Marine Services Research Articles

Future importance of healthy oceans: Ecosystem functions and biodiversity, marine pollution, carbon sequestration, ecosystem goods and services

Future importance of healthy oceans: Ecosystem functions and biodiversity, marine pollution, carbon sequestration, ecosystem goods and services

Coming Stakes in the Ocean: Food Production, Shipping and Trade, Tourism, Ecosystem-biodiversity, New Technologies and Climate Change Challenges in Bangladesh

Blue economy is an emerging concept in all over the world where Bangladesh is not in exception. The blue economy of Bangladesh is subject to multiple interlinked activities. Among the major activities, food production, shipping and trade, tourism, ecosystem-biodiversity, new technologies and climate change challenges are the most promising sectors which are discussed in this chapter to project the present and future potential, constrains, ways to overcome in the context of the blue economy of Bangladesh following various published literatures. The review has revealed that Bangladesh has enormous resources which have great potential to uplift the existing economy, improving livelihoods, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. However, there are lot of constrains which hinder to get the ultimate fruit from these potentialities. The major constrains include lack of policy, institutional or organizational structure and coordination, data or information, knowledge in innovating and diversifying marine products and services, marketing strategies, continuous scientific research, skilled manpower with motivation and dedication, public awareness, maritime security and concern in marine and coastal environment. Initiations to overcome these constrains with long and short term strategic plans and properly implementing the strategic decisions will bring the state more productive and could be a model country with blue economy approach.

A Sustained Ocean Observing System in the Indian Ocean for Climate Related Scientific Knowledge and Societal Needs

The Indian Ocean is warming faster than any of the global oceans and its climate is uniquely driven by the presence of a landmass at low latitudes, which causes monsoonal winds and reversing currents. The food, water, and energy security in the Indian Ocean rim countries and islands are intrinsically tied to its climate, with marine environmental goods and services, as well as trade within the basin, underpinning their economies. Hence, there are a range of societal needs for Indian Ocean observation arising from the influence of regional phenomena and climate change on, for instance, marine ecosystems, monsoon rains, and sea-level. The Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS), is a sustained observing system that monitors basin-scale ocean-atmosphere conditions, while providing flexibility in terms of emerging technologies and scientific and societal needs, and a framework for more regional and coastal monitoring. This paper reviews the societal and scientific motivations, current status, and future directions of IndOOS, while also discussing the need for enhanced coastal, shelf, and regional observations. The challenges of sustainability and implementation are also addressed, including capacity building, best practices, and integration of resources. The utility of IndOOS ultimately depends on the identification of, and engagement with, end-users and decision-makers and on the practical accessibility and transparency of data for a range of products and for decision-making processes. Therefore we highlight current progress, issues and challenges related to end user engagement with IndOOS, as well as the needs of the data assimilation and modeling communities. Knowledge of the status of the Indian Ocean climate and ecosystems and predictability of its future, depends on a wide range of socio-economic and environmental data, a significant part of which is provided by IndOOS.

Advanced ERP Application for Marine Transportation Industry in the South Asia Pacific Country; a Case Study

Marine transportation industry is one of the most vital activities in the world. Demand to provide effective and efficient inter-regional connectivity within the marine transportation framework will be a common agenda in some areas. South Asia Pacific region has a member country of more than 14 countries. With the region’s economic growth of about 5.3 percent, compared to the world average of 3.2 percent, because it is the most safe area compared to other regions (Antara, 2016). Almost 70% of total world trade takes place among countries in Asia Pacific. In this study, we try to focus on comparative analysis of IT support system to support the operation of marine transportation services in 3 countries namely Indonesia, Malaysia and USA. Some port systems in the archipelagic country particularly the South Asia Pacific region have adopted approaches such as the ERP system, but are still partial. Each part of the port management creates its own information system, and links it to every organization’s website. Utilizing existing ERP systems, will be key in designing new frameworks with IOT concepts. With the development of IOT techniques and major investments in marine transportation systems in the Asia Pacific region, intelligent transportation will be able to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of marine and port transportation services processes. The technology of the Internet of Things will enable the development of transportation systems to be more intelligent, safe, harmonious, and energy efficient.

Analisis Struktur Ekonomi Kelautan Indonesia

Marine economy is an economic activity carried out in the sea and land areas whose activities are still related to marine resources. The marine sector is defined as seven sectors, namely: fisheries, marine tourism, mining, marine industry, sea transportation (marine transportation), marine building, marine services. This study used descriptive and impact analysis in the national Input-Output Table in 2010. The total output of the marine sector accounted for 27.39% of total national output. The GDP value in the marine sector is able to contribute 30.32% of the total national GDP. From the results of calculations regarding the analysis of the multiplier numbers by output, the formation of new output in the economy was 1.4087 units. Analysis of multiplier numbers by job opportunities causes an increase in employment opportunities by an average of 0.1451 units. The majority of the sectors of maritime tourism show high distribution power. The largest sub-sector with a sensitivity index value is the trade service sub-sector, which is 1.4608. Key words: descriptive analysis, impact analysis, marine economy, I-O table

What matters to whom and why? Understanding the importance of coastal ecosystem services in developing coastal communities

Coastal ecosystems support the livelihoods and wellbeing of millions of people worldwide. However, the marine and terrestrial ecosystem services that coastal ecosystems provide are particularly vulnerable to global environmental change, as are the coastal communities who directly depend on them. To navigate these changes and ensure the wellbeing of coastal communities, policy-makers must know which coastal ecosystem services matter to whom, and why. Yet, in developing coastal settings, capturing people’s perceptions of the importance of ecosystem services is challenging for several reasons. Firstly, coastal ecosystem services encompass both terrestrial and marine services across multiple categories (i.e. provisioning, supporting, and cultural) that are difficult to value together. Secondly, widely used monetary valuation techniques are often inappropriate because of culturally specific attributions of value, and the intangible nature of key cultural ecosystem services. Thirdly, people within communities may hold different ecosystem services values. In this paper, we examine how people ascribe and explain the importance of a range of marine and terrestrial ecosystem services in three coastal communities in Papua New Guinea. We use a mixed-methods approach that combines a non-monetary ranking and rating assessment of multiple ecosystem services, with a socio-economic survey (N = 139) and qualitative explanations of why ecosystem services matter. We find that people uniformly ascribe the most importance to marine and terrestrial provisioning services that directly support their livelihoods and material wellbeing. However, within communities, gender, wealth, and years of formal schooling do shape some differences in how people rate ecosystem services. In addition, although cultural ecosystem services were often rated lower, people emphasized that they ranked provisioning services highly, in part, because of their contribution to cultural values like bequest. People also expressed concern about extractive ecosystem services, like fuelwood, that were perceived to be destructive, and were rated low. We contend that comprehensive ecosystem services assessments that include narratives can capture the broad importance of a range of ecosystem services, alongside relational values and normative judgements. This exploratory approach is a useful step towards understanding the complexities of ecosystem services in developing coastal settings.

Marine Archaeology Assessment in Support of the Bluewater SPM Project, Nueces and Aransas Counties, Texas and Adjoining Federal Waters

Marine Archaeology Assessment in Support of the Bluewater SPM Project, Nueces and Aransas Counties, Texas and Adjoining Federal Waters

REVIEW LITERATURE: INDONESIAN PORT MANAGEMENT STRATEGY WITH TRANSDISCIPLINARY APPROACH COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD

Research with a transdisciplinary approach aims to encourage integration beyond the boundaries of disciplines, and provide new perspectives in dealing with complex problems. These problems target various aspects, including problems in port management. In Vietnam the main problem of the port is in terms of ecology. While in Hong Kong as one of the largest ports in the world, it also faces problems in regulating the flow of ships and also in ports. Greece and China highlight an equally important study, namely the risk at the port. The port of Turkey has a different approach in attracting ships to dock at its ports, namely non-price aspects such as customer service, service customization and bundling, service expansion, service diversification and additional services and most importantly is the improvement of the company's image through the UK and Australia's CSR having the same problem regarding port privatization. To solve this problem is certainly expected to share the role of transdisciplines, ranging from government science, institutional economics, political economy, engineering science, ecology, business, to socilogy and other sciences.
 Keywords:
 transdisciplinary, port management, marine services

The interplay between economics, legislative power and social influence examined through a social-ecological framework for marine ecosystems services

In the last 15 years, conservation has shifted increasingly towards perspectives based on the instrumental value of nature, where what counts is what provides benefits to humans. The ecosystem services framework embraces this vision of nature through monetary valuation of the environment to correct market failures and government distortions that hinder efficient allocation of public goods, including goods and services provided by biodiversity and ecosystems. The popularity of this approach is reflected in different countries legislation; for instance, US, EU and UK have introduced economic criteria for comparing costs and benefits of environmental policies in protecting ecosystem services.From an operational perspective, the ecosystem services framework requires ecologists to estimate how the supply of services is affected by changes in the functionality and/or the extent of ecosystems; and economists to identify how changes in the supply affect the flow of direct and indirect benefits to people. However, this approach may be simplistic when faced with the complexity of social-ecological systems. We investigated this for three different marine services: assimilative capacity of waste, coastal defense and renewable energy. We find that economic valuation could provide efficient and fair allocations in the case of assimilative capacity, but leads to social clashes between outputs generated by cost benefit analysis and citizens' expectation in the case of coastal defense. In the case of renewable energy, controversies can be generated by regulatory mechanisms that are not necessarily aligned with the interests of industry or important social groups. We conclude that there is a need to integrate perspectives arising from utilitarian allocation of resources with those involving legislation and communal values in order to reconcile conflicting interests and better sustain marine social-ecological systems.

Analysing Sea Surface Temperature Change in Gulf of Iskenderun from 1982 to 2015

Climate change is one of the major challenge for Earth Systems in this century. Since the
 Industrial revolution, energy demands of countries has been rapidly increased which also causes
 an accelerated burning fossil fuels and increased greenhouse gases emission (GHG) into the
 atmosphere. Sea surface temperature (SST) is a pointer of the water temperature, which mainly
 related to sea surface layer and also plays an important role for keeping the energy balance
 between atmosphere and marine ecosystems. Various studies show that surface temperature of
 the inner seas surface temperature is affected by anthropogenic climate change. Gulf of
 Iskenderun is located in the southeast Mediterranean region of Turkey. The Gulf is important
 mainly for its industrial facilities and thermal power stations of Turkey. Due to the Suez Canal
 and strait of Gibraltar the gulf has also very important meaning for migration of the alien species
 into the Mediterranean Sea. To investigate the sea surface temperature (SST) change in the Gulf
 of Iskenderun over the period of 1982-2015 we used remote sensed data, which have 4x4 km
 high spatial and daily temporal resolution. This data collected from Copernicus Marine Services
 which based on satellites Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder
 Version 5.2 (PFV52). In the study period, the highest SST is determined in a JJA (June-JulyAugust)
 season. The warmest region was the north is part of the bay. The SST change about 1.5º
 C in the study period.

Sustainable Use of the Southern Seas of Russia in the Context of Climatic, Environmental and Technogenic Challenges

The southern seas of Russia are of paramount importance for the development of the economy, shipping, recreational zones, and tourism. Development of the port infrastructure, intensification of gas and oil production and transportation, development of tourism along with natural and climatic factors have a strong impact on ecosystems of seas. All of this complicates sustainable development of the region and sustainable use of marine resources. This article examines the climatic, ecological and technogenic challenges associated with sustainable use of the southern seas of Russia. Effective solving of such problems requires an integrated approach, interaction between scientists, representatives of authorities, environmental organizations, business representatives, port and marine services in the framework of Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Marine Spatial Planning.

ANALISIS PENENTUAN SUBSEKTOR PRIORITAS PADA BIDANG KELAUTAN INDONESIA (PENDEKATAN DETERMINISTIK INPUT-OUTPUT)

The aim of this study is to determine priority subsectors in the field of Indonesian marine. The analysis is done by input-output approach. This study has found several priority subsectors classified into two groups, namely short-term and long-term priority subsector groups. Short-term priority subsectors group in the Indonesian marine sector include fish processing and preservation industries, marine tourism, marine and fisheries support, marine and fisheries education and research services, and fisheries services. Meanwhile, for the long-term priority subsectors group the Indonesian marine sector comprises oil and gas mining and refining, marine trade services, offshore mining, fishery services and shrimp industry.Keywords: Input-Output, Multiplier Effect, Backward Linkages, Forward Linkages

Introduction: the coastal ecosystem complex as a unit of structure and function of biological productivity in coastal areas

Coastal seas are composed of relatively independent ecosystems, such as estuaries, rocky shores, mangroves, and coral reefs. Such individual ecosystems (IEs) are linked closely to each other by the dispersal and circulation of nutrients and organic matter and the movement of organisms, and form a coastal ecosystem complex (CEC). The CEC is understood as a unit of structure and function of coastal seas. It is characterized by a high degree of species diversity and it plays a large role in fishery and aquaculture production, as it provides important marine services for humans. This special volume compiles recent ecological studies of target species and IEs, to facilitate the conservation of coastal seas and the sustainability and production of their fisheries and aquaculture based on our understanding of the structure and function of the CEC in these environments.

Croda buys marine biology services firm

Croda International has acquired Nautilus Biosciences Canada, a marine biology company based on Prince Edward Island. Croda has partnered with Nautilus, a specialist in marine microbial biodiversity for materials discovery, for six years. The British specialties company intends to establish Nautilus as a marine biotech innovation center. Croda CEO Steve Foots says the deal adds marine biotech to the company’s industrial and plant-based biotechnology.

Nonlinear dynamics of the sea level time series in the eastern English Channel

Coastal flooding due to surge events represents natural hazards with huge potential consequences for coastal regions. Sea level time series display variations on a large range of timescales, with a deterministic component associated with tidal variations and a stochastic component primarily associated with meteorological forcing, the non-tidal residual. The deterministic component can be evaluated using a model taking into account astronomical forcing and topographic information. The measured sea level is the sum of a slowly varying mean sea level component, the tidal term and the stochastic term. Here, we consider hourly time series recorded in the ports of Boulogne-sur-Mer, Calais, and Dunkirk, in the eastern English Channel. Measured data and modeled data, both provided by the SHOM (“Service hydrographique et oceanographique de la marine,” hydrographic and oceanographic services of the French Navy), are analyzed using Fourier spectral analysis. The statistics of return times of extreme events are also estimated directly from the time series and compared between modeled and measured data. It is found that return times from tidal or measured time series are quite different for large thresholds and that they also have a very different Fourier power spectrum, the measured data having a power-law regime which is not found in the modeled tidal data. It is also shown, using Hilbert–Huang transform, that non-tidal residual time series are intermittent and possess multifractal scaling properties. Finally, water level non-tidal residual relationship is explored, and it is shown that the larger mean values of the surge (negative and positive parts) are obtained for the medium level of the tidal value.

Prohibition of pollution of marine environments: challenges and prospects

This article examines how marine pollution can be effectively contained and curtailed using existing regulatory instruments. The harmful effect of marine pollution on marine ecosystems and species is a problem that needs to be addressed as a matter of urgency. It is against the backdrop of this concern that national and international legal frameworks have been put in place to regulate, reduce or stop marine pollution. Despite this, the problem of marine pollution is still rampant and impacting negatively on marine socio-economic goods and services. It is pertinent to point out that marine pollution only receives attention when it has catastrophic impacts. This article scrutinizes frameworks that have been put in place to curb marine pollution by assessing their functions. It submits that measures should be taken to ensure compliance of these regulations and that prevention of marine pollution should be prioritized in order to guard against the manifestation of destructive adverse effects of harmful substances.

Species-specific responses to ocean acidification should account for local adaptation and adaptive plasticity.

Global stressors, such as ocean acidification, constitute a rapidly emerging and significant problem for marine organisms, ecosystem functioning and services. The coastal ecosystems of the Humboldt Current System (HCS) off Chile harbour a broad physical-chemical latitudinal and temporal gradient with considerable patchiness in local oceanographic conditions. This heterogeneity may, in turn, modulate the specific tolerances of organisms to climate stress in species with populations distributed along this environmental gradient. Negative response ratios are observed in species models (mussels, gastropods and planktonic copepods) exposed to changes in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) far from the average and extreme pCO2 levels experienced in their native habitats. This variability in response between populations reveals the potential role of local adaptation and/or adaptive phenotypic plasticity in increasing resilience of species to environmental change. The growing use of standard ocean acidification scenarios and treatment levels in experimental protocols brings with it a danger that inter-population differences are confounded by the varying environmental conditions naturally experienced by different populations. Here, we propose the use of a simple index taking into account the natural pCO2 variability, for a better interpretation of the potential consequences of ocean acidification on species inhabiting variable coastal ecosystems. Using scenarios that take into account the natural variability will allow understanding of the limits to plasticity across organismal traits, populations and species.

Reforming public port authorities through multiple concession agreements: The case of Cyprus

There has been a continuous restructuring of port systems and governance models that deal with the organization and administration of the ports. The main reasons for such restructurings are related to the need for increased commercialization of ports, the inefficient administrative structure, the inability to operate through the application of modern commercial practices and inefficiency in capital investments and in operation. This paper describes and analyzes contextual issues leading to the initiation of port reforms as well as the implementation process and the envisaged outcomes following the changes in governance structure of the Cyprus Port Authority and the main port in Cyprus, the Port of Limassol. The port consists of a container terminal, a general cargo/multi-purpose/ro-ro terminal, and a passenger terminal all operated by the authority. In addition, the CPA was the main provider of marine services such as pilotage, towage etc. The objective has been to commercialize all terminals and marine operations either through one (single concessionaire) or multiple concession agreements. Reference is made to the underlying reasons and need for port reforms. The model adopted prior to the port reform process is described as well as the transfer of responsibilities to the newly created corporate entities. In addition, reference is made to the outcomes of the reform process and in particular the change in governance structure to a more distinct landlord model, the increased financial returns in the short and long term, the changes in pricing and the legal and regulatory reforms and the efficiency changes envisaged.

A Review about the Diagnostics of Rotodynamic Pump using Vibro-Acoustic Method

Background/Objectives: A rotodynamic pump comprises of axial, mixed and radial flow impeller which are used in various applications such as irrigation, drinking water supply system, drainage, energy, chemical industries and fire fighting, marine and shipboard services. Methods/Statistical Analysis: They form the heart of industrial civilization. Much more development as to be done in design of rotodynamic pumps for the better performance with respect to the system. As the technology increases, the demand for monitoring system for any machines increases to have optimum performance with optimum resources. Findings: In this paper, the vibration and noise associated with centrifugal pumps were reviewed and a method was proposed to obtain vibration and noise from pump to identify the status of pump whether it operates in normal or abnormal conditions. Various locations are identified in the pump to get signals of vibration and noise for further investigation of operating conditions. Application/Improvements: This method will enable the pump user to acquire the vibration and noise signals throughout the running period and to determine the operating condition of a pump with respect to the best efficiency point. Based on the condition, the pump will be redirected towards the best efficiency point to achieve optimum head and flow rate without comprising the efficiency of the pump.

Ecosystem services sustainability in the Mediterranean Sea: assessment of status and trends using multiple modelling approaches.

Mediterranean ecosystems support important processes and functions that bring direct benefits to human society. Yet, marine ecosystem services are usually overlooked due to the challenges in identifying and quantifying them. This paper proposes the application of several biophysical and ecosystem modelling approaches to assess spatially and temporally the sustainable use and supply of selected marine ecosystem services. Such services include food provision, water purification, coastal protection, lifecycle maintenance and recreation, focusing on the Mediterranean region. Overall, our study found a higher number of decreasing than increasing trends in the natural capacity of the ecosystems to provide marine and coastal services, while in contrast the opposite was observed to be true for the realised flow of services to humans. Such a study paves the way towards an effective support for Blue Growth and the European maritime policies, although little attention is paid to the quantification of marine ecosystem services in this context. We identify a key challenge of integrating biophysical and socio-economic models as a necessary step to further this research.