ConclusionsWe present important new genomic information from a lineage of enigmatic but important parasites of invertebrates and illuminate some of the genomic innovations accompanying the evolutionary transition to parasitism in this lineage. Our results and data provide a genetic basis for the development of control measures against these parasites.

Linking hydrological connectivity with the richness and composition of aquatic invertebrates across the Paraná River floodplain, Argentina

Lateral hydrological connectivity can affect the community characteristics by promoting dispersal of organisms between the river and its floodplain. We investigated the species richness, specific diversity, and relative abundance of microcrustaceans transported by the flood and the macroinvertebrates retained by Pontederia crassipes Mart. roots in five floodplain lakes with different connectivity within the RAMSAR Site Humedales Chaco. Due to differences in the slopes of the floodplain studied, the connectivity was determined by the topographic location of each lake, rather than by the distance from the river. During the hydrological connection, there was a transverse gradient in the physical and chemical characteristics of the water, with an increase in the electrical conductivity and a decrease in dissolved oxygen and suspended solids in the more isolated sites. A total of 62 species of microcrustaceans (48 cladocerans and 14 copepods) and 63 taxa of macroinvertebrates were identified. The microcrustaceans had high species richness in the three most connected lakes, whereas the macroinvertebrates had a peak in taxa richness in the lakes with intermediate connectivity. The low beta diversity (βw) for both microcrustaceans (14.63 %) and macroinvertebrates (16.9 %) indicated that taxa richness varied little between sites with different hydrological connectivity. In both assemblages, cluster analysis based on the similarity of the relative abundance grouped the three sites more connected and separated from the less connected sites. Our results suggest that species richness followed different patterns in different assemblages across the lateral gradient and that the hydrological connectivity was more related to the relative abundance of microcrustaceans and macroinvertebrates than to the classical measures of βw. Species diversity indices did not vary between sites. The high total species richness of invertebrates is mainly a result of the spatial arrangement of the different floodplain lakes.

Multi-omics bioactivity profile-based chemical grouping and read-across: a case study with Daphnia magna and azo dyes.

Grouping/read-across is widely used for predicting the toxicity of data-poor target substance(s) using data-rich source substance(s). While the chemical industry and the regulators recognise its benefits, registration dossiers are often rejected due to weak analogue/category justifications based largely on the structural similarity of source and target substances. Here we demonstrate how multi-omics measurements can improve confidence in grouping via a statistical assessment of the similarity of molecular effects. Six azo dyes provided a pool of potential source substances to predict long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates (Daphnia magna) for the dye Disperse Yellow 3 (DY3) as the target substance. First, we assessed the structural similarities of the dyes, generating a grouping hypothesis with DY3 and two Sudan dyes within one group. Daphnia magna were exposed acutely to equi-effective doses of all seven dyes (each at 3 doses and 3 time points), transcriptomics and metabolomics data were generated from 760 samples. Multi-omics bioactivity profile-based grouping uniquely revealed that Sudan 1 (S1) is the most suitable analogue for read-across to DY3. Mapping ToxPrint structural fingerprints of the dyes onto the bioactivity profile-based grouping indicated an aromatic alcohol moiety could be responsible for this bioactivity similarity. The long-term reproductive toxicity to aquatic invertebrates of DY3 was predicted from S1 (21-day NOEC, 40µg/L). This prediction was confirmed experimentally by measuring the toxicity of DY3 in D. magna. While limitations of this 'omics approach are identified, the study illustrates an effective statistical approach for building chemical groups.

Shake it off: exploring drivers and outcomes of autotomy in marine invertebrates.

Autotomy refers to self-amputation where the loss of a limb or organ is generally said to be (1) in response to stressful external stimuli; (2) voluntary and nervously mediated; (3) supported by adaptive features that increase efficiency and simultaneously mediate the cost; and (4) morphologically delineated by a predictable breakage plane. It is estimated that this phenomenon has evolved independently nine different times across the animal kingdom, appearing in many different taxa, including vertebrate and invertebrate as well as aquatic and terrestrial animals. Marine invertebrates use this behaviour in a diversity of manners that have yet to be globally reviewed and critically examined. Here, published data from marine invertebrate taxa were used to explore instances of injury as an evolutionary driver of autotomy. Findings suggest that phyla (e.g. Echinodermata and Arthropoda) possibly experiencing high rates of injury (tissue damage or loss) are more likely to be able to perform autotomy. Additionally, this review looks at various morphological, physiological and environmental conditions that have either driven the evolution or maintained the behaviour of autotomy in marine invertebrates. Finally, the use of autotomic abilities in the development of more sustainable and less ecologically invasive fisheries is explored.

Compatibility of eugenol anesthesia with classroom physiology experiments on nerve and muscle of frogs

Frogs serve as valuable model organisms for studying physiological responses of nerve, skeletal muscle and the heart in undergraduate biology labs. Heretofore, induced hypothermia has been the preferred technique for pain and stress reduction prior to euthanasia by pithing. However, AVMA guidelines discourage hypothermia for restraint or euthanasia of amphibians and advocate anesthetic overdose as preferable to pithing alone. Unfortunately, the primary anesthetic used in fish and other aquatic invertebrates, MS-222, blocks normal nerve and muscle function in leopard frogs and renders them useless for classroom physiology experiments, as demonstrated by Medler (2019). Eugenol is a safe and affordable anesthetic that is effective in amphibians. We sought to test the hypothesis that eugenol anesthesia is compatible with classroom nerve and muscle experiments on frogs. Bullfrogs and leopard frogs were immersed in a bath of eugenol suspended in tap water at 275 to 350 mg/L. At various time points, a four step reflex test was performed including tests of righting response, superficial pain reflex, deep pain reflex, and corneal blink reflex. Once all reflexes were absent, the frog was euthanized by pithing and the gastrocnemius muscle was prepared for force recordings. The sciatic nerve was stimulated with a bipolar stimulating electrode while gastrocnemius force was measured using an isometric force transducer. The threshold voltage eliciting a muscle contraction and the peak isometric twitch force were recorded at 15 minute intervals for 2 hours. Control frogs were sedated by immersion in ice water for 20 to 30 minutes, pithed when reflexes were substantially weakened, and then subjected to the same stimulation protocol and force measurements. At these doses, eugenol reliably induces loss of reflexes in 20 to 35 minutes and neuromuscular preparations maintain the ability to respond to electrical stimulation. Preliminary results suggest that eugenol may produce a modest elevation of threshold voltage and a modest reduction in maximum twitch force compared to control frogs euthanized without chemical anesthesia. Eugenol may be an effective anesthetic to prepare bullfrogs and leopard frogs for classroom experiments on nerve and muscle. Funding was provided by the Bill and Linda Frost Fund. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Distribution patterns of the two genetic groups of Corbicula fluminea in a lotic-lentic system.

Differences in local habitat conditions are often implicated as drivers for morphological and genetic divergence in natural populations. However, there are still relatively few studies regarding how divergent habitats influence patterns for morphotypes and genetic lineages in aquatic invertebrates. In this study, we explored the morphological patterns, genetic divergence, and distributions of a bivalve, Corbicula fluminea, in a lotic-lentic system. Sampling locations included lotic, ecotone, and lentic habitats. First, we found two lineages (Lineages A and B) with significant genetic divergence that primarily corresponded to two morphotypes (Morphs D and C) of C. fluminea. Lineage A consisted of 88.68% Morph D (shell sculpture: 8-14 ridges/cmsh) and 11.32% Morph C (shell sculpture: 15 ridges/cmsh) individuals and had genetic similarity to invasive populations. Lineage B consisted of only Morph C (shell sculpture: 15-23 ridges/cmsh). Second, we revealed clear effects of habitat on the spatial distribution patterns for the two lineages of C. fluminea. Lineage A was dominant in lotic habitats, with a significantly higher density than that of Lineage B in these locations. Lineage B was dominant in lentic habitats. However, both lineages had their highest densities in the ecotone habitat, without clear dominance and no significant difference in density between groups. Individuals of Lineages A and B are different in shell morphology, which may be related to a benefit trade-off between shell shapes that allow for rapid burrowing and holding position in different flow conditions. The distribution patterns indicate that Lineages A and B may not prefer uniquely lotic and lentic habitats, but each lineage is more tolerant to one habitat type, respectively. Generally, our study established a correlation among morphotypes, lineages, and different habitats for C. fluminea along a lotic-lentic gradient system, which has important implementations for fisheries management units and for understanding the role of habitat preference for this species in monitoring for pioneer dispersal in invasive species management.

Isolation and Identification of Fungi from Some Aquatic Invertebrates in Baghdad Al- Jadryia

Isolation and Identification of Fungi from Some Aquatic Invertebrates in Baghdad Al- Jadryia

The relative importance of metabolic rate and body size to space use behavior in aquatic invertebrates.

Elucidating the underlying mechanisms behind variations of animal space and resource use is crucial to pinpoint relevant ecological phenomena. Organism's traits related to its energy requirements might be central in explaining behavioral variation, as the ultimate goal of a forager is to fulfill its energy requirements. However, it has remained poorly understood how energy requirements and behavioral patterns are functionally connected. Here we aimed to assess how body mass and standard metabolic rate (SMR) influence behavioral patterns in terms of cumulative space use and time spent in an experimental patchy environment, both within species and among individuals irrespective of species identity. We measured the behavioral patterns and SMR of two invertebrate species, that is, amphipod Gammarus insensibilis, and isopod Lekanesphaera monodi, individually across a range of body masses. We found that species of G. insensibilis have higher SMR level, in addition to cumulatively exploring a larger space than L. monodi. Cumulative space use scaled allometrically with body mass, and it scaled isometrically with SMR in both species. While time spent similarly in both species was characterized by negative body mass and SMR dependence, it was observed that L. monodi individuals tended to stay longer in resource patches compared to G. insensibilis individuals. Our results further showed that within species, body mass and metabolic rate explained a similar amount of variation in behavior modes. However, among individuals, regardless of species identity, SMR had stronger predictive power for behavioral modes compared to body mass. This suggests that SMR might offer a more generalized and holistic description of behavioral patterns that extend beyond species identity. Our study on the metabolic and body mass scaling of space and resource use behavior sheds light on higher-order ecological processes such as species' competitive coexistence along the spatial and trophic dimensions.

A metallothionein from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus): Insights into its functional roles in immune response, metal tolerance, and oxidative stress

Metallothioneins (MTs) are cysteine-rich metal-binding proteins whose expression is induced by exposure to essential and non-essential metals, making them potential biological markers for assessing metal pollution in various biomonitoring programs. However, the functional properties of these proteins are yet to be comprehensively characterized in most marine invertebrates. In this study, we identified and characterized an MT homolog from the disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus), referred to as disk abalone MT (AbMT). AbMT exhibited the same primary structural features as MTs from other mollusks containing two β-domains (β2β1-form). AbMT protein demonstrated metal-binding and detoxification abilities against Zn, Cu, and Cd, as evidenced by Escherichia coli growth kinetics, metal tolerance analysis, and UV absorption spectrum. Transcriptional analysis revealed that AbMT was ubiquitously expressed in all analyzed tissues and upregulated in gill tissue following challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes, and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). Additionally, overexpression of AbMT suppressed LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages, protected cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress, and promoted macrophage polarization toward the M1 phase. Conclusively, these findings suggest an important role for AbMT in environmental stress protection and immune regulation in disk abalone.

Effects of naturally sourced bitumen samples from Alberta oil sands region (Canada) on aquatic benthic invertebrates: A case study with Chironomus riparius

Athabasca oil sands in Alberta, Canada, are large bitumen deposits and are one of the world's largest petroleum reserves. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the influence of this naturally occurring bitumen on freshwaters. Using laboratory-based exposure studies, we examined the life cycle responses of the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius to both naturally formed solid bitumen incorporated in the sediment and its corresponding aqueous extracts, denominated as elutriates. The 28-day partial life cycle assay involved bitumen samples from two distinct geological origins in the Athabasca River Basin (Clearwater and McMurray formations), comprising both weathered and freshly collected bitumen from a total of 4 different rivers. Our results demonstrate a measurable impact of sediment-embedded bitumen on C. riparius life history traits, namely on their growth and emergence patterns. Furthermore, we observed that bitumen samples from the Ells River (McMurray formation), which were freshly collected from exposed river bank soil deposits, exerted the strongest effects on most studied eco-physiological endpoints. Bitumen extracts from the Steepbank River and Athabasca River in the McMurray Formation and Steepbank River in the Clearwater Formation followed, underscoring the geographical variance in bitumen-induced toxicity. Exposure to elutriates, simulating “weathered” bitumen generally did not induce adverse effects in C. riparius life-cycle endpoints compared to elutriates prepared from freshly eroded bank soils. This emphasizes the importance of considering bitumen sources, their age, and the aquatic receiving environment when assessing potential adverse exposure effects. Our study shows that exposure to freshly eroded soils/sediments can potentially affect benthic invertebrates. More research is needed to understand how hydrological changes affect bitumen sediment exposure and the associated risks to aquatic biota.

Investigation of the kinetics of imidacloprid adsorption onto bimetallic Cu-BTC MOF

Imidacloprid, which is harmful for humans as well as many other aquatic invertebrate species, is extensively present in water worldwide. Hydrophobic Cu-BTCIPA and a novel composite, Ag@Cu-BTCIPA, was synthesized for adsorption of imidacloprid from water. The synthesis of the composite and the increase in surface area and pore volume were confirmed by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and BET analysis. A comparative study of the adsorption efficiencies of the synthesized composites was performed. The maximum adsorption efficiency achieved was 83.6 % at pH 7 by the Ag@Cu-BTCIPA composite. Kinetic and isotherm analyses suggested multilayer chemisorption involving p-p conjugation and pore-filling mechanisms. Intra-particle diffusion was the rate limiting step. Release studies of imidacloprid from water showed that the percentage release amount was 90.2 % at 70 min. Kinetic analysis of the release process suggested release through chemisorption, with swelling-controlled release from the dosage form, corresponding to the super case II transport mechanism.

Mine Wastewater Effect on the Aquatic Diversity and the Ecological Status of the Watercourses in Southern Poland

Coal mining activity contributes to energy security and employment occupation, but is associated with environmental deterioration. Coal combustion leads to GHG emissions, while coal mining results in the generation of saline effluents. These effluents are discharged in inland surface waters, applying significant pressure on their quality, with a negative impact on aquatic life and the economy of a region. This study includes water samples that were analyzed in order to investigate the organic compounds, heavy metals, and other physicochemical parameters. Biological monitoring was done according to the Water Framework Directive methodology. The results from an aquatic area in Southern Poland, which indirectly receives coal mine effluents, indicate elevated salinity with excessive chlorides, sulfates, and sodium ions. The water quality of another non-polluted aquatic area was also assessed to examine the impact of indirect coal mine wastewater discharge on this area. The high salinity levels hinder the use of river water for drinking, agricultural, or industrial purposes. The results obtained show high pressure on the ecological status of streams and rivers that receive mine effluents, and on the density and diversity of aquatic invertebrates. This pressure is clearly visible in the structure of benthic communities and in invertebrate diversity. It also contributes to the appearance of invasive species and increasing water salinity. Limiting discharges of mine water transporting large loads of saline substances would reduce the negative impact on the quality of river waters and biological life.

Peptide Toxins from Antarctica: The Nemertean Predator and Scavenger Parborlasia corrugatus (McIntosh, 1876).

Peptide toxins from marine invertebrates have found use as drugs and in biotechnological applications. Many marine habitats, however, remain underexplored for natural products, and the Southern Ocean is among them. Here, we report toxins from one of the top predators in Antarctic waters: the nemertean worm Parborlasia corrugatus (McIntosh, 1876). Transcriptome mining revealed a total of ten putative toxins with a cysteine pattern similar to that of alpha nemertides, four nemertide-beta-type sequences, and two novel full-length parborlysins. Nemertean worms express toxins in the epidermal mucus. Here, the expression was determined by liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The findings include a new type of nemertide, 8750 Da, containing eight cysteines. In addition, we report the presence of six cysteine-containing peptides. The toxicity of tissue extracts and mucus fractions was tested in an Artemia assay. Notably, significant activity was observed both in tissue and the high-molecular-weight mucus fraction, as well as in a parborlysin fraction. Membrane permeabilization experiments display the membranolytic activity of some peptides, most prominently the parborlysin fraction, with an estimated EC50 of 70 nM.

Cost-effort analysis of Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) and environmental DNA (eDNA) in monitoring marine ecological communities.

Monitoring the diversity and distribution of species in an ecosystem is essential to assess the success of restoration strategies. Implementing biomonitoring methods, which provide a comprehensive assessment of species diversity and mitigate biases in data collection, holds significant importance in biodiversity research. Additionally, ensuring that these methods are cost-efficient and require minimal effort is crucial for effective environmental monitoring. In this study we compare the efficiency of species detection, the cost and the effort of two non-destructive sampling techniques: Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) and environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to survey marine vertebrate species. Comparisons were conducted along the Sussex coast upon the introduction of the Nearshore Trawling Byelaw. This Byelaw aims to boost the recovery of the dense kelp beds and the associated biodiversity that existed in the 1980s. We show that overall BRUV surveys are more affordable than eDNA, however, eDNA detects almost three times as many species as BRUV. eDNA and BRUV surveys are comparable in terms of effort required for each method, unless eDNA analysis is carried out externally, in which case eDNA requires less effort for the lead researchers. Furthermore, we show that increased eDNA replication yields more informative results on community structure. We found that using both methods in conjunction provides a more complete view of biodiversity, with BRUV data supplementing eDNA monitoring by recording species missed by eDNA and by providing additional environmental and life history metrics. The results from this study will serve as a baseline of the marine vertebrate community in Sussex Bay allowing future biodiversity monitoring research projects to understand community structure as the ecosystem recovers following the removal of trawling fishing pressure. Although this study was regional, the findings presented herein have relevance to marine biodiversity and conservation monitoring programs around the globe.