Marigold Plants Research Articles

Response of pot marigold plant (Calendula officinalis L.) to spraying with some growth biostimulants

Response of pot marigold plant (Calendula officinalis L.) to spraying with some growth biostimulants

Paraburkholderia tagetis sp. nov., a novel species isolated from roots of Tagetes patula enhances the growth and yield of Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato).

A multifunctional, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by flagella, short-rod shaped bacteria, designated strain RG36T was isolated from roots of marigold plant (Tagetes patula) sampled at Dongguk University, Republic of Korea. A 16S rRNA sequences indicated that the closest phylogenetic neighbors were Paraburkholderia acidiphila 7Q-K02T (99.0%) and Paraburkholderia sacchari IPT101T (98.9%) of the family Burkholderiaceae. The draft genome size was 8.52 Mb (63.7% GC). The genome contained 7,381 coding sequences. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of strain RG36T with its most closely related species were only 83.1-88.7 and 27.6-36.7%, respectively. Strain RG36T contained Q-8 as the major respiratory quinone and its main fatty acids (>10%) were C16:0, C17:0 cyclo, C19:0 cyclo ω8c, and summed feature 8 (comprising C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c). Strain RG36T accumulates polyhydroxybutyrates (PHB) and exhibits multiple plant growth-promoting properties including production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, protease, phosphate solubilization, and harboring gene clusters for its multifunctional properties. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of PGPR on the growth of Solanum lycopersicum L. (Tomato). Result also confirmed the ability of strain RG36T to promote tomato plant growth, especially it increases the yield of tomatoes. Structural assessment of the bioplastic by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and GC-MS spectroscopy, which confirmed the structure of the polymer as PHB. Our study revealed the potential of strain RG36T to promote the growth of tomato plant and fruit yield by stimulating the various phytohormones, which could be use as bio-fertilizers to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and promotes sustainable agricultural production. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, and genome analysis showed that strain RG36T represents a novel species of the genus Paraburkholderia, for which the name Paraburkholderia tagetis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RG36T (=KACC 22685T = TBRC 15696T).

Sustainable Use of Sewage Sludge for Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) Cultivation: Experimental and Predictive Modeling Studies on Heavy Metal Accumulation

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of sewage sludge (SS) amendment on the growth, yield, and biochemical attributes of the marigold (Tagetes erecta L. var. Pusa Basanti Gainda) crop. For this purpose, marigold flowers were cultivated using three different treatments of SS, i.e., 0% (control with no SS), 5%, and 10%. Multiple linear regression (MLR) modeling was performed to develop prediction models for the impact of soil properties on heavy metals uptake by marigold plants. The results showed that the growth, yield, and biochemical attributes of marigold plants significantly (p < 0.05) increased with an increase in SS dose from 0 to 10%. The most feasible SS treatment was found to be 10%, which achieved a maximum flower yield of 318.42 g/plant. On the other hand, the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) values (>1) showed that the marigold plant was capable of uptaking significant contents of six heavy metals in the order of Cd < Cr < Cu < Zn < Mn < Fe. The MLR-based predictive models were capable of precisely predicting the contents of most heavy metal uptake by marigold plants as indicated by the coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.73), model efficiency (ME > 0.49), root mean square error (RMSE < 3.25), and analysis of variance (ANOVA; p < 0.05) results. Overall, this study presented a novel approach to floriculture by sustainable management of SS while reducing public health and environmental impacts.

Arıtma Çamurunun Kadife Çiçeği (Tagetes erecta L.) Yer minesi (Verbena hybrida) Bitkileri ve Toprak Üzerine Etkileri

ABSTRACT 
 This study was carried out to determine effects of granular sewage sludge treatments on plant nutrients contents and heavy metal levels of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and garden verbena (Verbena hybrida) ornamental plants. Pot-experiments conducted under greenhouse conditions and experimental treatments included 0% (control), 3% SS, 6% SS and 9% SS treatments. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) values for Ni, Cd, Cr and Hg of marigold and Cd and Hg of garden verbena were ≥0.2 indicating that these plants could be used for remediation contaminated soils. In marigold and garden verbena plants, the greatest plant N, P, K, Mg and Ca value were respectively obtained from 9% SS and 6% SS treatments. In marigold plants, the greatest Na (784 mg kg-1) was obtained from 9% SS treatment, Fe (2236 mg kg-1) from 9% SS, Cu (7.4 mg kg-1) from 9% SS, Zn (136 mg kg-1) from 6% SS, Mn (142 mg kg-1) from 6% SS and B (42 mg kg-1) from the control treatments. In garden verbena plants, the greatest Na (696 mg kg-1) was obtained from 6% SS treatment, Fe (1700 mg kg-1) from 6% SS, Cu (12 mg kg-1) from 6% SS, Zn (115 mg kg-1) from 6% SS, Mn (100 mg kg-1) from 3% SS and B (47 mg kg-1) from the control treatments. In terms of heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, As and Hg), toxicity impacts were not encountered in marigold and garden verbena plants. Soil heavy metal (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, As and Hg) levels were all below the threshold values.

Accumulation and distribution characteristics of rare earth elements (REEs) in the naturally grown marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) from the soil.

Rare earth elements (REEs) are considered environmental pollutants that have received extensive attention recently. The accumulation of REEs in plants is important because REEs can eventually enter the human body via the food chain. Marigolds are widely utilized as medicinal and commercial plants in medicine, feed, and therapeutics. Due to the extremely high demand for marigold in global, it is urgent to investigate the accumulation and distribution of REEs in marigold plants to reduce human and animal health risks. Marigold leaves tended to bioaccumulate the highest amounts of REEs from soil compared with other tissues. The distribution patterns of REEs in marigold were similar to those in the rhizosphere soil, which was enriched in light rare earth elements. Cerium accumulated most in marigold and soil, accounting for nearly 50% of ΣREEs, followed by lanthanum, neodymium, and yttrium. Roots were the most susceptible tissue affected by soil REE concentration, and a significant positive correlation was observed for REEs in the roots of marigold and soils (R = 0.87), while no significant correlation was observed for REEs in soils and other tissues. REEs were poorly transferred from soil to marigold, with bioaccumulation factor values for all tissues of marigold less than one. Additionally, REEs exhibited a positive correlation with Al and Fe in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of marigold. The present research revealed the biological interactions between marigold and soil and the distribution of REEs in various parts of marigold. It provides a reference for large-scale commercial cultivation and potential environmental risk in the future.

The Growth and Yield of Marigold Flowers (Tagetes erecta L.) on Gibberellins Concentration and Pinching Time

Public awareness of beauty and environmental sustainability is getting better. The tropical climate in Indonesia allows many floricultural products to grow well. Considering that the potential is still very large but has not been fully exploited, efforts are needed to encourage floriculture to be more developed. We also need to focus on improving the method of cultivating plants in order to increase their economic value, without destroying the environment. Marigold is one of the most popular multifunctional ornamental plants. The problem in its cultivation is the presence of apical dominance which inhibits the growth of lateral shoots. Vertical growth will encourage flowering lateral shoots. Marigold flowering is affected by the number of flowering branches, so these branches need to be pruned. The aim of this study was to examine the interaction between GA3 concentration and pinching time on the growth and yield of marigold plants. This research was a field experiment with a split plot design consisting of two factors. The first factors as main plot, namely GA3 concentration (15, 200 and 250 ppm) and second factors as sub plot, namely pinching time (14, 21 and 28 days after planting). It was found that the interaction between gibberellins concentration of 200 ppm and pinching time of 14 DAP showed the fastest time of flower appearance. All concentrations of gibberellins gave the same good results for all parameters. Pinching time of 28 DAP gave the best results on plant height 35 DAP and number of flowers.

Treatment of Leachate by Phytoremediation technique using Marigold and Colocasia Plants

Treatment of leachate is an important aspect in solid waste management and treatment system. A sustainable and economical method called phytoremediation makes use of plants to remove, degrade, or stabilize contaminants from polluted wastewater. In this work, the phytoextraction of zinc and copper from landfill leachate by Marigold and Colocasia plant is carried out. The efficiency of Marigold and Colocasia in the treatment of leachate is examined in this study. The findings demonstrated that plants greatly lowered the level of heavy metals in the landfill leachate. Marigold and Colocasia plants have a removal effectiveness of more than 95% for zinc in landfill leachate, with copper having the highest value at 44%. Both the chemical and biological oxygen demands (COD and BOD) are reduced by 87% and 67%, respectively. The average removal of pollutants is found to be 64%, 95% and 33% for total hardness, turbidity and pH for Marigold plant and 65%, 98% and 29% for total hardness, turbidity and pH for Colocasia plant.

Volatile signatures of phytoplasma presence from marigold plants showing witches’ broom and their potential as biomarkers for diagnostics

Volatile signatures of phytoplasma presence from marigold plants showing witches’ broom and their potential as biomarkers for diagnostics

Importance of the medicinal marigold plant and effectiveness of the biologically control method against Aphidinea

Humans have employed numerous herbs to cure a variety of diseases because they are aware of their healing and energizing powers. For instance, physicians published a large number of booklets on the therapeutic virtues of plants in ancient Egypt, India, China, Central Asia, and many other nations. One of these healing plants is the medicinal nail plant, which is harmed by several pests up until it ripens and is used in folk medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses. This article provides information on aphids that damage the medicinal plant of marigold and microbiological preparations and their importance in controlling their number. As a result of the research, it was found that aphids are harmful to the medicinal marigold plant. It is known that the basket of the clove is used as the main raw material in the pharmaceutical industry. These sucking insects strongly damage the stem, flowers and combs of the plant, and especially the leaf, and spoil its quality, the plant stops growing. The effectiveness of Bioslip BV and Bioslip BT microbiological preparations and entomophages against these pests was studied by the researcher.

The effect of different salt concentrations of salicylic and ascorbic acids on the germination of pot marigold plant (Calendula officinalis L.)

The effect of different salt concentrations of salicylic and ascorbic acids on the germination of pot marigold plant (Calendula officinalis L.)

The effect of different salt concentrations of salicylic and ascorbic acids on the germination of pot marigold plant (Calendula officinalis L.)

Calendula officinalis is one of the important medicinal plants known as "Pot marigold" in the world and has become widespread in recent years due to its medicinal and economic importance. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of salicylic acid (SA) and ascorbic acid (AsA) application on germination and some physiological parameters of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) seeds applied different salt (NaCl) concentrations. In the study, 4 different concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM), SA and AsA applications (4 different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) were used for each application. Germination rate (%), germination time in the study (day), root length (cm) and stem length (cm) criteria were examined. As a result of this research, it was determined that increasing salt concentrations had a negative effect on germination. In addition, positive effects of 50 mM and 100 mM AsA, SA applications on germination and other examined criteria were determined. It has been determined that AsA and SA applications, which will be applied at the optimum level, can have a positive effect on the germination of Calendula plant in saline conditions.

SCREENING OF AFRICAN AND FRENCH MARIGOLD GERMPLASMS AGAINST Tetranychus urticae KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

The germplasms of African and French marigold were screened at Research Farm Area, Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana against the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (TSSM) in the winter season from first week of October to first week of March, 2018. The germplasm tall orange African sheltering lowest mite population (9.82 mites/leaf) was marked as the least susceptible and Hisar Jafari-2 French with 32.21 mites/leaf was categorized as highly susceptible for T. urticae infestation. Mite population was recorded weekly and significantly higher number of mites was recorded on grown up leaves followed by tender and older leaves of marigold plants. Irrespective of the germplasm, the mite number was found to significantly increase with each observation period till the attainment of peak in population in the month of January (35.51 mites/ leaf) while their least population was recorded in the month of October (6.65 mites/leaf). In general, French germplasms were comparatively more susceptible to T. urticae infestation as compared to African germplasms.

Phytoextraction Potential of Sunn Hemp, Sunflower, and Marigold for Carbaryl Contamination: Hydroponic Experiment.

The phytoextraction ability and responses of sunn hemp, sunflower, and marigold plants were investigated toward carbaryl insecticide at 10 mg L-1 and its degradative product (1-naphthol). All test plants exhibited significant carbaryl removal capability (65-93%) with different mechanisms. Marigold had the highest translocation factor, with carbaryl taken up, translocated and accumulated in the shoots, where it was biotransformed into 1-naphthol. Consequently, marigold had the least observable toxicity symptoms caused by carbaryl and the highest bioconcentration factor (1848), indicating its hyperaccumulating capability. Sunflower responded to carbaryl exposure differently, with the highest carbaryl accumulation (8.7 mg kg-1) in roots within 4 days of cultivation, leading to a partial toxicity effect. Sunn hemp exhibited severe toxicity, having the highest carbaryl accumulation (91.7 mg kg-1) that was biotransformed to 1-naphthol in the sunn hemp shoots. In addition, the different models were discussed on plant hormone formation in response to carbaryl exposure.

Crop Rotation with Marigold Promotes Soil Bacterial Structure to Assist in Mitigating Clubroot Incidence in Chinese Cabbage.

Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is an economically important soilborne disease of Chinese cabbage worldwide. Integrated biological control through crop rotation is considered a good disease management approach to suppress the incidence of soilborne diseases. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a marigold plant (root exudates, crude extract, and powder) on the germination and death of resting spores of P. brassicae in vitro assays. Additionally, we also performed 16S high throughput sequencing, to investigate the impact of marigold–Chinese cabbage crop rotation on soil bacterial community composition, to manage this devastating pathogen. This study revealed that the marigold root exudates, crude extract, and powder significantly promoted the germination and death of P. brassicae resting spores. Under field conditions, marigold–Chinese cabbage crop rotation with an empty period of at least 15 days enhanced the germination of P. brassicae resting spores, shifted the rhizosphere bacterial community composition, and suppressed the incidence of clubroot by up to 63.35%. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia were the most dominant phyla and were present at high relative levels in the rhizosphere soil of Chinese cabbage. We concluded that crop rotation of Chinese cabbage with marigold can significantly reduce the incidence of clubroot disease in the next crop. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study on the prevention and control of clubroot disease in Chinese cabbage through crop rotation with marigold.

IMPACT OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2) STRESS ON GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF Calendula officinalis L.

Sustainable agriculture is need of era to maintain productivity and environment quality for farmers and society. The increased industrialization and urbanization are mainly responsible for increased air pollution. Pollutants can already lead to serious reduction of crop growth and yield. Sulphur compounds are the most harmful pollutants; the prime one is Sulphur dioxide (SO2). At pre-flowering stages, the growth responses of field-grown marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) plants to SO2 (320g/m3, 667g/m3, 1334g/m3) stress were investigated. Significant decrease in root and shoot length, leaf area, leaf number and chlorophyll content was observed with increased SO2 concentration. Compared with control, fumigation of SO2 at lower concentration also showed significant changes in plant attributes. SO2 fumigation reduces plant growth and affects negatively various morphological and physiological attributes. The results clearly showed that increasing day to day pollution causes the adverse effect on human food and economic viability of farm operations.

INFLUENCE OF HUMIC ACID ON VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE ATTRIBUTES OF AFRICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.)

The study entitled ‘influence of humic acid on vegetative and reproductive attributes of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)’ was studied at Agricultural Research Station Swabi during 2017. The main aim of this study was to find out the adequate dose of humic acid that can enhance vegetative and reproductive qualities of marigold. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with three replications. Four different concentrations (0, 1000ppm, 2000ppm, 3000ppm) of humic acid were sprayed during vegetative and reproductive stages of marigold plants. Humic acid was sprayed twice, 1st spray before reproductive stage and 2nd spray after the bud formation. The effect of humic acid on marigold was evaluated for plant height, number of leaves plant-1, stem diameter, blooms plant-1, blossom diameter, and blossom fresh and dry weight. Provision of humic acid at 1000ppm, 2000ppm and 3000ppm concentration ranges resulted in linear increase in leaves of a plant, stem diameter, plant height, blooms plant-1, blossom diameter, fresh and dry weight of blossom. But plants sprayed with 2000 ppm humic acid were effective for most of the parameters that can increase profit in marigold flowers business.

Beneficial role of methyl jasmonate on morphological, physiological and phytochemical responses of Calendula officinalis L. under Chromium toxicity.

Contamination of soil with chromium (Cr) is a rising problem in terms of agricultural sustainability and food safety. Here, the effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ; 0, 5, and 10 µM) on alleviating Cr stress (0, 100, and 200 µM) were surveyed in pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). The results showed that Cr stress significantly reduced photosynthetic pigments and leaf accumulation of total soluble sugars, total starch, and mineral nutrients and, consequently, lowered the height and biomass of pot marigold plants. Chromium toxicity also increased the leaf levels of oxidative stress markers and induced oxidative stress, which was associated with damage to bio-membranes and increased levels of malondialdehyde. However, MJ supplementation reduced the leaf accumulation of Cr, increased the content of photosynthetic pigments, and improved the performance of the photosynthetic machinery in Cr-stressed plants. MJ supplementation boosted the antioxidant defense system by upregulating antioxidant enzymes, glyoxalase enzymes, and the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) pool redox, which significantly diminished Cr-induced oxidative stress. Hence, MJ supplementation might be a practicable approach for reducing Cr absorption and its negative impacts on pot marigold plants growing under Cr-contaminated conditions. Clinical trials registration Not applicable.

​​Marigold (Tagetes spp.): A Diverse Crop with Multipurpose Value for Health and Environment: A Review

Marigold (Tagetes spp.) is one of the most popular flower crop commercially exploited for multipurpose use. Apart from great demand of marigold flowers, the plants use in phytoremediation and allelopathic effect has been greatly exploited. Marigolds can be used against plant parasitic nematodes as a cover crop in rotation, as an intercrop, or as a crop residue amendment. Successful use of marigold as trap crop is well on record whereas its use as potential natural herbicide needs to be explored. Essential oils obtained from marigold possess antibacterial and antifungal properties and are widely used in perfumery industries, as insect repellent and as flavor component. Its extracts can be explored as alternative natural insecticides towards the stored products. Use of marigold for its medicinal value for curing various diseases has been well documented. Carotenoids extracted from flowers are being used commercially in pharmaceuticals. Marigold extract also finds application in coloring foods and various dairy products. Marigold petals are used as additives for poultry feed, as they provide bright colors in egg yolks, skin and fatty tissues and also as emulsifying gum. Silver and gold nanoparticles have been synthesized from marigold for antimicrobial activity. This review paper discusses the research undertaken for various uses of marigold plant worldwide.

Deciphering the quality and yield of heteromorphic seeds of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under high temperatures in the Eastern Mediterranean region

Seed heteromorphism, which has different dormancy and germination behavior, is vital under hostile environments such as high temperatures and drought. Seed morphs of marigold were investigated in order to examine the seed heteromorphism, which correlates with environmental variability. A field experiment was conducted on 3 different planting dates (March 1st, March 15th, and April 1st, 2020) in the hot ecological conditions of the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. The results of this study revealed significant variations in the agronomic traits and fatty acid composition of heteromorphic marigold seeds. When the general averages were considered, the highest values for all of the studied traits were obtained from the March 1st planting date, except for the seed oil content. The seed yields and the number of seeds decreased significantly on late plantings that were more exposed to high-temperature stress. Six distinct morphs were found in the marigold seeds, comprising balloon-like, balloon-like with spines, insect-leg, winged, curved, and ring-like. The findings clearly indicated that the seed oil yield was highest in the balloon-like with spines and ring-like seed shapes. The major oil components of the heteromorphic marigold seeds were linoleic acid (37.55%–41.47%), oleic acid (21.04%–27.37%), and α-calendic acid (15.54%–22.09%). The most common seed, ring-like shaped, may play a key role in the intensive agriculture of the plant in terms of some features such as dormancy, dispersal, and cultivation techniques. As a consequence, even if multiple gradual harvests can be made in this region where global warming and climate change is felt more clearly, the marigold plants exhibited fewer capitula for the late planting dates and the ratio of seed heteromorphism changed.

Quantity and Quality Test of DNA Marigold Plants (Tagetes erecta L.) for the Suistainability of Plant Breeding

Marigold is one of the potential commercial flowers and demand continues toincrease. The high demand for marigold plants among the community so that the need for mutation plant breeding for marigold plants. It is hoped that giving mutations, it can increase genetic diversity in marigold plants which will be used as material for plant breeding activities to form new superior marigold varieties. This study aimed to examine the quantity and quality of mutant DNA marigold plants for the suistainabiliy of plant breeding. This research was conducted in the molecular genetics laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara. The DNA of 5 mutant samples of marigold plants was isolated using the CTAB extraction method. The results showed that the lines that had bright and thick band patterns were found in samples P0, P2, P3 and P4 while thin and less bright bands were found insample P1. The purity of the resulting DNA ranged from 1.84 to 2.00 and the concentration of the resulting DNA ranged from 30.2 to 53.7 g/ml.