Marine Disposal Research Articles

Research on Diffusion Effect from Different Angles of Yangkou Sewage Marine Discharge Engineering Phase I

The sewage diffusion is an environmental material for protecting marine environment. It plays an important role in port engineering. Its effect under deep water was carried out between different diffuser design parameters based on the hydraulic model test, and YangKou port sewage marine disposal project phase I was taken as an example. For this project, jet angle was controlled to be 0 degree, and horizontal angle was controlled to be 0 degree. It not only can ensure that sewage fully diluted mixed, also can avoid the premature convergence and sewage lifting. It is feasible for selecting large angle nozzle under deep water and there are some technical bases have been provided for other sewage marine disposal project.

Mixture design and treatment methods for recycling contaminated sediment

Conventional marine disposal of contaminated sediment presents significant financial and environmental burden. This study aimed to recycle the contaminated sediment by assessing the roles and integration of binder formulation, sediment pretreatment, curing method, and waste inclusion in stabilization/solidification. The results demonstrated that the 28-d compressive strength of sediment blocks produced with coal fly ash and lime partially replacing cement at a binder-to-sediment ratio of 3:7 could be used as fill materials for construction. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that hydration products (calcium hydroxide) were difficult to form at high sediment content. Thermal pretreatment of sediment removed 90% of indigenous organic matter, significantly increased the compressive strength, and enabled reuse as non-load-bearing masonry units. Besides, 2-h CO2 curing accelerated early-stage carbonation inside the porous structure, sequestered 5.6% of CO2 (by weight) in the sediment blocks, and acquired strength comparable to 7-d curing. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated substantial weight loss corresponding to decomposition of poorly and well crystalline calcium carbonate. Moreover, partial replacement of contaminated sediment by various granular waste materials notably augmented the strength of sediment blocks. The metal leachability of sediment blocks was minimal and acceptable for reuse. These results suggest that contaminated sediment should be viewed as useful resources.

Research on Diffusion Effect of Sewage Marine Discharge from Different Angles

The sewage diffusion is an environmental material for protecting marine environment. It plays an important role in port engineering. Its effect under deep water was carried out between different diffuser design parameters based on the hydraulic model test, and YangKou port sewage marine disposal project phase II was taken as an example. For this project, jet angle was controlled to be 0 degree, and horizontal angle was controlled to be 0 degree. It not only can ensure that sewage fully diluted mixed, also can avoid the premature convergence and sewage lifting. It is feasible for selecting large angle nozzle under deep water and there are some technical bases have been provided for other sewage marine disposal project.

Simulation Study on Sewage Discharge Environmental Effect in Tianjin South Port

The sewage diffusion is an environmental material for marine environmental protecting. It plays an important role in port engineering now. Its effect under deep water was carried out between different diffuser design parameters based on the hydraulic model test, and sewage marine disposal project in Tianjin south port was taken as an example. For this project, jet angle was controlled to be 0 degree, and horizontal angle was controlled to be 45 degree. It not only can ensure that sewage fully diluted mixed, also can avoid the premature convergence and sewage lifting. It is feasible for selecting large angle nozzle under deep water and there are some technical bases have been provided for other sewage marine disposal project.

Research on Sewage Marine Discharge Effect in Xian Ren-Dao Port

The sewage diffusion is an environmental material for protecting marine environment. It plays an important role in port engineering. Its effect under deep water was carried out between different diffuser design parameters based on the hydraulic model test, and Xian ren-dao port sewage marine disposal project was taken as an example. For South port project, jet angle was controlled to be 0 degree, and horizontal angle was controlled to be 0 degree. It not only can ensure that sewage fully diluted mixed, also can avoid the premature convergence and sewage lifting. It is feasible for selecting large angle nozzle under deep water and there are some technical bases have been provided for other sewage marine disposal project.

Research on Sewage Discharge Effect Simulation in Cao Fei-Dian SCIP

The sewage diffusion is an environmental material for protecting marine environment. It plays an important role in port engineering. Its effect under deep water was carried out between different diffuser design parameters based on the hydraulic model test, and Cao Fei-dian SCIP sewage marine disposal project was taken as an example. For this project, jet angle was controlled to be 0 degree, and horizontal angle was controlled to be 0 degree. It not only can ensure that sewage fully diluted mixed, also can avoid the premature convergence and sewage lifting. It is feasible for selecting large angle nozzle under deep water and there are some technical bases have been provided for other sewage marine disposal project.

Research on Sewage Marine Discharge Effect in Cao Fei-Dian Port

The sewage diffusion is an environmental material for protecting marine environment. It plays an important role in port engineering. Its effect under deep water was carried out between different diffuser design parameters based on the hydraulic model test, and Cao Fei-dian port sewage marine disposal project was taken as an example. For South port project, jet angle was controlled to be 0 degree, and horizontal angle was controlled to be 0 degree. It not only can ensure that sewage fully diluted mixed, also can avoid the premature convergence and sewage lifting. It is feasible for selecting large angle nozzle under deep water and there are some technical bases have been provided for other sewage marine disposal project.

Research of Environmental Materials with Sewage Marine Discharge Diffusion Effect in YangKou Port

The sewage diffusion is an environmental material for protecting marine environment. It plays an important role in port engineering. Its effect under deep water was carried out between different diffuser design parameters based on the hydraulic model test, and YangKou sewage marine disposal project was taken as an example. For YangKou project, jet angle was controlled to be 0 degree, and horizontal angle was controlled to be 0 degree. It not only can ensure that sewage fully diluted mixed, also can avoid the premature convergence and sewage lifting. It is feasible for selecting large angle nozzle under deep water and there are some technical bases have been provided for other sewage marine disposal project.

Research of Sewage Marine Discharge Diffusion Effect under Deep Water

The sewage diffusion effect under deep water was carried out between different diffuser design parameters based on the hydraulic model test, and Huizhou Dayawan sewage marine disposal project was taken as an example. The experimental results show that the design parameters are significant for sewage diffusion at the near field. For Dayawan project, jet angle was controlled to be 20 degree, and horizontal angle was controlled to be 90 degree. It not only can ensure that sewage fully diluted mixed, also can avoid the premature convergence and sewage lifting. It is feasible for selecting large angle nozzle under deep water and there are some technical bases have been provided for other sewage marine disposal project.

Potential use of adult bovine serum obtained during the slaughtering process as a biological reagent

Starting from 2013, the Korean ‘Marine Environment Management Act,’ in response to international regulation on marine pollution, will prohibit the marine disposal of land wastes such as animal husbandry by-products and waste produced during the slaughtering process. Currently, most bovine blood is wasted during the slaughtering process and causes environmental problems in Korea. Therefore, long-term measures are required to process blood waste produced during the slaughtering process. The aim of this research is to investigate the potential use of adult bovine serum obtained during the slaughtering process for use in cell cultures. Primary mouse astrocytes, primary human fibroblasts, and L6 cells were cultured with adult male, adult female, and castrated male bovine sera for comparison with fetal bovine serum (FBS). The performance of adult bovine serum was comparable to that of FBS in culture of astrocytes and fibroblasts. Compared to FBS, adult bovine serum supported enhanced proliferation and differentiation of L6 cells. These results suggest that adult bovine serum obtained from the slaughtering process has a potential use as a biological reagent. Moreover, recycling adult bovine serum will contribute to solving the environmental issues arising from the disposal of waste produced during the slaughtering process.

The application of passive sampler (DGT) technology for improved understanding of metal behaviour at a marine disposal site

Metal behaviour and availability at a contaminated dredge material disposal site within UK waters has been investigated using Diffusive Gradient in Thin films (DGT) passive sampling technology. Three stations representing contrasting history and presence of maintenance dredge disposal, including a control station outside the disposal site, have been studied and depth profiles of fluxes of different metals (Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn) to the binding gel (Chelex 100) have been derived. Higher flux rates and shallower mobilisation of metals (Mn and Fe) to the binding gel were observed at the disposal stations compared to the control station. Here we describe metal mobilization at different depths, linking the remobilization of Fe 2+ and Mn 2+ to the sediment (re)supply of other heavy metals of interest with a focus on Cd, Ni and Pb and as they are on the Water Framework Directive (WFD) list of priority substances and OSPAR list of priority pollutants. Results showed that Cd, Pb and Ni exhibited signs of resupply at the sediment-water interface (SWI). There was a potential increased mobilisation and source to the water column of Pb and Ni at the disposal site stations, but there was no Cd source, despite higher total loadings. This information has the potential to improve our current understanding of metal cycles at disposal sites. This work can be used as an indication of likely metal bioavailability and also assist in determining whether the sites act as sources or sinks of heavy metals. This information could assist disposal site monitoring and dredge material licensing.

Establishment of a Dredged Material Disposal Site in the Exclusive Economic Zone: New Zealand

Disposal options for muddy dredged material, especially if lightly contaminated, is an issue facing many countries, particularly if environmental protection and adherence to the Protocols of the London Dumping Convention is a regulatory requirement. For the case of the oceanic islands of New Zealand, disposal of muddy dredged material has become an issue for the prime city of Auckland. Accordingly, it has been necessary to investigate a suitable marine disposal site outside of the territorial seas in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Ideal properties for such a disposal site include a near flat surface on the continental shelf, with sediments of similar textural characteristics to the material being disposed, a site of non-critical benthic ecology, water depths sufficient to enable the disposal site to be monitored (as required under the London Dumping Convention), a site experiencing low shelf currents, not affected by significant wave agitation, and a site not of cultural significance. The approach for site establishment and gaining consent for disposal activities is reviewed. Preliminary investigations supporting a proposed site on the continental shelf in the EEZ are presented.

Methane production from food waste leachate in laboratory-scale simulated landfill

Due to the prohibition of food waste landfilling in Korea from 2005 and the subsequent ban on the marine disposal of organic sludge, including leachate generated from food waste recycling facilities from 2012, it is urgent to develop an innovative and sustainable disposal strategy that is eco-friendly, yet economically beneficial. In this study, methane production from food waste leachate (FWL) in landfill sites with landfill gas recovery facilities was evaluated in simulated landfill reactors (lysimeters) for a period of 90 d with four different inoculum–substrate ratios (ISRs) on volatile solid (VS) basis. Simultaneous biochemical methane potential batch experiments were also conducted at the same ISRs for 30 d to compare CH 4 yield obtained from lysimeter studies. Under the experimental conditions, a maximum CH 4 yield of 0.272 and 0.294 L/g VS was obtained in the batch and lysimeter studies, respectively, at ISR of 1:1. The biodegradability of FWL in batch and lysimeter experiments at ISR of 1:1 was 64% and 69%, respectively. The calculated data using the modified Gompertz equation for the cumulative CH 4 production showed good agreement with the experimental result obtained from lysimeter study. Based on the results obtained from this study, field-scale pilot test is required to re-evaluate the existing sanitary landfills with efficient leachate collection and gas recovery facilities as engineered bioreactors to treat non-hazardous liquid organic wastes for energy recovery with optimum utilization of facilities.

Heat Shock Loading by Liquid Nitrogen to Marine Disposal of Waste and Feed

Heat Shock Loading by Liquid Nitrogen to Marine Disposal of Waste and Feed

ダイオキシン類振とう溶出試験に及ぼす影響因子

The effects of filter paper type and solvent type on the shaking method for the leachability of dioxins contaminated in marine sediments were examined. The leachability test results were significantly affected by the leakage of fine particle-binded dioxins, which was dependent on the type of filter paper used. Moreover, an increase in the solubility of dioxins due to the association with dissolved organic matter and an incomplete desorption due to insufficient shaking time were identified as other influential factors. Because the test results greatly affect the specification of marine disposal sites and thus the total cost of disposal, revision of the solid-liquid separation procedure in the test protocol is needed to reduce the variability in results.

Discharge of water containing waste emanating from land to the marine environment: A water quality management perspective

The National Water Act, 1998 (Act 36 of 1998) mandates the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry to manage all water containing waste (wastewater), which emanates from land-based sources and which directly impact on the marine environment. These sources include sea outfalls, storm water drains, canals, rivers and diffuse sources of pollution. To date there are many places where wastewater is being discharged into the sea. More than forty sea outfalls are formalised through authorisations issued in terms of the old Water Act, 1956 (Act 54 of 1956) and the National Water Act, 1998 (Act 36 of 1998). In order to protect water quality, effluent standards were applied under the old Water Act to discharges into the water resource. However, the National Water Act, 1998 follows a receiving water quality objectives approach recognising differences in the assimilative capacity of different resources. Both approaches have the same main objective namely to maintain the resource at a quality fit for use by other users. The same principle applies to discharges to the marine environment. In addition, South Africa, as a signatory to a number of international Conventions and treaties such as the London Convention, is committed to certain requirements pertaining to the disposal of waste at sea. To meet such requirements, a very clear policy on what could be allowed for discharge to sea is required for South Africa. Such a policy should be very clear on what is allowed, why it is allowed and the conditions that apply for such discharges in order for this country to retain international credibility. In this paper the authors provide a concise discussion on: • The development of an operational policy providing the strategic view on marine disposal, as well as the goal, basic principles, ground rules and management framework that will be applied to the discharge of land-derived wastewater to the marine environment; and • Overview of procedures to guide authorities and managers in terms of the administrative and institutional responsibilities in dealing with land-derived wastewater discharges to the marine environment of South Africa.br> Water SA Vol. 30 (5) 2005: pp.56-60

Mercury speciation in sediments at a municipal sewage sludge marine disposal site

Mercury speciation was performed in excess activated sewage sludge (ASS) and in marine sediments collected at the AAS disposal site off the Mediterranean coast of Israel in order to characterize the spatial and vertical distribution of different mercury species and assess their environmental impact. Total Hg (HgT) concentrations ranged between 0.19 and 1003ng/g at the polluted stations and 5.7 and 72.8ng/g at the background station, while the average concentration in ASS was 1181+/-273ng/g. Only at the polluted stations did HgT concentrations decrease exponentially with sediment depth, reaching background values at 16-20cm, the vertical distribution resulting from mixing of natural sediment with ASS solids and bioturbation by large populations of polycheates. Average Methyl Hg (MeHg) concentration in ASS was 39.7+/-7.1ng/g, ca. 3% of the HgT concentration, while the background concentrations ranged between 0.1 and 0.61ng/g. MeHg concentrations in surficial polluted sediments were 0.7-5.9ng/g (ca. 0.5% of the HgT) and decreased vertically, similar to HgT. A positive correlation between MeHg and Hg only at the polluted stations, higher MeHg concentrations at the surface of the sediment and not below the redoxline, and no seasonality in the concentrations suggest that the MeHg originated from the ASS and not from in situ methylation. By doing selective extractions, we found that ca. 80% of the total Hg in ASS and polluted sediments was strongly bound to amorphous organo-sulfur and to inorganic sulfide species that are not bioavailable. The fractions with potential bioaccessible Hg had maximal concentrations in the range in which biotic effects should be expected. Therefore, although no bioaccumulation was found in the biota in the area, the concentration in the polluted sediments are not negligible and should be carefully monitored.

Heavy metal concentrations in shallow marine sediments affected by submarine tailings disposal and artisanal gold mining, Buyat-Ratototok district, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Trace element concentrations in shallow marine sediments of the Buyat-Ratototok district of North Sulawesi, Indonesia, are affected by sub- marine disposal of industrial gold mine tailings and unregulated dumping of tailings and wastewater from small-scale gold mining using mercury amalgamation. Industrial mine tailings contained 590-690 ppm arsenic, 490-580 ppm antimony, and 0.8-5.8 ppm mercury. Tailings-affected sediment As and Sb concentrations were 20-30 times higher than in muddy sediments not contaminated with tailings, and 50-60 times higher than pre-mining average. Highest mercury concentrations were observed in sediments affected by small-scale mining using mercury amalgamation (5-29 ppm). Concentrations of most other trace elements were comparable in sediments affected by both types of mining and were slightly higher than regional averages for sediments collected before the onset of industrial mining. Elevated concentrations of both As and Sb in approximately equal proportions suggest tailings dispersal of at least 3.5 km. Mercury released from artisanal gold mining dispersed up to 4 km from river mouths. Slight increases in concentrations of non-mer- cury trace elements in areas affected by artisanal mining over pre-industrial mining concentrations were proba- bly caused by increased rates of erosion.

Port Development and the Environment: External Costs from Dredge Disposal and Air Pollution

This paper analyzes two external costs often associated with port development, cost to fisheries from marine dredge disposal and damages from air pollution, using estimates of development and operation for a proposed (but since cancelled) container port as a case study. For dredge disposal, a bio-economic model was used to assess short- and long-term and indirect (joodweb) damages to fisheries from marine disposal of clean sediments. In the case of air pollution, estimates of annual activity levels and emission coefficients are used to estimate incremental annual emissions of three key pollutants (NOx, HC and CO) for trucks, trains, yard vehicles, and vessels. These estimates allow for phasing in of strict new air pollution regulations. For both external costs, sensitivity analyses are used to reflect uncertainty. Estimates of shadow values in year 2002 dollars amount from $0.094 per cubic yard to $0.169 per cubic yard of clean dredged material for the selected disposal site and from $0.0584 per mile (jor current control standards) to $ 0. 0023 per mile (after phasing in of new regulations) for air pollution from heavy trucks.

Geochemical trends in metal-contaminated fiord sediments near a former lead–zinc mine in West Greenland

Disposal of sulfidic waste in marine environments implies an environmental risk due to potential release and spreading of heavy metals to sediments and biota on a regional scale. However, tailings disposal in marine systems is practised in several places. Fiord sediments near Black Angel Mine in West Greenland are contaminated by Pb and Zn as a result of mining activity and marine disposal in the period 1973–1990. Chemical analyses were performed on 6 fiord sediment cores collected up to 10 km away from the disposal area and included heavy metal analysis, high-resolution stable Pb isotope stratigraphy and radiochemical dating ( 210Pb). The results were used for evaluating spatial and temporal distribution of anthropogenic heavy metals from the marine disposal. A significant accumulation of Pb and Zn on a regional scale is still observed 9 years after mine closure. Stable Pb-isotope data provide a unique fingerprint of the mining-related Pb sources in the area. Today spreading of mining-related Pb up to 10 km away from the mining area accounts for more than 80% of total Pb in sediment deposited within the last 100 years.