Marine Transportation System Research Articles

Target tracking using video surveillance for enabling machine vision services at the edge of marine transportation systems based on microwave remote sensing

AbstractAutomatic target tracking in emerging remote sensing video-generating tools based on microwave imaging technology and radars has been investigated in this paper. A moving target tracking system is proposed to be low complexity and fast for implementation through edge nodes in a mini-satellite or drone network enabling machine intelligence into large-scale vision systems, in particular, for marine transportation systems. The system uses a group of image processing tools for video pre-processing, and Kalman filtering to do the main task. For testing the system performance, two measures of accuracy and false alarms probability are computed for real vision data. Two types of scenes are analyzed including the scene with single target, and the scene with multiple targets that is more complicated for automatic target detection and tracking systems. The proposed system has achieved a high performance in our tests.

Recovery of the NJ marine transportation system in the wake of Superstorm Sandy: A 10-year retrospective

The New Jersey Department of Transportation’s Office of Maritime Resources (NJDOT/ OMR) is responsible for operations and maintenance of more than 200 nautical miles (nmi) of shallow draft navigation channels in the Atlantic coastal region, as well as providing capacity for dredged material management to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to maintain the 117-mile New Jersey Intracoastal Waterway. When Superstorm Sandy made landfall in fall 2012, an estimated $65 million in damage was caused to state infrastructure in the form of severe shoaling, shoreline erosion, and berm loss on confined disposal facilities. In the decade since, the NJDOT/OMR has dredged 1.9 million CY of sediment and beneficially used over half of that in resiliency projects ranging from shoreline stabilization and marsh enhancement to restoration of shallow water habitat at a cost of over $120 million. Another 2.0 million CY of sediment has been dredged by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in the same timeframe, with 60% being used in resiliency projects. In addition to these projects, NJDOT also repaired and strengthened five confined disposal facilities, improved storm preparedness, and created a pathway toward a more sustainable maintenance program for New Jersey’s waterways. A summary of these projects is presented, along with lessons learned and considerations for dredging and beneficial-use practitioners.

Optimal Capacity Analysis Of Container Yard In Makassar New Port

Indonesia is an island nation whose two-thirds of its territory is water and is located in a strategic location because it is on a cross of world trade routes; therefore, the role of the port as a marine transportation system is crucial in supporting economic growth. The stacking field used to serve container cargo is one of the main port facilities to store containers originating from ships or going to ships. A buildup field is needed to prevent the risk of ship delay, which results in decreased loading and unloading production and the time of ships and goods being ported for a prolonged time. Makassar New Port is the largest seaport in the Eastern Region of Indonesia. Located in the Makassar Strait, Makassar New Port holds a leading role in the distribution of goods equipped with loading and unloading facilities to and from the ship to the receiving warehouse. This study aims to analyze the fertilization field's capacity for both the operator and the user. The result of this study obtained for the short-term optimum cost Container Yard in Makassar New Port is IDR 1.687.795.482.144 with the width of field dimension is 530.000 m2 . While for the Medium Term optimum cost is IDR 1.688.202.882.750 with the width of field dimension is 530.000 m2 and Long Term is IDR 1.689.520.940.921 with the field dimension is 535.000 m2.Times

Penerapan Keamanan Siber pada Sistem Transportasi Laut

Marine transportation systems are increasingly dependent on computing and communication technologies, Information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) must work together to protect information and design security against criminal activity from cyberattacks. A system of process stages and cybersecurity assessments for ships is necessary so that the vulnerability of marine transport systems to cyberattacks can be measured accurately and effectively. Using the framework NIST, The CIA model and Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) for identification and measurement is the most important key in the cybersecurity assessment process of marine transport systems. With the scope of analysis on vessel infrastructure including network systems, computers, ship communication devices, testing, and assessment.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDYING A POSSIBILITY OF CLOSE-COUPLED TOWING OF LARGE-SIZED VESSELS BY ICEBREAKER

The experimental studies in the ice model tank of the Krylov State Research Centre are described in the paper. This study aimed at researching a possibility of close-coupled towing of large-sized vessels by icebreaker. The displacement of considered commercial vessels is several times greater than the icebreaker displacement. Due to the fact that an amount of cargo transported along the Northern Sea Route is growing every year and new terminals are being constructed for the export of raw materials extracted in the Arctic, it has been shown in the paper that new transport vessels with high cargo capacity should be designed and built for the efficient operation of terminal. It has also been shown that the organization of independent year-round operation of such vessels in the Arctic region is extremely difficult, therefore, even at the stage of their design it’s important to consider the possibility of their escorting by existing icebreakers. The feasibility of close-coupled towing in the escorting of large-sized vessels with low ice class by icebreakers in the Arctic waters has been studied in the paper. The models of the greatest existing nuclear-powered icebreaker and conditional bulk carrier are used as an object of the ice model tests. The study of the close-coupled towing features in the continuous flat ice conditions is carried out at straightforward movement and gyration, as well as for the case of an emergency stop of the icebreaker. During ice model tests the ice forces acting on the hull of the model are measured, as well as the load on a towing notch with rubber fenders in the stern of icebreaker and the tension in the wire rope. The comparison of the wire rope tension with its breaking force is taken as a criterion to assess the possibility of the close-coupled towing operation. The results can be used as the basis for choosing the hull concept of the future large-sized vessels, its ice class and main dimensions and in strategic simulations of Arctic marine transport systems.

Indonesian Maritime E-Leadership Training Towards a Digital-Based Marine Transportation System

In the era of digitalizing, a leader is needed who can provide clear direction and goals and understand digital development technology. The development of digital-based information systems in the transportation sector will have an impact on reducing logistics costs. For this reason, digital-based leadership is needed in all sectors, including the maritime sector. The purpose of this community service is to conduct Indonesian maritime e-leadership training toward a digital-based marine transportation system. The purpose of this e-leadership training is to increase knowledge of leadership ethos, increase leadership talents and interests, increase leadership creativity and reasoning power, and cultivate the spirit of community insight. Community service model in the form of training and service to the community. The training was carried out online and was attended by 531 students divided into 4 sessions, session I as many as 178 students, session II as many as 122 cadets, session 3 as many as 102 and session 4 as many as 129 cadets. The results of the service obtained that the benefits of Indonesia's maritime e-leadership training towards a digital-based marine transportation system are an increase in knowledge of leadership ethos, an increase in leadership talents and interests, an increase in leadership creativity and reasoning power, and fostering a spirit of community insight with an average answer of 73.04%, agreeing by 22.79% and disagreeing by 4.17%.

Water-Transit Services in Dubai-UAE: User and Operator Survey Development and Quantitative Analysis

The Marine Agency-Roads and Transport Authority (MA-RTA) of Dubai-UAE is currently undertaking a study to develop a new transport policy for service delivery. The goal of the new policy is to increase rider share and use of MA-RTA services. To attain this goal, a five-year service policy will be adopted to establish modern, cost-effective, and efficient services to attract higher ridership. An integral part of the development of the policy is to assess baseline conditions, particularly user and operator opinions of current services. This paper focuses on developing user and operator survey questionnaires and providing quantitative statistical analyses of survey results. The majority of the assessment tools for the operations practice indicated acceptable levels of services. However, there is a need for a reduction of trip fares, better facilities at the stations, and a broader survey to identify prospective users and attraction methods to the marine services. In addition, development of a database for the marine transport system could assist in better planning, operational, and management aspects of the system.

An Intelligent Control Scheme for Optimum Efficiency and Reduced Emission Operation of Marine Transportation System

This paper proposes an intelligent control scheme (ICS) for optimum efficiency and reduced emission operation in small marine transportation systems such as tugs, research vessels, and small scale cruiser ships. The diesel engines used in marine and other transport related applications are designed to provide optimum efficiency at a specific value of mechanical loading. Generally, these engines provide the best fuel efficiency near 80% of their rated load and also the break specific emission of CO (carbon mono oxide) and other harmful greenhouse gases are found to be lowest at this specific amount of mechanical loading. The proposed controller makes the diesel engine to operate continuously at 80% of loading in order to ensure an optimum efficiency operation even if the mechanical load is kept changing due to the variations and fluctuations in the ship propulsion load or electrical load. The intelligent control scheme (ICS) uses a battery bank as an energy balancing element to maintain a constant total mechanical loading on the engine shaft using a bidirectional power flow control through the battery bank thus changing effective mechanical loading on the engine for optimum efficiency operation of the marine transportation system. The output mechanical power (P) delivered by the engine on its shaft is sensed using a power sensor and compared with its optimum value in order to calculate the error. Thereafter, based on the information about the error in engine shaft power, the ICS regulates the power flow to the SPAG (single phase asynchronous generator) in such a manner that the mechanical load on the engine is restored to its optimum value immediately. The optimum efficiency operation is maintained under randomly varying mechanical power demanded by the ship propulsion system and it is also maintained under varying electrical loads in the marine transportation system. This ICS scheme has been implemented in the laboratory using a DSP controller. The detailed test results are presented to validate the claims.

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ И МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ПЕРСОНАЛА НА МОРСКИХ СУДАХ И ПОДГОТОВКА СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ ПО МОРСКОЙ МЕДИЦИНЕ

Abstract. Due to the significant strategic importance of the marine transport system, the issue of ensuring various types of security (especially medical, psychological) for personnel working in this branch of the national economy seems relevant. The Marine Doctrine of the Russian Federation and the corresponding Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 512 dated July 31, 2022 is the leading document regulating these issues. The article presents various groups of factors that affect the health of seafarers (genetic, medical support, living conditions and lifestyle, the state of the environment). The negative aspects of these factors that impair the health of the crew are listed: disorders of adaptive processes in the body, up to stressful conditions; the occurrence of diseases of the body systems (cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, sensory, musculoskeletal system); the purchasing of various kinds of dependent states (alcohol and nicotine); decreased physical activity, eating habits, satisfaction from their work, psychological and emotional stress disorders social isolation, fatigue. The problem of the shortage of specialists in the marine medicine, despite the requirements of word standards, is emphasized. In this regard, the problem is raised about the training of specialized medical personnel (including in the field of psychological support) in medical educational organizations for prevention, sanitary, educational and hygienic work with personnel, monitoring the health of seafarers, timely identification of premorbid conditions, quality treatment and rehabilitation. To solve it, first of all, an integrated approach at the state level is needed. First of all, it is proposed to improve the legislative basis, and then the implementation of documents at all levels of administrative authority.

Environmental Viability Analysis of Connected European Inland–Marine Waterways and Their Services in View of Climate Change

Inland waterways and their connections to marine transport systems constitute a substantial resource for the establishment of green infrastructures, flood prevention, and environmental conservation. However, these developments have numerous inherent environmental hazards such as water and air pollution, a loss of habitats, increased coastal erosion, the transfer of invasive species between connected watercourses and lakes, and the transport of pollutants through watercourses to coastal areas. Climate change may aggravate these environmental problems through changing temperatures, reduced precipitation, enhancing the adverse impact of excess nutrient discharge, and the entry of invasive species. In this study, we analyse the main European inland waterway corridors and their branches to assess the ecological viability of a pan-European inland waterway network. The environmental viability of such network depends on the right assessment of ecosystem services and protection of biodiversity. A model structure for landscape conservation, green infrastructure development, water replenishment, and ecosystem reconstruction is proposed, considering a sustainable combination of multimodal inland waterway and rail transport.

고려 현종대 당진 안국사의 창건

The present article examined in detail about the historical contexts surrounding the foundation of Anguk temple in Dangjin during the reign of King Hyeonjong of Goryeo dynasty. The foundation of Anguk temple signifies the high interest in the Chungnam region during the reign of King Hyeonjong. This implies that the construction of temples in the Chungnam region during the reign of King Hyeonjong not only took place on the traffic routes connecting north and south but also in the direction of east and west. Similar to the purpose of Buddhism activities in other regions at the time, Anguk Temple was founded for the sake of well-being of the country. The fact that it was based on Maitreya faith should also be noted. This shows the linkage to Maitreya faith in the Nonsan region during the early period of Goryeo dynasty. On the other hand, another reason that Anguk Temple was built in Dangjin is closely related to the maintenance of traffic routes and the marine transportation system. This shows that socio-economic factors acted together in the foundation of Anguk Temple along with political and ideological factors. Therefore, several Buddhist rituals were performed to promote the unity of the local community by the locals in Yeomi-Hyun of Dangjin which was called Hyangdo following the foundation of Anguk temple. These facts indicate that renewed interest is needed regarding Buddhism during the Reign of King Hyeonjong where abundant historical sources exist.

STUDY ON THE PORT AND MARITIME TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

As global commerce, new markets, and a more diverse supply chain took shape in the latter half of the twentieth century, many facets of the shipping sector were altered. Worldwide supply chains and freight systems are intertwined with the global marine transport system. Many transport systems are coupled to accomplish the aim because of the complexity of the marine transportation system (MTS). MTS and its interaction with other modes of transportation are being studied using system dynamics (SD). We began by looking at SD application letters on MTS as part of the study’s first step. After conducting a literature study, our findings give an overview of SD modeling on MTS and propose new research topics.

Reliable Object Recognition Using Deep Transfer Learning for Marine Transportation Systems With Underwater Surveillance

In recent years, object recognition for marine persistent surveillance has attracted much attention from researchers. The surveillance videos are captured with using optical sensors in shallow-deep water where marine vehicles are moving, e.g., ships, submarines, and underwater unmanned vehicles (UUVs). Access to efficient videos for maritime control and marine transportation system (MTS), particularly underwater optical videos, is still a critical demand for underwater tourism industry. As there are serious problems in underwater optical video imaging systems such as light scattering and absorption in water, low contrast, fog and haziness, detecting various underwater objects will be a difficult task. Moreover, a reliable and safe MTS with the capability of detecting and recognizing underwater objects is required to reduce the costs of movements. The current study addresses predictive challenges and evaluates many video frames with poor qualities of various aquatic species as a real dataset. Intelligent processing of vision computing-related extracted features is performed with the aid of a modified convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture for underwater IoT platforms to support MTS. The decision-making structure in the proposed method is based on a modified residual neural network (mResNet) to recognize trained underwater objects through video frames. The mResNet approach uses the dilation feature to extract the most information from the video frames. Moreover, features extracted from the ResNet structure are designed using traditional learning approaches including feature selection and classification to identify the undersea objects. Also, an optimization process is employed to find the best kernel parameters of the support vector machine (SVM) classifier used in the proposed structure. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed model has a classification accuracy of 93.51% in real videos.

Analysis of spatio-temporal changes in Arctic Ocean ecosystem using machine learning and its impact on marine transportation system

Arctic Ocean is large and important ecosystem. Growth of human impact in last decades of XXI century leads to significant changes in different environmental variables. Main goal of this research was analysis of spatio-temporal structure of Arctic Ocean ecosystem to find main causes of its changing and impact on Arctic transportation system. For analysis of Arctic Ocean ecosystem structure, we used Bayesian network, while for spatio-temporal analysis – k-means clustering. This analysis was produced for 3 timestamps – 2007, 2012 and 2017. Main drivers of this ecosystem structure changes generally occur from human activity in this region – shipping and other marine operations. In last years, level of anthropogenic impact significantly increased, large number of territories was turned into agricultural lands, this leads to increase in number of biogenic substances falls into Arctic waters. Spatio-temporal analysis shows very significant changes in last 10 years. Despite the fact, that spatially areas of different zones in Arctic Ocean doesn’t change, qualitative changes here look major. The same as ecosystem structure, the main cause of spatio-temporal changes mainly caused by marine shipping impact.

ЗАДАЧИ НАУЧНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ; ИХ ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ И ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ НАПРАВЛЕННОСТЬ НА СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ АЛГОРИТМИЧЕСКОГО И ПРОГРАММНОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ СИСТЕМ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The management system of a port, or any other enterprise, consists of various elements that are brought together to function together. When managing, it is very important to identify the main elements of the management system. At the same time, it is necessary to assess the influence of external environment. The external environment is the key factor for marine transport systems, which will determine the development and future modernization. The paper provides a formalized definition of the main parameters and presents the classification of scientific tasks, which are relevant for the sea cargo port. Special attention in the presented classification is paid to the adaptation of the Port management system to functioning in market conditions.

Reconstructing Maritime Incidents and Accidents Using Causal Models for Safety Improvement: Based on a Case Study

No advance in navigation has yet to prevent the occurrence of accidents (incidents are always implied when we discuss accidents) at sea. At the same time, advances in accident models are possible, and may provide the basis for investigations and analyses to help prevent future adverse events and improve the safety of marine transport systems. In such complex socio-technical systems models that treat accidents as the result of a chain or sequence of events are used most commonly. Such models are well suited to damage caused by failure of physical components in relatively simple systems. Although these often include methods for modeling human error, they do not cover broader aspects related to the management of the organization using the means of transport itself (shipowners) nor errors that may occur in the design phase. In particular, they do not cover changes in the systems over time. The paper presents accident investigation approaches and uses a modified causal model to analyze an incident that occurred in January 2019 on the city ferry in Świnoujście. The results of the analysis were used to provide guidelines for increasing safety at the crossing and to evaluate the accident analysis model used. Additionally, incidentally, through the study of this case we uncovered a problem in communication among stakeholders that unnecessarily complicates the models for the models for the improvement of safety.

Temporal variance of the ice navigation conditions within the Northern Sea Route

Recognition of satellite images, composition of them and vectorization is used in AARI for ice charts production. There is discussed methodology and results of the ice charts processing by means of computer programs, which were elaborated by Dr. Tretyakov in Python. The paper demonstrates results of analysis of temporal variance of ice navigation circumstances within the buffer zone of the marine transport system from the Sabetta Port (the Yamal Peninsula, Russia) up to the Bering Strait. There are considered the variance for April and May from 1998 up to 2020. This intra-annual interval is the one with the heaviest ice circumstances for shipping. We used conditional length of various age and age and form gradations of the sea ice for the route as a whole, as an integral parameter for estimation of the navigation hardships of ice navigation. The conditional length of an ice age (thickness) diapason is result of multiplication of the diapason partial concentration at the length of the route leg with homogeneous ice characteristics. There were produced series of the conditional lengths for each ten-day periods during April and May. Then statistical homogeneity of the series was tested by various methods.

Incorporation of coarse-grained dredged material into marsh and shoreline restoration projects in coastal New Jersey

Millions of cubic yards of sediment are dredged every year in coastal New Jersey for the operation and maintenance of an extensive marine transportation system stretching from the New Jersey Harbor south along the Atlantic Coast from Sandy Hook to Cape May and north up the Delaware River. Dredged material from these public and private projects has been managed using a variety of placement approaches and technologies, from open-water disposal to landfilling to construction materials. For the past several decades, the State of New Jersey has advocated for and implemented a policy of beneficial use of dredged material rather than its disposal. The New Jersey Department of Transportation’s Office of Maritime Resources (NJDOT/OMR) is the lead state agency for research and implementation of beneficial use statewide. NJDOT/ OMR is also responsible for the recovery of the 200-mile network of shallow-draft navigation channels along the Atlantic coast of New Jersey that was damaged by a series of severe coastal storms, most notably Superstorm Sandy in 2012. For the past decade, considerable effort has been made to develop methods that use clean dredged material from the Atlantic region to rebuild and improve coastal features such as marshes, dunes, and beaches, thereby retaining the sediment in the ecosystem. Although there have been a number of successful beneficial use projects, concerns remain about the long-term sustainability of the program due to high cost, timelines, scalability, habitat sensitivity, resiliency, aesthetics, and other factors. This paper explores some of these issues and proposes solutions. It focuses on the use of available coarse-grained material as a way to provide resiliency to these restored features while increasing scale and efficiency, protecting aesthetics, and providing increased habitat value.

A model of multi-objective route optimization for a vessel in drifting ice

The paper suggests a three-dimensional graph model for a spatio-temporal representation of a water area with drifting ice objects. The article considers multi-objective route optimization with both additive and minimax criteria. The algorithmic solution of multi-objective optimization is proposed for a set of objective functions, which correspond to the following route parameters: the route length, risks along the route and the number of course direction changes. The method presented in the paper allows finding a set of Pareto-optimal solutions.The paper suggests the algorithm for arranging three-dimensional graph in relation to motion laws of ice objects existing in the considered water area. For illustrating the method, the article provides a computational example of path optimization. The paper also includes the discussion on the parameters influencing computational complexity of practical implementation of the developed method as well as on the approach in general.The developed model can be implemented in designing marine transportation systems and navigation assisting in ice infested water areas.

Focus on Bioinspired Textured Surfaces toward Fluid Drag Reduction: Recent Progresses and Challenges

After a long period of biological evolution, natural creatures will inevitably evolve body surfaces suitable for the living environment. The functions of natural biological surfaces are abundant and powerful, including antiadhesion, self‐cleaning, drag reduction, anti‐icing, wear resistance, and other characteristics. In the context of coping with the energy crisis, inspired by natural biological surface microstructures, researchers explore biomimetic surface microstructures that reduce fluid drag and investigate the mechanisms of drag reduction. Herein, mainly the current state of research on biomimetic textured surfaces that can be applied to fluid drag reduction is reviewed and the microstructures’ morphology, drag reduction mechanisms, and the fabrication techniques of textured surfaces are discussed in detail. In particular, the experimental methods for measuring the drag reduction effect of textured surfaces are introduced, which is extremely rare. The article concludes with a summary of existing problems and future directions in the research of biomimetic surface drag reduction technology. This Review can provide a reference for practical application and laboratory research of drag reduction in marine transportation, military weapons, aviation, and pipeline systems.