Marine Fishing Research Articles

Knowledge, Awareness, and Practices (KAP) towards COVID-19 among the marine fishers of Maharashtra State of India: An online cross-sectional Analysis.

The knowledge, awareness, and practices (KAP) about COVID-19 among the marine fishers who are engaged in the high-risk occupations and depend on the vulnerable sources of income in the Maharashtra state of India, were investigated to understand the behavioral changes and vulnerability among the respondents because of COVID-19. Data were collected through an online survey from 1st July to 30th July 2020 during the first peak of COVID-19 in the study area by using the questionnaire. Authors based on the latest recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO) developed the questionnaire and covered the KAP aspects under study. The questionnaire was administered through Google form link and the link was disseminated through social media such as Facebook and What’s App. The completed responses (n = 533) received from the eligible sample, excluding those outsides of the fisher community and duplicate entries were considered for analysis. Appropriate statistical tools were used to analyze the data. Among the respondents, 447 men (83.86%) and 86 women (16.14%), with a mean age of 45.4 years (M = 45.4, SD = 1.18). The results revealed that 70.92% of respondents perceived a low risk of infection because of COVID-19 with M = 1.77 and SD = 0.583, but authors found the perceived severity score high (M = 3.95, SD = 1.21) among the 60.97% of respondents. Around 95% of respondents were aware of the COVID-19, while almost all respondents knew the medium of infection and symptoms of COVID-19. The behavior of respondents towards COVID-19 infection was positive and was following sufficient precautionary measures suggested by WHO to protect themselves from COVID-19 infection. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that the demographic features of respondents like age, education were significantly contributing to the KAP of the fisher community. The results confirmed the importance of KAP which is reflected in the behavioral responses of the fishers while tackling the COVID-19 pandemic situation. The results regarding the risk perception, severity, KAP about COVID-19 provide a collective understanding of the emerging infectious disease among the marine fishers of Maharashtra state of India.

Состояние запасов, факторы внешней среды и эффективность воспроизводства популяции анчоусовидной кильки (Clupeonella Engrauliformis Borodin) в современных условиях

Until the end of the XX century, anchovy sprat was the leading object of marine fishing in the Caspian Sea. At the beginning of the XXI century, there was a mass death of this species, as well as an outbreak of the number of mnemiopsis comb - a powerful consumer of feed zooplankton. There was a redistribution of keel clusters in the sea. The main part of the fishing stock of keels began to be distributed in the Middle Caspian Sea. The main object of marine fishing has become an ordinary sprat. In recent years (2015-2020), there has been an increase in the number of anchovy sprats. The materials of keel surveys also confirm the annual growth in the number of juvenile sprats. This paper presents the results of recent years of observations, shows the dynamics of the number and biomass of the population, the parent part of the herd, total fertility. The efficiency of spawning and the survival coefficients of the generation in early ontogenesis are shown. Environmental factors that have a direct impact on the formation of the anchovy sprat stock are described.

Research on Whipping and Jetting Combined Swimming Behavior of Solen strictus Gould

Solen strictus Gould are mainly cave dwellers, using their axe feet to dig caves. The Solen strictus Gould also exhibit escape-swimming behavior when food, environment, and so on changes. In this paper, Solen strictus Gould were captured on a high-speed camera as they escaped, and it was found that the Solen strictus Gould whipped while the water spout between the axe foot and the mantle sprayed water outwards. The combined propulsion of these two methods allows the Solen strictus Gould to advance rapidly in a short time. It is calculated that the swimming speed of razor clams is positively correlated with their size and that the adult Solen strictus Gould can travel up to 12 times their body length per second. This study enriches the data on the behavioral characteristics of Solen strictus Gould and is of interest regarding Solen strictus Gould in artificial farming, marine fishing, offshore ecological restoration, and underwater bionic robot development.

Recreational fishers’ perceptions of climate change

Abstract Shifts in marine species distributions associated with climate change occur across large spatial areas and long time periods. Marine recreational fishing occurs in most countries with many participants interacting regularly with the environment, yet there have been few studies on the views of recreational fishers towards climate change. This study aims to assess perceptions of climate change for a boat-based recreational fishery in Western Australia, where fishing occurs across a wide latitudinal range, from tropical to temperate waters. Perceptions of climate change were assessed by fisher demographics and fishing behaviour. One in two respondents noticed changes in species types and distributions, with metropolitan residents and avid fishers more likely to notice these changes. Two out of three respondents considered climate change is occurring, recognition of which was higher amongst metropolitan residents, females, and younger respondents. Males and older respondents, on the other hand considered themselves to have more knowledge of climate change science. This study provides a baseline to assist in informing policy changes that might be required to address the impacts of climate change. Studies of this kind can also build support for citizen science programs to enhance data collection across the spatial and temporal time scales required to observe climate change.

Marine Fishing Management Towards Sustainability in Sierra Leone

Achieving global goals of eradicating hunger and poverty before 2030 requires improved resource management. This research analyses the historic use of marine fish in Sierra Leone from 1976 to 2019, captures original data of local market access, profit and waste in 2020, and presents worldwide case studies and a new transferable framework to assist national authorities and managers to increase food security and improve management, achieving related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through policies, technology and economics. Fish catch, export and Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) data from FAO FishStatJ, fisheries ministry and secondary sources, and 218 surveys of marketplace fish sellers, were analysed by simple descriptive and comparative statistics. Total fish catch increased substantially in recent decades, while CPUE fluctuates and declined between 1999/2000 and 2010. Many fisheries are exploited or overexploited and market sellers commonly do not have access to enough fish. Exports are consistently low. Case studies in developing and developed countries demonstrate that resolutions are three-pronged: improved awareness of environmental impacts, laws and policing; science and technology utilisation in monitoring resources and fishing activities, and establishing best practice, and; international cooperation, agreements and fair use policies. Priority should be given to unite government and community fishing relationships.

Study on the behavioural pattern of marketing of fish in Karaikal district of Puducherry (Union Territory) India

India is the second largest fish producing country in the world and ranks second in aquaculture production as well as inland fisheries. Still, our marketing system of fish is not much efficient. However, the domestic fish marketing system in India is neither efficient nor modern and is mainly carried out by private traders with a large number of intermediaries between producer and consumer, thereby reducing the fisherman's share in consumer's rupee. Under this context, the study mainly focusing on the objectives were to find out the marketing channel and its efficiency of fish production at Karaikal district, to identify the constrains of marine fishing and to draw the appropriate policy measures for enhancing the living standard of marine fishing in Karaikal district, Puducherry (U.T.), India. Random sampling technique was used to select the sample. About 180 samples had been taken for survey, which includes each 30 samples of fish producer, assemblers, wholesalers, retailers, venders and consumers respectively. The study results revealed that the among the five-marketing channel the efficiency was found to be high in marketing channel 1 and channel 2 due to very less intermediaries. The marketing efficiency was high for vendors (2.5%) followed by retailer (2.27%), wholesaler (2.1%) and producer (1.67%) by using marketing efficiency ratio.

Labour Mobility In Marine Fisheries Sector: A Case Study From Odisha State, Eastern India

This paper presents an insight into the mobility of the marine fishers of Pentakota area of Puri District of Odisha, migrated from various parts of Andhra Pradesh in search of sustainable livelihood and better socio-economic conditions. The study relied on primary data collected from 147 migrant fishermen households selected through random sampling method. The study attempts to examine the pros and cons of labour mobility in the marine fisheries sector. Analysis on the socio-economic profile of the migrant fishers revealed that 64% of migrant populations are in the age group 31-50 years and most of them belong to Christian and Hindu religions and 87% of them are from other backward castes (OBC). The prime reasons for migration included low income, debts and financial commitments and disguised unemployment. The analysis indicated that consequent to migration, the fishers augmented their income besides increased savings, construction of house and possession of personal assets along with an elevation to their social status. The expenditure pattern of the migrants including clothing, shelter, food and education of dependents were also analysed. The major problems confronted during migration are language barrier, cultural lag and conflicts with established migrant labourers. Even though the labour mobility has contributed much to the marine fishery economy of the region, the ecological and social changes might impact occasional conflict between the migrants and native fishers for the scarce marine fishery resources. Hence, sufficient steps have to be taken for skill development and improvement of socio-economic conditions of the migrant fishers as well as for better management of conflicts among fishers. Keywords: Andhra Pradesh, Labour, Marine Fisheries, Migration, Odisha

Indigenous Knowledge and Engaging Marine Fishing Practices in North Coastal Andhra Pradesh

ABSTRACT Fishing is one of the fulltime activity for fishermen which provides livelihood for them. The occupation of fishing has been executed by the engaging indigenous knowledge to thrive their livelihoods. In fact, the earlier studies related to fishing communities are explored through the ethnographic accounts to understand society and culture. The fishing communities are having lower literacy and economic development in the studied area but having wider range of knowledge over the marine ecology and fishing methods is an interesting aspect. This paper provided how the fishing communities are employed different type of fishing nets, boats for fishing expeditions by engaging indigenous knowledge. And, it is also provided the engagement of fishermen’s knowledge to identify different school fish by locating fishing grounds in the sea.

Resilience of small-scale marine fishers of Bangladesh against the COVID-19 pandemic and the 65-day fishing ban

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic-induced nationwide lockdown (March-May) and the conservation-related 65-day fishing ban (May-July) in Bangladesh restricted its small-scale fishing folks from fishing for an unprecedented 130 days. This study assessed the resilience of two small-scale fishing communities in Barguna and Cox’s Bazar districts against these subsequent disturbances. The research developed a conceptual framework based on Zurich Flood Resilience Alliance’s ‘5 C-4R Framework’, which considers the relationships among a wide range of sources of resilience with livelihood capitals and resilience properties. By analyzing 100 interviews with marine fishers, this paper showed how weakened livelihood capitals affected the resilience of fishing communities. Dependency on a single income source, inadequate access to aid and financial and natural resources, lack of skills and knowledge on alternative livelihood options, absence of strong social protection and social networks, social inequalities, institutional incompetence, and lack of community leadership and cooperation severely affected fishers’ resilience. This study revealed that financial capital is directly linked with all resilience properties that require special attention to ensure fishers’ well-being. The paper recommended drastic investments in small-scale marine fishers through long-term livelihood improvement and asset creation, skills and knowledge development on natural-resource-based alternative income generation activities, and an exclusive social safety net program for these fisherfolks. The approach and findings of this study can guide other emerging economies who enjoy significant contributions from the marine fisheries sector to understand the resilience of their fishers and to address the prevailing challenges owing to the pandemic and other natural calamities.

The Dynamics and Challenges related to the Sustainable Development of Marine Fishing and Aquaculture Activities. Spatial Maritime Planning and Solutions in the Coastal Region of Romania

The Dynamics and Challenges related to the Sustainable Development of Marine Fishing and Aquaculture Activities. Spatial Maritime Planning and Solutions in the Coastal Region of Romania

Behavioural economics in fisheries: A systematic review protocol.

BackgroundThe field of behavioural economics holds several opportunities for integrated fisheries management and conservation and can help researchers and managers alike understand fisher behaviour and decision-making. As the study of the cognitive biases that influence decision-making processes, behavioural economics differentiates itself from the classical field of economics in that it does not assume strictly rational behaviour of its agents, but rather looks for all mechanisms that influence behaviour. This field offers potential applications for fisheries management, for example in relation to behavioural change, but such applications require evidence of these mechanisms applied in a fisheries context. Thus, we have developed a systematic literature review protocol focusing on the primary question: “Which behavioural economics mechanisms influence fisher behaviour?” The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of these different mechanisms and how they have been applied in the study of fisher behaviour.Methods and expected outputsThe review protocol was developed in close collaboration with the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Working Group on Maritime Systems (WGMARS). WGMARS members were therefore considered the key stakeholders for this study, and were consulted to develop a suitable systematic review question and methodology. Three academic databases will be searched using a customized Boolean keyword search string. Research articles deemed eligible for inclusion in the systematic review are those that studied the influence of behavioural-economics mechanisms on the behaviour of marine fishers in any location, and at any scale. Insights from this literature will be collated in order to provide an overview of the relevant behavioural-economics mechanisms and actions, how effective these mechanisms are and at what scale, geographic region and in which fisheries sector they have been applied. Any fisheries management implications identified by the studies under review will also be outlined. Finally, it will be recorded whether or not ethical considerations were made in the reviewed literature, so that in the discussion it will be possible to reflect on the ethics of conducting behavioural-economics research and policy actions in a fisheries context.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Underwater image segmentation based on computer vision and research on recognition algorithm

Due to the continuous growth of the world’s population, the development and utilization of marine resources have received great attention. At present, marine fishing relies heavily on divers for underwater operations, which have the disadvantages of high risk, low efficiency, and high cost. Therefore, the development of underwater capture robot which can automatically detect, locate, and capture targets is of great significance for the development of marine economy. Underwater robot is an indispensable equipment for deep-sea operation and plays an irreplaceable role in the development of the ocean. When autonomous underwater vehicles perform underwater operations, they can use computer vision system to obtain clear underwater images and accurate target category information, which can help the manipulator select different grasping parts for different shapes and categories and improve work efficiency. The current underwater vision technology includes “acoustic vision” and “light vision.” Due to the influence of multichannel effect and blind area, the acoustic vision research in detecting and tracking underwater targets is not deep enough. Compared with the acoustic image processing system, the underwater optical vision system has the advantages of image and video capture and has higher real-time performance, which can aim at the target faster and more conveniently. Underwater vision optical system plays an important leading role in the detailed research of underwater vehicle sensing system, which can further improve the autonomous performance of underwater vehicle. In addition, considering the nature of underwater image imaging, we are developing an underwater image segmentation and recognition system based on image processing.

Assessing COVID-19's "known unknowns": potential impacts on marine plastic pollution and fishing in the South China Sea.

This paper examines three of the COVID-19 pandemic’s “known” impacts to date: its widespread and fundamental altering of government policy priorities; record low oil prices and its role in further escalating already heightened levels of strategic competition in East Asia and weakening of the existing multilateral order. The paper then uses some of the observed outcomes of these changes under the pandemic so far, in addition to additional evidence and causal linkages drawn from past research, to assess COVID-19’s potential, but still unknown, longer term influence on marine plastic pollution and overfishing in the South China Sea, two of East Asia’s most pressing marine environmental problems. In addition to flagging potential COVID-19 linked issues of concern in these two important policy areas, this approach also may assist further inquiry into the pandemic’s still unknown potential to undermine environmental protection and regulatory efforts in other environmental issue areas.

Identification of Fishing Vessel Types and Analysis of Seasonal Activities in the Northern South China Sea Based on AIS Data: A Case Study of 2018

In recent years, concern has increased about the depletion of marine resources caused by the overexploitation of fisheries and the degradation of ecosystems. The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a powerful tool increasingly used for monitoring marine fishing activity. In this paper, identification of the type of fishing vessel (trawlers, gillnetters and seiners) was carried out using 150 million AIS tracking points in April, June and September 2018 in the northern South China Sea (SCS). The vessels’ spatial and temporal distribution, duration of fishing time and other activity patterns were analyzed in different seasons. An identification model for fishing vessel types was developed using a Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) approach with three categories with a total of 60 features: speed and heading, location changes, and speed and displacement in multiple states. The accuracy of this model reached 95.68%, which was higher than other advanced algorithms such as XGBoost. It was found that the activity hotspots of Chinese fishing vessels, especially trawlers, showed a tendency to move northward through the year in the northern SCS. Furthermore, Chinese fishing vessels showed low fishing intensity during the fishing moratorium months and traditional Chinese holidays. This research work indicates the value of AIS data in providing decision-making assistance for the development of fishery resources and marine safety management in the northern SCS.

Research on the job transfer pathway of Chinese marine fishermen and its driving factors

China is a massive country with a large number of fishermen. With the continuous improvement of fishing technology, a timely transfer of surplus fishing labor is important in protecting natural fishery resources. Using data from the China Fishery Statistical Yearbook, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the regional economic database of China, and the statistical yearbooks of various provinces and cities, this study performs a Granger causality test to analyze the job transfer pathway of fishermen, combines labor transfer theory with the characteristics of marine fishing production to build a theoretical framework for analyzing those factors that drive the conversion of marine fishermen, and uses a panel data model for an empirical analysis. Results show that (1) non-marine fisheries and part-time industries are the main pathways for the conversion of marine fishermen; (2) the technological progress of capture fisheries is an important driver of the conversion of marine fishermen; (3) the continued urbanization, increase in the number of part-time jobs, and the income gap between marine fishermen and rural residents are important factors that hinder such conversion; (4) the investment in fixed assets per capita of fishermen and their per capita income do not significantly affect the conversion of fishermen; and (5) the significant effect of the income gap between marine fishermen and urban residents on the conversion behavior of the former is not supported by any evidence. This article also suggests some countermeasures for promoting the conversion of fishermen.

The value of recreational fishing in Sweden – Estimates based on a nationwide survey

AbstractA nationwide recreational fishing survey in Sweden was used to estimate the benefits of recreational fishing in Sweden. The survey targeted the Swedish population and, consequently, the sample contained a large fraction of zero fishing days. To consider this, a zero‐inflated Poisson model was used in the estimations. Swedes fished about 15.6 million days in 2013, of which two‐thirds were spent on inland fishing, and one‐third on marine and coastal fishing. Expected consumer surplus per fishing day varied with the season; SEK 193 for winter fishing, SEK 787 for summer fishing and SEK 95 for autumn fishing. Although about 70 per cent of total fishing days were spent on inland fishing, the weighted consumer surplus per fishing day in marine and coastal areas were higher. The results also demonstrated strong positive effects of increases in expected catch per day on number of fishing days demanded and consumer surplus, which have important implications for fishery policies directed at recreational fishing.

AIS and VBD Data Fusion for Marine Fishing Intensity Mapping and Analysis in the Northern Part of the South China Sea

For the sustainable development of marine fishery resources, it is essential to comprehensively, accurately, and objectively obtain the spatial characteristics and evolution law of fishing intensity. However, previous studies have focused more on the use of single data sources, such as AIS (Automatic Information System) and VBD (VIIRS boat detection), to obtain fishing intensity information and, as such, have encountered some problems, such as insufficient comprehensive data coverage for ships, non-uniform spatial distribution of data signal acquisition, and insufficient accuracy in obtaining fishing intensity information. The development of big data and remote sensing Earth observation technology has provided abundant data sources and technical support for the acquisition of fishing intensity data for marine fisheries. Based on this situation, this paper proposes a framework that integrates the data of fishing vessels from two sources (AIS, with high space-time granularity, and VBD, with short revisit cycle and high sensitivity), in order to obtain such information based on closely matching and fusing the vector point data of ship positions. With the help of this framework and the strategy of indirectly representing fishing intensity by data point density after fusion, the spatial characteristics and rules of fishing intensity in typical seasons (February, April, September, and November) in the northern South China Sea in 2018 were systematically analyzed and investigated. The results revealed the following: (1) Matching and fusing AIS and VBD data can provide a better perspective to produce robust and accurate marine fishery intensity data. The two types of data have a low proximity match rate (approximately 1.89% and 6.73% of their respective inputs) and the matching success for fishing vessels in the data was 49.42%. (2) Single AIS data can be used for nearshore (50 to 70 km) marine fishery analysis research, while VBD data reflect the objective marine fishing in space, showing obvious complementarity with AIS. (3) The fishing intensity grid data obtained from the integrated data show that high-intensity fishing in the study area was concentrated in the coastal area of Maoming City, Guangdong (0–50 km); the coastal area of Guangxi Beihai (10–70 km); around Hainan Island in Zhangzhou (10–30 km); and the Sanya nearshore area (0–50 km). However, it did not decay with increasing offshore distance, such as at the Trans-Vietnamese boundary in the Beibu Gulf, near the China–Vietnam Common Fisheries Area (50 km) and high-intensity fishing areas. (4) The obtained fishing intensity data (AIS, VBD, and AIS + VBD) were quantitatively analyzed, showing that the CV (Coefficient of Variation) of the average for each month (after fusing the two types of data) was 0.995, indicating that the distribution of the combined data was better than that before fusion (before fusion: AIS = 0.879, VBD = 1.642). Therefore, the integration of AIS and VBD can meet the need for a more effective, comprehensive, and accurate fishing intensity analysis in marine fishery resources.

A Comparative Social Study among Artisanal Subsistence Marine Fishers of Sundarbans, Paradeep and Chennai

This paper does a comparative study of the socio-economic condition of the artisanal subsistence marine fishers of the three locations of India namely Sundarbans, Chennai and Paradeep. The small-scale artisanal marine fishers of Chandrapur, Gobindapur, Kalinagar, Ganeshpur villages of Kakdwip Subdivision, Sundarbans along with that of Badakalikhada, Bijaychandrapur, Light House and Kharinali, of Paradeep and Nochi Nagar, Light House, Foreshore Estate, Mandaveli, Mylapore of Chennai were asked the standardised questions. Sundarbans, Paradeep and Chennai have three distinct socio-economic conditions prevailing due to the privatisation of the fishery industry and the distinct difference in income.The purpose of this study is to find the socio-economic condition of the artisanal marine fishers of the Sundarbans, Paradeep and Chennai. A descriptive rapid sampling method has been followed, where the fishers have been questioned about their respective socio-economic status. The paper studies the income difference and the effect of the usages of motorised boats in two three-year slots 2015-2018 and 2018-2020 affluence due to more exposure to the technical changes. The study found that the Chennai fishers were more adept to take the advantage of the new technologies of marine fishing thus far more economical stable, the Paradeep fishers were second in economic stability due to their comparative adaptability. The Sundarbans fishers were least adept with the technological changes in marine fishing, consequently they are least affluent.

Application of the Ocean Health Index to assess ecosystem health for the coastal areas of Shanghai, China

The ocean delivers many ecosystem services to human society in providing food, livelihoods, and recreation and is crucial for regulating the global climate. Coastal cities, which have become the backbone of national economies, are highly dependent on the ecosystem services supported by the ocean. As a global coastal megacity, Shanghai has benefited enormously from its relationship with the ocean but its burgeoning population and rampant economic development in recent decades have applied great pressures on the associated coastal ecosystems and have reduced the ocean's capacity to provide ecosystem services and, meanwhile, have led to the demand for greater investment in ocean ecosystem restoration. To support the goal of long-term sustainability and facilitate appropriate management decisions, it is essential to assess the current health status of the coastal ecosystems of Shanghai and evaluate potential future risks. Here we apply the Ocean Health Index (OHI) framework, with indicators and reference points adjusted based on the unique coastal environment in Shanghai. The results reveal that the city obtained an overall OHI of 59 (out of 100) for the period 2012 to 2016. Individual indicators for Clean Waters (22) and Fisheries (39) exhibit particularly low values, indicating that the coastal waters around Shanghai are heavily polluted and that marine fishing is unsustainable. The city’s highest OHI scores are in the sectors of Coastal Livelihoods and Economies (93), and Tourism and Recreation (93), indicating that Shanghai’s coastal ecosystems contribute significantly to people’s livelihoods and regional economies, while marine recreational areas and related leisure activities add considerably to the quality of life in the region. This study demonstrates the value of the OHI in assessing ocean health at the city scale and reveals its potential for application in other coastal localities. In so doing, the findings provide a valuable benchmark against which to measure progress towards the sustainable development of Shanghai's oceans.

Determinants of Cellphone Usage among Sea Fisher’s During Marine Fishing in Selected Coastal Villages of Bangladesh

The cell phone can provide numerous benefits to sea fishers who risk their lives and resources for making livelihoods. This article is based on the firm assumption that the use of the cell phone during marine fishing can contribute to income, security and risk reduction. This study adds to the empirical evidence of determinants of cell phone use by fishers during marine fishing. For the purpose of reaching objectives, the study has drawn quantitative data generated through structured face-to-face interviews with 200 randomly selected fishers from three selected villages adjacent to the Bay of Bengal in the mid coastal area of Bangladesh during the period January to February 2016. Descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and binary logistic regression model is used to analyze the data. The study concludes that fishers own cell phone (odds ratio[OR]=6.56, 95 per cent confidence interval [CI]: 1.69,25.44), enjoying the availability of cell phone network (OR=166.20, 95 per cent CI:38.35, 720.28), earned low (OR=20.35, 95 per cent CI:4.24, 97.28) to medium income (OR=9.53, 95 per cent CI:0.99, 91.12) form sea fishing have a greater tendency to use cell phones, while fishers had low information need (OR=0.11, 95 per cent CI:0.01, 1.13) represented lower use of cell phone during marine fishing. Thus, it is essential to build cell phone infrastructure bases in the potential fishing zones of Bangladesh and supplying cell phone devices at subsidised cost.