Marginal Areas Research Articles

Temozolomide regulates primary central nerve system lymphoma, being resistant to high dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy and radiation

Introduction: Primary central nerve system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an intracranial malignancy. Combined chemotherapy with methotrexate, procarbazine, vincristine, and Rituximab, following radiation, sometimes results in partial response or progressive disease. Temozolomide (TMZ) administration has been proposed to salvage therapy. Case Report: A 72-year-old man had headache and forgetfulness. Mild disorientation was observed. Head magnetic resonance image revealed a mass lesion in the right frontal lobe. Pathological examination after an incisional biopsy revealed a diagnosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Standard treatment consisted of 6 cycles of high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy with procarbazine and vincristine. Three cycles of high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy with procarbazine and vincristine, combined with Rituximab. Further, focal radiation therapy against core lesion with marginal area irradiation was performed. In spite of total standard treatment, the lesion was not under regulation. The patient continued TMZ therapy 29 cycles on an outpatient basis due to psychiatric complications that made it difficult to continue intravenous treatment in the hospital. The tumor mass and surrounding edematous lesions decreased. Conclusion: Oral TMZ administration was effective in an elderly patient with PCNSL, who had failed standard chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It was less invasive, allowed for transition to outpatient management, and provided adequate therapeutic benefit. Future indications for similar cases should be considered.

Food Availability, Accessibility, and Affordability through the Scope of Food Security Level and Food Environment Perception in Mexico City’s Marginated Area

Background: Food availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability, the four pillars of food security, have sound impact on food environment activities, regarding households’ food availability, accessibility, and affordability. Food availability implies the adequate supply of healthy food and food accessibility complements and builds on food availability by ensuring that households are able to obtain that food, and that food affordability is limited by incomes and food prices. Methods: In this research, socioeconomic characteristics, food security status and food environment (food availability, accessibility, and affordability) perception of households in Ecatepec, México, a marginal Mexico City conurbation area, were determined with the adequate survey. The collected data were analyzed by logistic regression to stablish the significant relationship among the independent variables (household food security status) with the socioeconomic features, in addition to food environment perception, in order to determinate which facts were significant with food security in this marginal area. Results: Educational level (P<0.001), household income (P<0.001), and belonging to a social assistance program (P<0.001) have a significant effect on food security status. Households with lower income, with food insecurity status, presented lower purchasing power. In contrast, households with food security and mild food insecurity were less likely to agree with the food that they can purchase. A better income, and therefore, a higher purchasing power was reflected in the need to access to more healthy food within their neighborhood. Conclusion: Results indicate that the food environment in this marginal area is benevolent, and households find a way to remain resilient in order to provide enough food for their families. Public policies must be focused on reducing poverty and giving more opportunities to promote social mobility

Effects of the Presence of Adjacent Tooth and Material Type on the Marginal and Internal Adaptation of Endocrowns Fabricated by the Digital Impression Technique.

To assess the effects of the presence of adjacent tooth and material type on the marginal and internal adaptation of endocrowns fabricated by the digital impression technique. An endodontically treated molar tooth was used for the fabrication of endocrowns in this in vitro study. Five groups of specimens (n = 17) were evaluated based on the material type and presence of adjacent tooth: three groups of monolithic zirconia (Zir), lithium disilicate (LDS), and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) in the presence of adjacent teeth, and two groups of zirconia endocrowns, one in the absence of an adjacent anterior tooth (second premolar; Zir-no ant.) and one in the absence of a posterior adjacent tooth (second molar; Zir-no post.). Marginal and internal adaptation of endocrowns was evaluated by the silicone replica technique. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with Tukey test for pairwise comparisons and generalized estimating equation with Bonferroni correction for pairwise comparisons (α = 0.05). The largest marginal gap was found in the ZLS, followed by the LDS and Zir groups (p < 0.05). The Zir group showed significantly higher internal adaptation than the ZLS group (p < 0.05); LDS had no significant difference with the ZLS and Zir groups (p > 0.05). The Zir group showed larger marginal and internal gaps than the Zir-no ant. and Zir-no post. groups (p < 0.05); the latter two groups had no significant difference (p > 0.05). All groups showed the largest gap at the pulpal and the smallest gap at the marginal and cervical areas (p < 0.05). Zirconia endocrowns showed the highest marginal and internal adaptation. Digital impression technique in absence of anterior or posterior adjacent tooth would result in higher marginal and internal adaptation of endocrowns.

Mapping and Assessing the Supply and Demand of Rural Recreation Services in National Parks: A Case Study of Qianjiangyuan, Zhejiang, China

National parks not only protect natural resources but also provide a variety of cultural ecosystem services, with their rural areas serving as important locations for providing rural recreation services (RRS). Spatial quantification of RRS supply and demand will contribute to ensuring the protection and promotion of human well-being in national parks. In this study, we proposed an integrated framework to map and assess the spatial distribution of RRS supply and demand in Changhong Township, located within Qianjiangyuan National Park. We used a combination of spatial analysis and the MaxEnt model as tools, which played a positive role in saving time when modeling areas providing cultural ecosystem services. Based on the findings, the study area was divided into different zones to propose spatial planning measures. The results showed that (1) the MaxEnt model was robust in mapping RRS supply. RRS supply and demand distribution had high spatial heterogeneity. (2) The proportion of areas where RRS supply exceeded demand was 72.58%, primarily distributed in areas with a high level of naturalness at the periphery of the study area. (3) This study divided Changhong Township into four types of zones: developed recreation service area, potential recreation service area, recreation service demand area, and marginal recreation service area. We proposed suggestions for the scientific utilization and management of RRS in each zone. Overall, our findings provide a scientific basis for planning rural recreation spaces within national parks, promoting the comprehensive utilization of rural cultural ecosystem services.

The Capacity of a Household Farming System with Women’s Decision and Action-Making Power: Rural Marginal Areas in Morocco

Nowadays, women’s contribution to society through their social and human involvement at the household level in terms of education, care, and nutrition, as well as their added value to economic functioning, is increasingly recognized. However, most of the related research highlights the relative contributions of women and men. This paper proposes to analyze the link between women’s contribution to social, economic, and financial activities and the rural livelihood of the whole household farm. Based on a household survey that included a respondent section for women from over 285 families in the least rurally developed regions of Morocco, descriptive statistics and systemic analysis successively based on multiple factorial and clustering analyses were used to analyze the links between household adaptative capacity and women’s material and immaterial contributions. The results revealed that women play a crucial role in intergenerational knowledge transfer, which constitutes a critical factor in household capacities and reproduction, especially in the least endowed households. However, the women’s farm or off-farm activities did not guarantee their autonomy. So, the contribution of women to household farm livelihood through their know-how opens alternative pathways to reconsider their contribution to the overall goal of livelihood improvement.

Land Degradation-Based Approach for Assessing the Performance of the Natura 2000 Network in Mainland Spain

Human impact on natural ecosystems is unsustainable and has led to a significant loss of biodiversity, highlighting the importance of protected area networks such as the European Union’s Natura 2000 (N2000). This study assesses the effectiveness of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) in mainland Spain, using a Normalised Relative Severity Index (SER) computed from land condition states of ecological maturity (2010–2020). A total of 596 SACs were analysed, comparing their SER index with that of unprotected areas. Biophysical characteristics such as elevation, tree cover density, and human impact were used for explanatory purposes. At the national level, SACs exhibit a significantly higher median SER index than unprotected areas, indicating a better overall land condition status within N2000. However, regional variations were observed, with some Autonomous Communities in the Atlantic showing better land conditions outside N2000, which is attributed to vigorous vegetation growth in marginal areas. Differences in the SER index between inside and outside N2000 are proportional to the isolation degree of SACs. The study demonstrates that N2000 positively contributes to land conservation in mainland Spain. Nevertheless, it emphasizes the need to consider regional specificities and manage non-protected areas for more effective long-term conservation, especially in the Mediterranean region.

Revitalising Abandoned Villages through Rural Tourism: Visitor Motivations and Satisfaction. The Case of Pentidattilo

In recent decades, many rural areas and historic villages in Italy have faced significant challenges, including depopulation and economic decline, particularly in remote regions. This study examines the role of rural tourism as a revitalisation strategy for abandoned villages, analysing how tourism can transform these areas into valuable cultural and economic assets. Specifically, the research aims to explore the relationship between visitor motivations, satisfaction levels, and their intention to return. The borgo of Pentidattilo, located in the Aspromonte National Park, is used as a case study to understand how rural tourism can contribute to the economic, social, and cultural regeneration of marginal areas. The research is based on a survey conducted among visitors to Pentidattilo, using questionnaires and interviews administered both on-site and online. The aim is to gather data on tourists’ motivations, satisfaction, and willingness to return. Data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), supported by SmartPLS software, to assess the influence of factors such as the destination’s beauty, essential conditions, and tourism promotion on visitor behaviour. This research highlights the potential of rural tourism in regenerating abandoned villages by fostering authentic, meaningful experiences that enhance visitor satisfaction and encourage repeat visits. The findings contribute to the growing academic discourse on sustainable tourism and offer insights into the role of visitor motivations in shaping tourism experiences. Future research can build upon these results by exploring alternative tourism models and assessing the long-term impact of tourism on local communities. The study suggests that the success of rural tourism in revitalizing villages like Pentidattilo depends on balancing the preservation of cultural and environmental heritage with tourism growth. Tourism operators are encouraged to focus on delivering emotionally engaging experiences that resonate with visitors’ intrinsic motivations, rather than merely improving infrastructure. These insights provide valuable guidelines for developing sustainable tourism strategies that foster long-term visitor loyalty and support the economic development of marginalized rural areas.

Exploring Inequality: A Multi-Scale Analysis of China’s Consumption Carbon Footprint

Carbon emission inequality has become a critical factor constraining the coordinated development of socio-economic systems and the natural environment. This inequality exacerbates the disparity in carbon emissions across regions, hindering efforts to achieve sustainable development and environmental justice. Previous research has primarily focused on the structure of carbon footprints and their influencing factors, but there has been limited quantitative research on carbon emission inequality, particularly from a multi-scale perspective. This study constructs a 250 m-high-resolution consumption-based carbon footprint grid for China and uses the Theil index to reveal significant spatial inequalities in carbon footprints. The results indicate that smaller-scale analyses better reveal the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of carbon footprints within regions. At the county level, carbon footprints exhibit significant inequalities, with hotspots concentrated in regions such as Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta. The top 5% of areas with the highest carbon footprints (139 cities) contributed 19.6% of the national total, indicating a concentration in a few large cities. The decomposition of the Theil index shows that county-level cities contributed 55% of the national carbon inequality. The study also reveals the complex relationship between carbon footprints and income, as well as urban-rural disparities. The underdeveloped central and western regions exhibit a pronounced spatial lag effect, with the growth rate of carbon footprints in rural areas surpassing that of urban areas. Carbon footprints in impoverished areas and inter-provincial marginal areas overlap significantly with low-emission zones, demonstrating characteristics of “low-carbon growth”. To achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets, China must adopt comprehensive measures to reduce carbon footprints and their inequalities, including strengthening multi-scale carbon inequality monitoring, implementing differentiated carbon reduction policies, and promoting coordinated emission reduction development at the county level.

Identify the impact of tourist attractions on the development of marginal areas

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of tourism attractions on the development of marginal areas and also to provide an operational framework for the development of marginal areas based on tourist attractions. In this article, marginal areas of four provinces of Isfahan, Fars, Yazd and Kerman were considered. And also for this purpose, a qualitative approach and a descriptive phenomenological method have been used in the research who were purposefully and accessibly selected and answered three main questions in the research. The results of the first question related to the types of tourist attractions in the suburbs, these attractions include cultural and ritual attractions, environmental space attractions, categorizes environmental attractions etc. The results of the second question is on how the effect of hega attraction in marginal areas on the development of marginal areas, consisting of Expansion of tourism industry, financial prosperity, professional ability, and the mental health of the people of the region etc. And the results of the third question on how the impact of tourist attractions on the development of marginal areas consisting of dependent on existing lifestyle support policies, dependent on achieving a sustainable tourism pattern in the region, depends on the extent of differences in new and old communication patterns etc. Therefore, one can expect from the development plan made these areas more realistic and use the results as a basis and guide for developing operational frameworks of the development of marginal areas in a special way.

DOP109 A necroptotic-to-apoptotic signaling axis underlies inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract Background Dysregulated programmed cell death plays a key role in IBD pathogenesis, with clinical trials exploring anti-necroptotic therapies (1,2). While apoptosis and necroptosis are well-studied in murine colitis models, their prevalence, mechanisms, and therapeutic relevance in human IBD remains unclear. We examined cell death pathways in patients on advanced therapies, uncovering unique signalling mechanisms that could inform future treatments. Methods Over 900 paired intestinal biopsies were analysed from 52 IBD patients (25 Crohn’s disease, 27 ulcerative colitis) and 28 non-IBD controls. Biopsies were taken from inflamed, marginal, and non-inflamed areas. Cell death processes, including apoptosis (e.g. cleaved caspase-3) and necroptosis (e.g. RIPK3, MLKL), were assessed using histology, immunoblotting and RNA sequencing. The effects of IBD-associated inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IFNγ) on epithelial death were tested on human-derived intestinal organoids(Fig 1). Data was correlated with clinical parameters like disease indices and treatments, with tissue quality validated using S100A8/S100A9 expression and blinded histology scoring. Results Increased necroptotic and apoptotic signalling were prominent in IBD, correlating with intestinal inflammation, regardless of treatment. Necroptotic signalling was detected in non-inflamed IBD tissue, suggesting early activation in disease progression, while apoptotic signalling was primarily in inflamed tissue. Gene set enrichment analysis identified dysregulated TNF and IFNγ-related pathways linked to cell death signalling, exacerbated by inflammation. Bulk RNA sequencing demonstrated that inflammation-induced transcriptional reprogramming of epithelial cells triggered a macrophage-like phenotype, promoting RIPK1-independent necroptotic signalling(Fig1). In vitro, exposure to TNF and IFNγ in intestinal organoids synergistically induced cell death, primarily through mitochondrial apoptosis. IFNγ enhanced epithelial cell reprogramming, amplifying cell death signalling, while both cytokines together induced mitochondrial apoptosis. In intestinal stem cells, apoptosis was driven by increased PUMA, while upregulated iNOS expression mediated epithelial cell death. Conclusion Early IBD inflammation reprograms epithelial cells into a macrophage-like state, promoting RIPK1-independent necroptotic signalling. IFNγ and TNF synergise to induce iNOS- and PUMA-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in epithelial and stem cells. This aberrant epithelial cell death signalling persists despite histologic remission or treatment. Necroptotic signalling occurs upstream of apoptotic cell death, suggesting that targeting the necroptotic-to-apoptotic axis could facilitate molecular healing and sustained deep remission in IBD.

Evaluation of Internal and Marginal Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Laminates Using DLP Printing and Milling Methods.

This study evaluated the internal and marginal accuracy (trueness and precision) of zirconia laminate veneers fabricated using the DLP printing and milling method, employing 3D analysis software program. The maxillary central incisor tooth of a typodont model was prepared by a dentist and scanned using a desktop scanner. An anatomical zirconia laminate was designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software and saved in a standard tessellation language (STL) format. Thirty zirconia laminates were manufactured using a milling machine (MLL group) and a DLP printer (PTL group). All the specimens were scanned, and their internal and marginal areas were edited accordingly. The root-mean-square value was used to assess the accuracy of the internal and marginal areas of the zirconia laminates. Statistical significance was evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. Statistically significant differences were found in RMS values for both groups in the internal and marginal areas (p < 0.001 and p = 0.034, respectively). The MLL and PTL groups differed significantly in terms of precision (p = 0.017), but not at the margin (p = 0.361). DLP-printed zirconia laminates demonstrated stable and consistent performance, making the technique a reliable option for producing esthetic prostheses.

DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF GROWTH, YIELD, AND QUALITY TRAITS IN HIGH-YIELDING RICE VARIETIES UNDER TIDAL AGROECOSYSTEMS

Introduction: Swamplands, including tidal and freshwater areas, offer significant potential for agricultural expansion in Indonesia, particularly for rice cultivation. However, challenges such as low productivity and quality hinder the full realization of this potential. While new high-yielding varieties (NHVs) like Inpara-3, Inpari-33, Inpari-47, Inpari-48, and Logawa have been developed to address these challenges, factors like pre-harvest conditions (NHV selection) and post-harvest processes (drying, milling, storage) significantly impact rice quality. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the performance of several new high-yielding varieties of rice in tidal lands based on growth, yield, and grain quality. Method: The study collected data on growth, yield, and quality parameters. Statistical analysis (ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test) was used to compare treatment means and identify correlations between variables. Results and Discussion: The study revealed that new high-yielding rice varieties (NHVs) demonstrated significant adaptability to tidal agroecosystems, with notable effects on plant height, panicle length, 1,000-grain weight, harvest age, and dry grain yield. Inpari-33, Logawa, and Inpari-47 showed superior performance, yielding 5.48 t/ha, 5.33 t/ha, and 5.29 t/ha, respectively, while also exhibiting good growth characteristics. All tested varieties fell into the third category of medium-quality rice due to a high percentage of broken grains, influenced by genetic traits and post-harvest processing. Research Implications: The study identifies Inpari-33, Logawa, and Inpari-47 as promising NHVs for tidal rice cultivation. By highlighting the potential of these varieties in challenging environments, the research contributes to improving rice production and food security in marginal areas.

We Should Perform a Systematic Evaluation of the Placenta.

Despite its critical importance, the placenta receives substantially less attention during obstetric ultrasound examinations compared to the fetus. The evaluation of the placenta is typically limited to determining its location within the uterus, particularly its relationship to the cervix. Abnormal placenta findings are the result of gross anomalies identified by chance during obstetric examinations, rather than from a systematic evaluation. Here we describe a standardized protocol evaluating four placental regions: 1) the uterine wall/decidua/chorion interface; 2) the amnion/chorion interface; 3) the placental body; and 4) cord insertion and marginal area, which can improve the identification of placental anomalies in all pregnant subjects.

Areas with agroecological potential for Agave cupreata (Trel. &amp; Berger) plantations in Guerrero, Mexico

Objective: to determine areas with agroecological potential for Agave cupreata (Trel. &amp; Berger) plantations in the state of Guerrero, Mexico. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: fifty-four specimens of A. cupreata were characterized. For each specimen, phenotypical, agroclimatic and agroecological data were recorded. Information from 123 herbarium specimens and information available in the literature were consulted. In addition, representatives of the State Council of Mezcal in Guerrero and other companies were interviewed, in order to identify possible areas excluded in the field. As well as in the specimens reviewed at the herbarium, which were validated with field observations. This information was processed in ArcGIS© version 10.3.1 (Esri Inc., 1999-2015, United States), with which a geographic information system was built and the distribution map was obtained, as well as the soil and climate and agroecological requirements of A. cupreata in the state of Guerrero. This information allowed the delimitation of the optimal, suboptimal and marginal areas for establishing agave plants. The validation of the information was made through field trips to specific areas to validate the agroecological variables of the potential areas defined in this study. Results: areas comprising 673 084.16 ha with optimal agroecological potential, and 1 942 072.86 ha with suboptimal potential were determined. Limitations/ Implications of the study: it is suggested to complement with studies on productivity, population ecology, intra- and inter population genetic variability, in plantations and natural population (called in Mexico ‘magueyeras’) of A. cupreata. Findings/ Conclusions: in the state of Guerrero (Mexico), North, Central and Mountain regions were those with the highest number of optimal areas, which coincides with the areas where mezcal (a strong and dry alcoholic beverage distilled from the sap of Agave plants) production is concentrated.

Transcriptional engineering for value enhancement of oilseed crops: a forward perspective.

Plant-derived oils provide 20%-35% of dietary calories and are a primary source of essential omega-6 (linoleic) and omega-3 (α-linolenic) fatty acids. While traditional breeding has significantly increased yields in key oilseed crops like soybean, sunflower, canola, peanut, and cottonseed, overall gains have plateaued over the past few decades. Oilseed crops also experience substantial yield losses in both prime and marginal agricultural areas due to biotic and abiotic stresses and shifting agro-climates. Recent genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomics research has expanded our understanding of the genetic and physiological control of fatty acid biosynthesis and composition. Many oilseed species have inherent stress-combating mechanisms, including transcription factor regulation. Advances in genome editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9 offer precise genetic modifications, targeting transcription factors and binding sites to enhance desirable traits, such as the nutritional profile and chemical composition of fatty acids. This review explores the application of genome editing in oilseed improvement, covering recent progress, challenges, and future potential to boost yield and oil content. These advancements could play a transformative role in developing resilient, nutritious crop varieties essential for sustainable food security in a changing climate.

Intraplate seismicity in southwestern Norway: enhanced catalogue highlights diffusive earthquake occurrence linked to inherited weakness zones

SUMMARY Intraplate earthquakes in stable continental regions exhibit diverse characteristics in terms of timing, spatial distribution and magnitude. They are often unexpected, and their underlying physical mechanisms are not well understood. This complexity is particularly apparent in Norway, where seismicity is mostly localized on the continental margin and coastal areas. Various studies have attempted to explain the causes of seismicity in Norway by invoking different sources of stress, ranging from regional stress due to ridge push to local effects such as topography or deglaciation. In this study, we revisit these questions by investigating the distribution of seismicity in southwestern Norway using an enhanced earthquake catalogue. To achieve this, we revised the Norwegian National Seismic Network seismic catalogue from 2000 to 2023 and built a new catalogue using machine-learning-based techniques on data from a temporary seismic deployment in the region. Thanks to the increased station density during this deployment, we were also able to calculate new fault plane solutions that consistently showed a WNW–ESE direction for the most compressive axis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that seismicity in southwestern Norway, while diffuse, tends to be localized around the major crustal shear zones of the region, such as the Bergen Arc Shear Zone and the Hardangerfjord Shear Zone.

Biomechanical analysis for the distalisation of the mandibular dentition with anterior alveolar bone loss based on the location of an applied force: A finite element study

Abstract Introduction The present study analysed the tooth movement patterns and stress distribution in patients presenting with anterior alveolar bone loss, associated with the use of force vectors applied from a mini-screw to distalise the mandibular dentition. Methods Mandibular anterior teeth characterised by alveolar bone loss (zero, one third, one half of the root length) were constructed from a cone-beam computed tomography image, and a mini-screw was inserted into the mandibular buccal shelf. A distalising force of 2 N was applied from the mini-screw to three different lengths of an anterior retraction hook: 2, 7, and 12 mm. The tooth displacement and von Mises stress distribution in the periodontal ligament (PDL) were calculated via a finite element analysis. Results In all the models, significant movement was found around the anterior segment, and the stress was primarily concentrated at the cervical margin and apical area of the lateral incisor and canine teeth. With absorption of the anterior alveolar bone, extrusive lingual inclination of the anterior teeth, intrusive distal tipping of the posterior teeth and stress concentration in the PDL increased. Long retraction hooks led to lingual root and intrusive crown movement of the incisors and reduced uncontrolled distal tipping movement of the posterior teeth but also increased the range and magnitude of stress in the PDL of the anterior teeth. Conclusion During the distalisation of the mandibular dentition associated with anterior alveolar bone horizontal resorption, different retraction hook heights may be selected to control the movement of the teeth. Special consideration should be given to stress in the PDL of the mandibular incisors.

Neanderthals’ recolonizations of marginal areas: An overview from Eastern Germany

Neanderthals’ recolonizations of marginal areas: An overview from Eastern Germany

A Numerical Simulation of a Fog Event in the Sichuan Basin, China: The Sensitivity to Terrain Elevations

In this paper, we utilize the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (ARWv4) to explore how the fog is affected by the basin’s topography during a radiation fog event in the Sichuan Basin in December 2016 by setting up three sets of terrain tests. The simulation results demonstrate that the fog area in the expanded basin terrain emerges 40 min earlier than in the original topography control test (CTL), with the fog area extent marginally reduced. Conversely, the fog area in the reduced basin terrain emerges one hour earlier than in the CTL, with the fog area extent increased by 133.5%. Basin topography is an essential factor influencing the humidity, temperature, and dynamical fields. The expansion of basin topography was shown to be unfavorable for water vapor convergence. Moreover, the area exhibiting relative humidity levels exceeding 95% at the peak of the fog intensity was smaller than that observed in CTL. The impact of radiative cooling was diminished, and the thickness and intensity of the inversion layer were reduced compared to CTL. In addition, the wind speed in the marginal area exceeded 5 m s−1, and the fog formation was observed only in the central portion of the basin, where wind speeds ranged from 0 to 3 m s−1. In contrast, the change in the topography of the narrowed basin resulted in the opposite phenomenon overall. This work emphasizes the importance of basin topography in forming and developing the fog in the Sichuan Basin.

Millet Cultivation in North-east Hill Region of India: A Review

The millets are climate resilient, most efficient in use of water, adopted to grown in marginal and sub marginal area, suitably grown in hilly and rainfed area, nutrient dense and having low carbon and water footprint. Considering their significance in present context of agriculture, it is important to know about their region-specific cultivation practices and intervention in it. The North East Hill (NEH) region is known for its diversity in terms of soil and climatic condition as well as crop and plant diversity. The marginal and sub-marginal area with different slope, topography and soil related constraints for production, the millets will be one of the important options for arable crop cultivation. The production practices followed by the farmers and recommended practices were highly diverse due to different agro-climatic condition. At the same time, in several locations production practices were even not developed due to cultivation on very less area with less economic impact at regional or state agriculture. Hence it is informative and knowledge impacting exercise to review the production practices followed and interventions made at institutional and stakeholders level for millets cultivation in NEH region. The present review summarizes the interventions in production practices such as seed and sowing requirement, nutrient, water and weed management as well as insect-pest and disease management in context of NEH region. Besides that, interventions from NEH region at post-harvest and value addition were also discussed in this review. The cost effective and high enumerative interventions in production processes such as substitution of low yielding upland rice cultivation partly or completely with millets, transplanting, fertilization, micronutrient foliar feeding, use of herbicide for weed management and promotion/ up gradation of millets cultivation in new areas (North-East Hill region) are important at production level. The interventions at policy level such as promotion for incorporation of millets in public distribution system, inclusion of millets in school age children diet and different schemes related with supply of nutritious food to children and adolescence are important for NEH region. Increase in diversity of product prepared from millets, initiation of organic seed production of millets, exploring export potential of traditional products prepared from millets to different domestic and international market are important interventions at policy level. At research level, the standardization of production practices for different states in NEH region was initiated and need to be further emphasized rather than using recommendation as it is from other part of India.