Marine Ecosystem Studies Research Articles

Factors driving the seasonal and hourly variability of sea-spray aerosol number in the North Atlantic

Four North Atlantic Aerosol and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) field campaigns from winter 2015 through spring 2018 sampled an extensive set of oceanographic and atmospheric parameters during the annual phytoplankton bloom cycle. This unique dataset provides four seasons of open-ocean observations of wind speed, sea surface temperature (SST), seawater particle attenuation at 660 nm (cp,660, a measure of ocean particulate organic carbon), bacterial production rates, and sea-spray aerosol size distributions and number concentrations (NSSA). The NAAMES measurements show moderate to strong correlations (0.56 < R < 0.70) between NSSA and local wind speeds in the marine boundary layer on hourly timescales, but this relationship weakens in the campaign averages that represent each season, in part because of the reduction in range of wind speed by multiday averaging. NSSA correlates weakly with seawater cp,660 (R = 0.36, P << 0.01), but the correlation with cp,660, is improved (R = 0.51, P < 0.05) for periods of low wind speeds. In addition, NAAMES measurements provide observational dependence of SSA mode diameter (dm) on SST, with dm increasing to larger sizes at higher SST (R = 0.60, P << 0.01) on hourly timescales. These results imply that climate models using bimodal SSA parameterizations to wind speed rather than a single SSA mode that varies with SST may overestimate SSA number concentrations (hence cloud condensation nuclei) by a factor of 4 to 7 and may underestimate SSA scattering (hence direct radiative effects) by a factor of 2 to 5, in addition to overpredicting variability in SSA scattering from wind speed by a factor of 5.

Inversion of multiangular polarimetric measurements over open and coastal ocean waters: a joint retrieval algorithm for aerosol and water-leaving radiance properties

Abstract. Ocean color remote sensing is a challenging task over coastal waters due to the complex optical properties of aerosols and hydrosols. In order to conduct accurate atmospheric correction, we previously implemented a joint retrieval algorithm, hereafter referred to as the Multi-Angular Polarimetric Ocean coLor (MAPOL) algorithm, to obtain the aerosol and water-leaving signal simultaneously. The MAPOL algorithm has been validated with synthetic data generated by a vector radiative transfer model, and good retrieval performance has been demonstrated in terms of both aerosol and ocean water optical properties (Gao et al., 2018). In this work we applied the algorithm to airborne polarimetric measurements from the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) over both open and coastal ocean waters acquired in two field campaigns: the Ship-Aircraft Bio-Optical Research (SABOR) in 2014 and the North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) in 2015 and 2016. Two different yet related bio-optical models are designed for ocean water properties. One model aligns with traditional open ocean water bio-optical models that parameterize the ocean optical properties in terms of the concentration of chlorophyll a. The other is a generalized bio-optical model for coastal waters that includes seven free parameters to describe the absorption and scattering by phytoplankton, colored dissolved organic matter, and nonalgal particles. The retrieval errors of both aerosol optical depth and the water-leaving radiance are evaluated. Through the comparisons with ocean color data products from both in situ measurements and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and the aerosol product from both the High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) and the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), the MAPOL algorithm demonstrates both flexibility and accuracy in retrieving aerosol and water-leaving radiance properties under various aerosol and ocean water conditions.

Polarimetric retrievals of cloud droplet number concentrations

Cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) is an important parameter of liquid clouds and is crucial to understanding aerosol-cloud interactions. It couples boundary layer aerosol composition, size and concentration with cloud reflectivity. It affects cloud evolution, precipitation, radiative forcing, global climate and, through observation, can be used to partially monitor the first indirect effect.With its unique combination of multi-wavelength, multi-angle, total and polarized reflectance measurements, the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) retrieves Nd with relatively few assumptions. The approach involves measuring cloud optical thickness, mean droplet extinction cross-section and cloud physical thickness. Polarimetric observations are capable of measuring the effective variance, or width, of the droplet size distribution. Estimating cloud geometrical thickness is also an important component of the polarimetric Nd retrieval, which is accomplished using polarimetric measurements in a water vapor absorption band to retrieve the amount of in-cloud water vapor and relating this to physical thickness. We highlight the unique abilities and quantify uncertainties of the polarimetric approach.We validate the approach using observational data from the North Atlantic and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES). NAAMES targets specific phases in the seasonal phytoplankton lifecycle and ocean-atmosphere linkages. This study provides an excellent opportunity for the RSP to evaluate its approach of sensing Nd over a range of concentrations and cloud types with in situ measurements from a Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP). The RSP and CDP, along with an array of other instruments, are flown on the NASA C-130 aircraft, which flies in situ and remote sensing legs in sequence.Cloud base heights retrieved by the RSP compare well with those derived in situ (R = 0.83) and by a ceilometer aboard the R.V. Atlantis (R = 0.79). Comparing geometric mean values from 12 science flights throughout the NAAMES-1 and NAAMES-2 campaigns, we find a strong correlation between Nd retrieved by the RSP and CDP (R = 0.96). A linear least squares fit has a slope of 0.92 and an intercept of 0.3 cm−3. Uncertainty in this comparison can be attributed to cloud 3D effects, nonlinear liquid water profiles, multilayered clouds, measurement uncertainty, variation in spatial and temporal sampling, and assumptions used within the method. Radiometric uncertainties of the RSP measurements lead to biases on derived optical thickness and cloud physical thickness, but these biases largely cancel out when deriving Nd for most conditions and geometries. We find that a polarimetric approach to sensing Nd is viable and the RSP is capable of accurately retrieving Nd for a variety of cloud types and meteorological conditions.

The North Atlantic Aerosol and Marine Ecosystem Study (NAAMES): Science Motive and Mission Overview

The North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) is an interdisciplinary investigation to improve understanding of Earth's ocean ecosystem-aerosol-cloud system. Specific overarching science objectives for NAAMES are to (1) characterize plankton ecosystem properties during primary phases of the annual cycle and their dependence on environmental forcings, (2)determine how these phases interact to recreate each year the conditions for an annual plankton bloom, and (3) resolve how remote marine aerosols and boundary layer clouds are influenced by plankton ecosystems. Four NAAMES field campaigns were conducted in the western subarctic Atlantic between November 2015 and April 2018, with each campaign targeting specific seasonal events in the annual plankton cycle. A broad diversity of measurements were collected during each campaign, including ship, aircraft, autonomous float and drifter, and satellite observations. Here, we present an overview of NAAMES science motives, experimental design, and measurements. We then briefly describe conditions and accomplishments during each of the four field campaigns and provide information on how to access NAAMES data. The intent of this manuscript is to familiarize the broad scientific community with NAAMES and to provide a common reference overview of the project for upcoming publications.

Profile Dr. Víctor H. Cruz Escalona

Dr. Víctor Hugo Cruz Escalona was born in Mexico City in 1971. His interest in the study of Biology motivated him to pursue this career at the Iztacala National School of Professional Studies of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, completing his studies in 1996. In his last stage of training, he oriented his interest towards the study of marine ecosystems and their species, developing as his thesis work "Trophic aspects of the Triglidae Family in the accompanying fauna of the shrimp of the Alvarado continental shelf , Ver. ”, As a Scholarship Holder of the Undergraduate Thesis Scholarship Program for High Performance Students of UNAM (ProBeTeL), under the direction of his Master Jonathan Franco López, obtaining Honorable Mention.

Long‐term, spatial marine harvest intensity as an indicator of human impact on shallow rocky reef ecosystems

AbstractAs human activities continue to expand globally, there will be increased need to incorporate the impacts of these activities into ecological studies for a holistic understanding of ecosystems. Within the Southern California Bight, as in other highly productive marine ecosystems, fishing has long contributed to the ecology and evolution of marine fish and invertebrate communities. As fishing varies across space and over time, there is a need for a reliable metric that quantifies the spatiotemporal variation in the impact of fishing. Here, we quantify an index of harvest intensity on the highly productive and heavily fished, shallow rocky reefs of Southern California. To this end, we take advantage of two long‐term, spatially explicit, multi‐species datasets collected by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife on commercial and recreational marine harvest, combined with reef‐species survey data and a geospatial reef data layer. Using this approach, we recover predictable patterns for harvest intensity across the Southern California Bight, with harvest intensity decreasing in fishing blocks located at greater distances from the nearest port. Further, our results indicate an important interaction effect between distance to nearest port and year on harvest intensity, suggesting there are important shifts in spatiotemporal patterns over the 30‐year time period. As fishing can have numerous impacts on ecological and evolutionary processes, the observed spatiotemporal variation in harvest intensity illustrates the need for incorporating the contribution of human impacts into marine ecosystem studies.

Satellite Derived Sea surface temperature fronts in relation with Tuna catch In EEZ of Pakistan

Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important parameter in marine ecosystem studies as its relations of Fishery and other marine resources. In this study SST fronts have also been studied with relate to tuna fish catch data of April and August 2014 was acquired. Satellite derived MODIS daily products have been used to derive thermal fronts in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Pakistan. Research results indicated that the Sea surface temperature gradually changed from 22C to 24C where Tuna catch is high and By Catch is low in frontal region. The further Relationship between these two data are discussed in this study and also made recommendations for in what way these two datasets should be handled. Remote sensing data and GIS tools are efficient and less time consuming for mapping and classifying sea surface temperature in a broader way. Survey of fishing resources is really time consumed and costly, Satellite Remote sensing data shows a promising tool to monitor fishery resources in a cost effective manner. Satellite data play an important role to identify fish aggregation zones and these techniques could also be used to forecast potential fishing zones by measuring oceanic parameters which influence on fish distribution on a broader scale and these techniques can help to local fisherman and fishery organizations to observe fishery resources.

Retrievals of cloud droplet size from the research scanning polarimeter data: Validation using in situ measurements

We present comparisons of cloud droplet size distributions (DSDs) retrieved from the research scanning polarimeter (RSP) data with correlative in situ measurements made during the North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES). The airborne portion of this field experiment was based out of St. John's airport, Newfoundland, Canada with the focus of this paper being on the deployment in May–June 2016. RSP was onboard the NASA C-130 aircraft together with an array of in situ and other remote sensing instrumentation. The RSP is an along-track scanner measuring the polarized and total reflectance in 9 spectral channels. Its uniquely high angular resolution allows for characterization of liquid water droplet sizes using the rainbow structure observed in the polarized reflectance over the scattering angle range from 135° to 165°. The rainbow is dominated by single scattering of light by cloud droplets, so its structure is characteristic specifically of the droplet sizes at cloud top (within unit optical depth into the cloud, equivalent to approximately 50 m). A parametric fitting algorithm applied to the polarized reflectance provides retrievals of the droplet effective radius and variance assuming a prescribed size distribution shape (gamma distribution). In addition to this, we use a non-parametric method, the Rainbow Fourier Transform (RFT), which allows us to retrieve the droplet size distribution itself. The latter is important in the case of clouds with complex microphysical structure, or multiple layers of cloud, which result in multi-modal DSDs. During NAAMES the aircraft performed a number of flight patterns specifically designed for comparisons between remote sensing retrievals and in situ measurements. These patterns consisted of two flight segments above the same straight ground track. One of these segments was flown above clouds allowing for remote sensing measurements, while the other was near the cloud top where cloud droplets were sampled. We compare the DSDs retrieved from the RSP data with in situ measurements made by the Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP). The comparisons generally show good agreement (better than 1 μm for effective radius and in most cases better than 0.02 for effective variance) with deviations explainable by the position of the aircraft within the cloud, or by the presence of additional cloud layers between the cloud being sampled by the in situ instrumentation and the altitude of the remote sensing segment. In the latter case, the multi-modal DSDs retrieved from the RSP data were consistent with the multi-layer cloud structures observed in the correlative High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) profiles. The results of these comparisons provide a rare validation of polarimetric droplet size retrieval techniques, demonstrating their accuracy and robustness and the potential of satellite data of this kind on a global scale.

Linking winter and spring thermodynamic sea-ice states at critical scales using an object-based image analysis of Sentinel-1

ABSTRACTChanging Arctic sea-ice extent and melt season duration, and increasing economic interest in the Arctic have prompted the need for enhanced marine ecosystem studies and improvements to dynamical and forecast models. Sea-ice melt pond fraction fp has been shown to be correlated with the September minimum ice extent due to its impact on ice albedo and heat uptake. Ice forecasts should benefit from knowledge of fp as melt ponds form several months in advance of ice retreat. This study goes further back by examining the potential to predict fp during winter using backscatter data from the commonly available Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar. An object-based image analysis links the winter and spring thermodynamic states of first-year and multiyear sea-ice types. Strong correlations between winter backscatter and spring fp, detected from high-resolution visible to near infrared imagery, are observed, and models for the retrieval of fp from Sentinel-1 data are provided (r2 ≥ 0.72). The models utilize HH polarization channel backscatter that is routinely acquired over the Arctic from the two-satellite Sentinel-1 constellation mission, as well as other past, current and future SAR missions operating in the same C-band frequency. Predicted fp is generally representative of major ice types first-year ice and multiyear ice during the stage in seasonal melt pond evolution where fp is closely related to spatial variations in ice topography.

Marine Socio‐Environmental Covariates: queryable global layers of environmental and anthropogenic variables for marine ecosystem studies

Biophysical conditions, including climate, environmental stress, and habitat availability, are key drivers of many ecological processes (e.g., community assembly and productivity) and associated ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and fishery production). Furthermore, anthropogenic impacts such as coastal development and fishing can have drastic effects on the structure and function of marine ecosystems. Scientists need to account for environmental variation and human impacts to accurately model, manage, and conserve marine ecosystems. Although there are many types of environmental data available from global remote sensing and open-source data products, some are inaccessible to potential end-users because they exist as global layers in high temporal and spatial resolutions which require considerable computational power to process. Additionally, coastal locations often suffer from missing data or data quality issues which limit the utility of some global marine products for coastal sites. Herein we present the Marine Socio-Environmental Covariates dataset for the global oceans, which consists of environmental and anthropogenic variables summarized in ecologically relevant ways. The dataset includes four sets of environmental variables related to biophysical conditions (net primary productivity models corrected for shallow-water reflectance, wave energy including sheltered-coastline corrections) and landscape context (coral reef and land cover within varying radii). We also present two sets of anthropogenic variables, human population density (within varying radii) and distance to large population center, which can serve as indicators of local human impacts. We have paired global, summarized layers available for download with an online data querying platform that allows users to extract data for specific point locations with finer control of summary statistics. In creating these global layers and online platform, we hope to make the data accessible to a wide array of end-users with the goal of advancing marine ecosystem studies.

Nuevas perspectivas en la diversidad funcional de ambientes marinos

Marine ecosystems are under anthropogenic pressures degrading both biodiversity and functional diversity. Functional diversity studies identify species functions through trait analysis, and are a robust alternative to the classical taxonomic approach. Although trophic traits are considered predominantly when analyzing functional diversity on marine ecosystem studies, there are other functional traits related to the species functions in the ecosystem. To critically understand the use of existing functional diversity indexes, we analyze them and their trait selection processes. The functional diversity approach improves our understanding of ecosystems and can help us slow and reduce the global-scale biodiversity loss by developing effective frameworks for monitoring and protection. We present some study questions and suggestions about how research should be oriented through functional analysis.

Dual-polarization airborne lidar for freshwater fisheries management and research

The design of a compact, dual-polarization, nonscanning lidar system intended to fly in a small, single-engine aircraft for airborne study of freshwater marine ecosystems and mapping of fish schools in mountain lakes is discussed. Design trade-offs are presented with special attention paid to selecting the field of view and telescope aperture diameter. Example results and a comparison with a similar existing lidar system are presented.

An inter-individual communication biotelemetry system using Pseudo-random noise (Gold code)

Recently, bio-logging techniques involving electronic data-storage tags (data-logger) and acoustic transmitters have been increasingly used to understand migratory fish movements and behaviors. The monitoring of migratory fish can provide important insights into the marine ecosystem dynamics. The number of tags data-loggers used, however, is normally limited due to cost and the data-logger recovery rate is usually low. Therefore, we developed a new system that combines the acoustic communication and data logger. In other words, a data-logger that can share data with each other. One of the challenges is to develop an inter-individual communication biotelemetry system based on hydro-acoustic methods. In this system, we used the phase modulation of pseudo-random noise (Gold code). At the final stage of development, we will be doing conduct a field test of this inter-individual communication biotelemetry system on wild herrings and bonitos in the open sea. We expect this new technology to help overcome the bottleneck of the conventional bio-logging and bio-telemetry, and lead to a breakthrough in marine ecosystem studies.

Bioacoustic absorption spectroscopy: An acoustical oceanography method for the study of marine ecosystems

Recent experiments have demonstrated the potential of the Bioacoustic Absorption Spectroscopy (BAS) method for measuring number densities vs. fish length and species when combined with concurrent trawling data, and studying vertical migrations and schooling behavior of fish at mesoscale dimensions.. Measurements of transmission loss between moving or stationary broadband source(s) and vertical array(s) of hydrophones separated by several (up to ~10) km permits inference of absorption coefficients versus frequency and depth, and association of absorption lines with the resonance frequencies of fish swim bladders. BAS is environmentally friendly, as it can be implemented with source levels < 170 dB, is sensitive to fish throughout the water column, including near boundaries, and is not affected by avoidance. The most significant results of BAS experiments will be reviewed, and possible approaches for use of the BAS method for routine scientific study and fisheries surveys of marine ecosystems will be consid...

In situ study on photosynthetic characteristics of phytoplankton in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea in summer 2013

In situ studies on photosynthetic characteristics of phytoplankton were important for the analysis of changes in community structure and for the prediction and control of algal blooms, but such studies of phytoplankton in offshore China were few. In this study, the detailed distribution of photosynthetic characteristics of phytoplankton in the summer of 2013 in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea was measured using Phyto-PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation). The phytoplankton community structure and the environmental parameters were also investigated to estimate the relationship between the distribution of the photochemical competence of phytoplankton and ecological factors. The total average Fv/Fm (the potential maximum quantum yield) value of phytoplankton in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea in summer 2013 was less than 0.5, reflecting that the photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton was relatively low. Fv/Fm of phytoplankton in summer was significantly positively associated with nitrate content (NO2−), which reflects relationship between metabolism and photosynthesis of phytoplankton: accompanied by NO2− metabolism, photosynthesis and photosynthetic capacity may be enhanced simultaneously, so the Fv/Fm value would increase with the NO2− released by phytoplankton. Through the in situ study on photosynthetic characteristics of phytoplankton in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, we come to the conclusion that photosynthetic characteristics and activity of phytoplankton are influenced by its biological characteristics and surrounding ecological factors, such as irradiance, nutrients and phytoplankton community. Meanwhile, the thermally stratified structure and the movement of water masses, such as the Yangtze River diluted water, the Yellow Sea cold water mass and other different water system, also have an important impact on phytoplankton photosynthetic activity and characteristics. Greater understanding of the detailed photosynthetic characteristics of phytoplankton coupled with their community structure and the environmental parameters will encourage new researches and developments in studies of marine ecosystems.

Natural variability or anthropogenically-induced variation? Insights from 15 years of multidisciplinary observations at the arctic marine LTER site HAUSGARTEN

Time-series studies of arctic marine ecosystems are rare. This is not surprising since polar regions are largely only accessible by means of expensive modern infrastructure and instrumentation. In 1999, the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) established the LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research) observatory HAUSGARTEN crossing the Fram Strait at about 79° N. Multidisciplinary investigations covering all parts of the open-ocean ecosystem are carried out at a total of 21 permanent sampling sites in water depths ranging between 250 and 5500m. From the outset, repeated sampling in the water column and at the deep seafloor during regular expeditions in summer months was complemented by continuous year-round sampling and sensing using autonomous instruments in anchored devices (i.e., moorings and free-falling systems). The central HAUSGARTEN station at 2500m water depth in the eastern Fram Strait serves as an experimental area for unique biological in situ experiments at the seafloor, simulating various scenarios in changing environmental settings. Long-term ecological research at the HAUSGARTEN observatory revealed a number of interesting temporal trends in numerous biological variables from the pelagic system to the deep seafloor. Contrary to common intuition, the entire ecosystem responded exceptionally fast to environmental changes in the upper water column. Major variations were associated with a Warm-Water-Anomaly evident in surface waters in eastern parts of the Fram Strait between 2005 and 2008. However, even after 15 years of intense time-series work at HAUSGARTEN, we cannot yet predict with complete certainty whether these trends indicate lasting alterations due to anthropologically-induced global environmental changes of the system, or whether they reflect natural variability on multiyear time-scales, for example, in relation to decadal oscillatory atmospheric processes.

Environmental Accounting in Marine Protected Areas: the EAMPA Project

The EAMPA project is a research programme focused on the implementation of an environmental accounting system for all the 29 Italian Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The main goal of such a system is the calculation of the ecological and economic value of the MPAs, with particular reference to the ecosystem services generated in each protected area. Environmental and economic costs as well as the impacts related to human activities in the MPAs will be also assessed. Finally, an overall balance and the assessment of net benefits will be calculated. To reach this goal, a multicriteria environmental accounting system will be implemented following a standardized protocol of assessment. The outcomes of the project will be managed through an operational WebGIS platform capable of spreading user-friendly information to local managers, policy makers, and other stakeholders. The environmental accounting system will be structured to be updatable over time, thus representing a useful tool for the management of the MPAs in the years to come. Moreover, the research programme represents a unique opportunity to establish a collaborative network among all Italian MPAs. Finally, the outcomes of the project will be also functional to other important and timely processes dealing with the study and protection of European marine ecosystems, such as the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

A Standardised Vocabulary for Identifying Benthic Biota and Substrata from Underwater Imagery: The CATAMI Classification Scheme.

Imagery collected by still and video cameras is an increasingly important tool for minimal impact, repeatable observations in the marine environment. Data generated from imagery includes identification, annotation and quantification of biological subjects and environmental features within an image. To be long-lived and useful beyond their project-specific initial purpose, and to maximize their utility across studies and disciplines, marine imagery data should use a standardised vocabulary of defined terms. This would enable the compilation of regional, national and/or global data sets from multiple sources, contributing to broad-scale management studies and development of automated annotation algorithms. The classification scheme developed under the Collaborative and Automated Tools for Analysis of Marine Imagery (CATAMI) project provides such a vocabulary. The CATAMI classification scheme introduces Australian-wide acknowledged, standardised terminology for annotating benthic substrates and biota in marine imagery. It combines coarse-level taxonomy and morphology, and is a flexible, hierarchical classification that bridges the gap between habitat/biotope characterisation and taxonomy, acknowledging limitations when describing biological taxa through imagery. It is fully described, documented, and maintained through curated online databases, and can be applied across benthic image collection methods, annotation platforms and scoring methods. Following release in 2013, the CATAMI classification scheme was taken up by a wide variety of users, including government, academia and industry. This rapid acceptance highlights the scheme’s utility and the potential to facilitate broad-scale multidisciplinary studies of marine ecosystems when applied globally. Here we present the CATAMI classification scheme, describe its conception and features, and discuss its utility and the opportunities as well as challenges arising from its use.

Mussel (Mytilus edulisL.) and ragworm (Nereis virens, Sars) both alleviate anaemia in common sole (Solea soleaL.)

Aquaculture ResearchVolume 48, Issue 3 p. 1338-1341 Short Communication Mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) and ragworm (Nereis virens, Sars) both alleviate anaemia in common sole (Solea solea L.) Jeroen Kals, Corresponding Author Jeroen Kals Jeroen.Kals@wur.nl Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Yerseke, The NetherlandsCorrespondence: J Kals, MSc, Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen UR, Yerseke, The Netherlands. E-mail: Jeroen.Kals@wur.nlSearch for more papers by this authorRobbert J W Blonk, Robbert J W Blonk Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Yerseke, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorHenk W van der Mheen, Henk W van der Mheen Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Yerseke, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorJohan W Schrama, Johan W Schrama Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorJohan A J Verreth, Johan A J Verreth Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this author Jeroen Kals, Corresponding Author Jeroen Kals Jeroen.Kals@wur.nl Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Yerseke, The NetherlandsCorrespondence: J Kals, MSc, Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen UR, Yerseke, The Netherlands. E-mail: Jeroen.Kals@wur.nlSearch for more papers by this authorRobbert J W Blonk, Robbert J W Blonk Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Yerseke, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorHenk W van der Mheen, Henk W van der Mheen Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Yerseke, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorJohan W Schrama, Johan W Schrama Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorJohan A J Verreth, Johan A J Verreth Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this author First published: 08 August 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12871Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume48, Issue3March 2017Pages 1338-1341 RelatedInformation

Feeding ragworm (Nereis virensSars) increases haematocrit and haemoglobin levels in common sole (Solea soleaL.)

Aquaculture ResearchVolume 47, Issue 10 p. 3346-3349 Short Communication Feeding ragworm (Nereis virens Sars) increases haematocrit and haemoglobin levels in common sole (Solea solea L.) Jeroen Kals, Corresponding Author Jeroen Kals Jeroen.Kals@wur.nl Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Yerseke, the NetherlandsCorrespondence: J Kals, MSc, Department of Aquaculture, IMARES, Wageningen UR, Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies, P.O. Box 77, Yerseke 4400 AB, The Netherlands. E-mail: Jeroen.Kals@wur.nlSearch for more papers by this authorRobbert JW Blonk, Robbert JW Blonk Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Yerseke, the NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorHenk W van der Mheen, Henk W van der Mheen Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Yerseke, the NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorJohan W Schrama, Johan W Schrama Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorJohan AJ Verreth, Johan AJ Verreth Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this author Jeroen Kals, Corresponding Author Jeroen Kals Jeroen.Kals@wur.nl Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Yerseke, the NetherlandsCorrespondence: J Kals, MSc, Department of Aquaculture, IMARES, Wageningen UR, Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies, P.O. Box 77, Yerseke 4400 AB, The Netherlands. E-mail: Jeroen.Kals@wur.nlSearch for more papers by this authorRobbert JW Blonk, Robbert JW Blonk Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Yerseke, the NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorHenk W van der Mheen, Henk W van der Mheen Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Yerseke, the NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorJohan W Schrama, Johan W Schrama Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorJohan AJ Verreth, Johan AJ Verreth Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 April 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12767Citations: 4Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume47, Issue10October 2016Pages 3346-3349 RelatedInformation