Marine Observation Satellite-1 Research Articles

Application study of red tide monitoring to desalination plants using chollian (COMS)

AbstractChollian (Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite (COMS)) is a geostationary satellite developed jointly by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MOLIT), the Ministry of Education (MOE), the Korea Communications Commission (KCC), and the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Chollian serves not only as communications and weather satellites but also as a marine observation satellite capable of detecting ocean surface 8 times a day with Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI). Most of the recent desalination plants use Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) process, and chlorine cannot be used because the RO membrane in the main SWRO process is made of polyamide (PA). Therefore, it is very vulnerable to biofouling due to the influence of red algae and marine micro-organisms contained in seawater. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of the “red tide monitoring system” capable of detecting and preventing the influx of red algae adversely affecting operation and maint...

Ice‐band characteristics of the Antarctic seasonal ice zone observed using MOS MESSR images

Ice‐band characteristics for the region off East Queen Maud Land in Antarctica were examined and their relationship with the wind conditions was assessed using a large number of Marine Observation Satellite (MOS) Multispectral Electronic Self Scanning Radiometer (MESSR) images received at Syowa Station during the period 1989–93. Analyses from 43 examples of bands captured from August to December suggest that ice‐band formation and band scale are affected by both wind speed and direction over approximately the preceding four days (defined as the effective wind). Ice‐band width and spacing are significantly correlated with the effective wind speed and the maximum wind speed during that period. The long axis of ice bands tends to be oriented at 70°‐90° (mean of 75°) to the right of the effective wind direction. The band scales decrease from winter (August) to summer (December) with typical band spacing of 4–6 km in winter and 1–2 km in summer. This seems to be primarily due to a decrease in ice floe size and partly due to a decrease in the effective wind speed from winter to summer. Band scale decreases from the ice interior to the ice edge under conditions of off‐ice winds.

Derivation of land surface temperatures from MOS-1 VTIR data using split-window channel computation technique

MOS-1 (Marine Observation Satellite, Japan) VTIR (Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer) multi-channel thermal infrared data have been utilized to compute the surface temperatures on land over different parts of Eastern India. Two existing models have been used to derive surface temperatures in addition to the comparison with existing in situ data. The split-window channel technique is used to avoid the problem due to atmospheric water vapour perturbation. The technique followed here would essentially be valid in a noncloudy region. A high correlation (r0.71) is established between the satellite data-derived results and in situ measurements at different meteorological stations over Eastern India. Results from various models vary within 3-5 C along a horizontal profile in the area of interest in Bakreswar which is considered as a geothermally active zone.

Remote sensing of snowpack by microwave radiometer mounted on satellite

This paper uses measured data to analyze the relationship between the depth of the snowpack and the brightness temperature in the snowpack observation by microwave scanning radiometers (MSRs) on Marine Observation Satellite-1 (MOS-1) that is one of the satellite-borne microwave radiometers. In the analysis, a model is established in which the brightness temperature observed by the MSR captures mainly the effect of attenuation by scattering and absorption when the microwave radiated from the underlying ground passes through the snowpack. The measured data are statistically processed by taking into account the fluctuations of the data caused by the effect of various factors other than snowpack on brightness temperature. The MSR data from observations of the Hokkaido region from January to March in 1988 and the snowpack depth data observed on the ground are compared. It is found that the relationship between snowpack depth and the brightness temperature can be approximated by a straight line with a negative slope. The slope of the approximated straight line varies seasonally and this change reflects variations of the snowpack condition. Further, it is shown that there is a strong correlation between the average brightness temperature of the inland part of Hokkaido and that of the ocean surrounding Hokkaido. A possibility is suggested that the effect of atmospheric radiation can be estimated from the average brightness temperature of the nearby ocean. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 80(3): 58–66, 1997

A method for ice concentration estimation by means of inversion techniques

Methods for ice concentration estimation with passive microwave instrument data by means of inversion techniques are proposed. The experimental results with MOS-1 (Marine Observation Satellite - 1)/MSR(Microwave Scanning Radiometer) data and MOS-1/VTIR(Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer) data as a truth of ice concentration, show that approximately 33.5% of improvement can be achieved in terms of ice concentration estimation accuracy for the proposed method compeered with the conventional method.

Calibration of GMS-VISSR, features of MOS-VTIR and Landsat MSS

The analyses of sensitivity of visible channel of Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer onboard Geostationary Meteorological Satellite(GMS)-3 and -4 indicate stable for low reflective targets while a significant decreasing tendency with time for high reflective targets. Equations to correct the effect of temporal degradation are derived. Verification of data acquired with Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer onboard Marine Observation Satellite indicates that the Calibration is reasonable. Comparison of Landsat MSS image data processed at NASDA and NASA indicates a slight difference. It is found that the gain of Landsat-2 and -3 MSS is influenced by brightness of targets.

The study on evaluation of atmospheric effect based on VTIR and MESSR of artificial satellite MOS-1

Abstract An attempt is made to retrieve aerosol number density based on the thermal infrared data obtained with VTIR (Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer) onboard MOS-1 (Marine Observation Satellite 1). It is found that in low moisture condition, aerosol number density can be retrieved from the thermal infrared remote sensing data as one of the maximum likelihood solutions of radiative transfer equation. The application of the method to MESSR data indicates a satisfactory result.

The on-orbit measurements of single event phenomena by ETA-V spacecraft

The on-orbit data of single event phenomena were obtained for the CMOS static RAMs equipped in Engineering Test Satellite-V (ETS-V) in a geostationary orbit. The single event latchup and single event upset data were acquired for a period of about three years, and the effects of solar flares were observed. A comparison with the data (single event upset) of TTL SRAMs by Marine Observation Satellite-1 (MOS-1: a medium-altitude satellite) was also conducted. The Poisson distribution and the extreme-value theory (doubly exponential distribution) were adopted to analyze the data. From this analysis a decrease of the number of single events could be found during the solar maximum. >

Earth observing system of NASDA

Since the successful launch of Marine Observation Satellite-1 (MOS-1) in 1987, the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) has been operating, developing, and planning Earth observation satellite programs. Looking to the 1990s, our primary concern is “Global Change”. NASDA is now developing Geo-Stationary Meteorological Satellite-5 (GMS-5), the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (ERS-1) and the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS). These will be followed by the Japanese Polar Orbiting Platform (JPOP). In addition, NASDA is now conducting the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) in cooperation with NASA. This paper introduces the mission objectives of NASDA's programs and discusses how to conduct space-based observations for global change research activities.

Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpacks

Both theory and experiment in passive microwave remote sensing of snow have been studied. Synchronizing the airborne experiments using Microwave Scanning Radiometer (MSR) with the passing days of Marine Observation Satellite 1 (MOS-1), ground truth data were obtained around Asahikawa of Hokkaido during February 1988. Snow surface temperature, snow depth, and snow density were observed along the route of the aircraft from Mt. Asahidake to Biei. The distribution of snow water equivalent was identified and it was compared with brightness temperature derived from the airborne MSR. The microwave emission from snow at each observational site was calculated using the radiative transfer equation. Results of calculations considering Rayleigh scattering were in good agreement with the airborne observational data.

Japanese earth observing systems in the 1990s

Since the successful launch of Marine Observation Satellite-1 (MOS-1) in 1987, the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) has been operating, developing, and planning Earth observation satellite programs. Looking to the 1990s, our primary concern is the “Global Change.” NASDA is now developing the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (ERS-1) and the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS). These will be followed by Japanese Polar Orbiting Platform (JPOP). In addition, NASDA is now conducting the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) in cooperation with NASA. Other countries have their own Earth observing programs for 1990s. All the Earth observing programs are summarized in Table 1.

Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem For MOS-1

This paper presents the design and flight experiences of the Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem (AOCS) for the Marine Observation Satellite-1 (MOS-1), which was launched in February 1987. Three major topics for regulator design are solar paddle flexibility control by thrusters, nutation damping by Momentum Wheels, and continuous magnetic unloading for attitude stability. The flight data and their evaluation results are shown for the initial acquisition, and normal operation. As one of anomaly experiences, safety mode transition related to Earth Sensor presence signal loss is described.

Present status and future plans of the Japanese earth observation satellite program

Japan is now operating 3 earth observation satellites, i. e. MOS-1 (Marine Observation Satellite-1, Momo-1 in Japanese), EGS (Experimental Geodetic Satellite, Ajisai in Japanese) and GMS (Geostationary Meteorological Satellite, Himawari in Japanese). MOS-1 has 3 different sensors, MESSR (Multispectral Electronic Self Scanning Radiometer), VTIR (Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer) and MSR (Microwave Scanning Radiometer) in addition to DCS (Data Collection System). GMS has two sensors, VISSR (Visible and IR Spin Scan Radiometer) and SEM (Solar Environmental Monitor). EGS is equipped with reflecting mirrors of the sun light and laser reflecters. For the future earth observation satellites, ERS-1 (Earth Resources Satellite-1), MOS-1b, ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite) are under development. Two sensors, AMSR (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer) and ITIR (Intermediate Thermal IR Radiometer) for NASA's polar platform are initial stage of development. Study and planning are made for future earth observation satellites including Japanese polor platform, TRMM, etc.). The study for the second generation GMS has been made by the Committee on the Function of Future GMS under the request of Japan Meteorological Agency in FY 1987.

Outline of MOS‐1 verification program (MVP)

Abstract Marine Observation Satellite 1 (MOS‐1) was successfully launched from Tanegashima Space Center, NASDA by N‐II launch vehicle at 10:23 JST (1:23 UT) on February 19, 1987. The MOS‐1 has 4 mission instruments: (1) Multi‐Spectral Electronic Self Scanning Radiometer (MESSR), (2) Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer (VTIR), (3) Microwave Scanning Radiometer (MSR) and (4) Data Collection System Transponder (DCST). All mission instruments were found to be satisfactory during mission check period (three months after the launch) though there was interference problem in DCS due to the outer radio interference source which was resolved by changing the frequency of Data Collection Platform (DCP). NASDA planned and initiated MOS‐1 Verification Program (MVP) to evaluate MOS‐1 observation system since March, 1987. NASDA is conducting MVP in collaboration with joint research organizations, domestic and foreign organizations. As a part of the MVP, NASDA conducted airborne experiments in summer and winter in sev...

Earth observation program in Japan and its international cooperative activities

Abstract In Japan, the first experimental earth observation satellite, Marine Observation Satellite‐1 (MOS‐1) was launched on February 19, 1987 successfully by National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). NASDA is now performing MOS‐1 Verification Program (MVP) in order to verify the usefulness of MOS‐1 sensor data. Japanese Earth Resources Satellite‐1 (ERS‐1), with its launching scheduled in early 1992, is under development as a joint program of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and NASDA. Following the fulfillment of these programs, Japan is to pursue its next step earth observation programs. As a next generation earth observation satellite, NASDA plans to launch Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) in 1993. Moreover, a new earth observation program with Polar Orbiting Platform (POP) is now planned and coordinated among the Space Station Partners, namely, NASA, NOAA, ESA, Canada and Japan. Currently, NASA, ESA and Japan have their own platform launch plans in late 1990's. ...

Some Results of a MOS-1 Airborne Verfication Experiment - Multispectral Electronic Self-Scanning Radiometer (MESSR)

The Marine Observation Satellite-1 (MOS-1) was succeessfully launched from Tanegashima Space Center, NASDA by N-II rocket on February 19, 1987. In order to develop the distortion correction methods for MOS-1 data and the evaluation methods for the MOS-1 earth observation system, NASDA conducted an MOS-1 air-borne verification experiment in Kanto and Hokkaido in Japan in 1984 and 1985 by using three airborne sensors equivalent in performance to MOS-1 sensors in collaboration with many related agencies. The air-borne MESSR is a multispectral electronic self-scanning radiometer developed by modifying an engineering model (EM) of the MOS-1 MESSR, which is capable of observing in visible and near-infrared wavelengths with CCD detector elements. In this paper, some results from the airborne MESSR are presented.

Geometric and radiometric performance evaluation methods for marine observation satellite-1 (MOS-1) verification program (MVP)

Marine Observation Satellite-1 (MOS-1) is scheduled for launch in the January and February period of 1987. Main objectives of the MOS-1 are to observe the sea, land and atmosphere by three radiometers (MESSR, VTIR and MSR) and to develop fundamental technologies for earth observation system consisting of space and ground segments. In order to accomplish these objectives NASDA is developing both MOS-1 and ground facilities, and NASDA conducted MOS-1 airborne verification experiment to develop various algorithms which were converted into MOS-1 data processing facility and then used in MOS-1 verification program (MVP). The purposes of the MVP are to evaluate and confirm the distortion correction methods and performance evaluation methods, to evaluate effectiveness of parameters of MOS-1 mission equipment and to reflect the results of the evaluation on the development and operation of the future earth observation system. Concerning radiometric performance, correction methods of deviation of CCD sensitivity for MESSR, calibration methods for VTIR and MSR have been developed and evaluation methods of S N and dynamic range have been studied. Concerning geometric performance, geometric distortions are classified and distortion correction methods have been developed. Moreover, spatial resolution have been evaluated. In this paper, some of the geometric and radiometric performance evaluation methods are presented and evaluated.

Japan's successful launch of first marine observation satellite

Japan's successful launch of first marine observation satellite

Marine observation satellite

MOS-1 (Marine Observation Satellite-1) is the first of Japan's earth observation satellite programs consisting of a series of land and marine observation satellites. Since it is the first of the series, it was decided to install sensors in order to observe both marine and land phenomena. Therefore, it would be more appropriate to call it an experimental earth observation satellite rather than MOS-1. Although certain aspects of the MOS-1 program have been introduced in international remote sensing communities'-, an overall view has not so far been introduced. In this report, therefore, an attempt is made to cover all aspects of the MOS-1 program. There were various background activities before the realization of the program and the selection of sensors, which will be described at the

Modal Damping Measurement of MOS-1 Solar Array Paddle

Dynamic test on MARINE OBSERVATION SATELLITE-1 (MOS-1) paddle structure was conducted to measure damping coefficients of lower three modes. The experimentation was carried out by making use of the paddle engineering model in the space chamber at 0.01 Torr. Precautions against the effect of the gravity force, interface damping, suspension cable length and data processing software on the test results are carefully taken so that the data survive severe technical scrutinies. The dynamic characteristics of the solar array drive and power transmission assembly (SADAPTA) in the torsional direction was examined separately in the open room. The experimental results of the damping coefficients are analytically extrapolated to the on-orbit values; 1.1%, 0.4% and 0.45% for 1st, 2nd and 3rd modes respectively.