Marginal Vein Research Articles

Development Features of the Endogenous Intoxication During Experimental Obstruction of the Urinary Tracts

The purpose of the study: is to establish the characteristics of the development of endogenous intoxication during experimental obstruction of the urinary tract. Materials and methods: to achieve this goal, one control and three experimental groups of animals were formed, in which blood was taken from the marginal ear vein on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day of the experiment. The following parameters were determined in blood serum: urea, creatinine, total protein and albumin. The level of endogenous intoxication was assessed by the indicators of medium-mass molecules, circulating immune complexes and malon dialdehyde. Results: statistical analysis of blood biochemical parameters and endogenous intoxication markers confirm the link between modern biomarkers of renal injury and morphological changes in the tissues of obstructive and compensatory organs. Conclusion: our findings point to the overstress adaptation mechanisms, the development of oxidative stress and exhibit a high level of endogenous intoxication, resulting in structural and metabolic changes in the affected and in the contralateral kidney.

Evaluation of the Clinical Anatomy of the Most Important Perforator Veins of the Lower Extremities by Dissection and Duplex Ultrasound Scanning

Introduction - literature sources provide significant amount of data on the anatomy of the perforator veins (PVs) of the lower extremities. However, detailed descriptions of the topography of PVs are rare. Methods - 70 amputated lower extremities were subjected to anatomical dissection; 2800 patients (3500 extremities) underwent duplex ultrasound scanning (DUS). Results - There were 4 to 6 PVs on the medial surface of the foot. They directly connected the medial tributary of the medial marginal vein and vv. plantaris medialis and were located along the medial intermuscular septum. There were 2 to 3 PVs on the lateral surface of the foot. They connected the tributary of the lateral marginal vein (which together with the main trunk of the lateral marginal vein formed small saphenous vein) and vv. plantaris lateralis in a direct manner. Topographically PVs passed behind the lateral muscle group of the foot along the lateral intermuscular septum. Moreover, both PVs had tributaries, which drained the subcutaneous tissues of the lateral and medial surfaces of the foot. Presence of the muscular/venous pump of the calf complicates the structure of the PVs, among which are direct, indirect, and mixed PVs. Anatomical dissection has shown that the most constant were PVs located at a distance of 7-10 cm and 11-16cm from the lower edge of the medial ankle. Each PV of the calf (direct or indirect) and the foot was accompanied by an arterial twig, and it was often possible to identify a twig from a nearby nerve. There were 2 PVs in the subfascial area, located by the sides of the artery. PVs in the popliteal region may be referred to as “atypical” due to their rare presence (0.4% according to the DUS and no cases during dissection) in combination with the lack of a typical saphenopopliteal junction. PVs in this area were not supported by the intermuscular septa. 0.34% of the PVs emptied into the popliteal vein at the lateral side, while the small saphenous vein emptied into the great saphenous vein (GSV) at the upper 3rd of the or into the Giacomini vein. Arterial twigs accompanied every PV. DUS has shown the typical localization of the PVs on the thigh: middle third of the thigh where PVs emptied into the femoral vein at the level of the adductor canal, PVs connected GSV and femoral vein in 82.8% cases; lower third of the thigh – PVs emptied into the popliteal vein below the level of the adductor canal, PVs connected GSV and popliteal vein in 73.6% cases. All PVs passed along the medial intermuscular septum and were accompanied by an arterial branch from the femoral artery in all cases. The angle of the confluence of the PVs and the deep veins was approximately 45°, the length of their subfascial course was 5 to 7cm. Such characteristics prevent incompetence of the PVs in patients with varicose disease but create higher risks of introducing a Babcock’s probe into the deep veins in antegrade direction during phlebectomy (0.5% of cases). Conclusion - 1. Perforator veins mostly constitute the neurovascular bundles. 2. Perforator veins are primarily located along the intermuscular septa, which provides a solid support for the perforator vessels due to the rigid fixation of the intermuscular septa to the bones. 3. Presence of a concomitant artery makes it possible to propose an additional mechanism of venous outflow via the perforator vascular bundles - an arterio-venous pump.

Endovascular Treatment of Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome

Endovascular Treatment of Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome

Spectrum of imaging findings in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome affecting lower limbs: a report of three cases

BackgroundWe present a series of three cases of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) presenting with unilateral lower limb involvement demonstrating a wide range of radiological findings.Case presentationCase 1: A 61-year-old male presented with varicosities in the right lower limb, which was atrophic with a complete absence of deep venous system in the right limb. Case 2: A 23-year-old woman presented with hypertrophied left lower limb with multiple varicosities showing unusual distribution and intraosseous extension into the distal femur, patella, and tibia. Case 3: A 14-year-old male presented with hypertrophy of the right lower limb overlying macular cutaneous lesions. Capillary malformation was seen underneath the cutaneous lesion and multiple subcutaneous and intramuscular venous malformations were seen. Also noted was persistent embryological vein, i.e., lateral marginal vein of Servelle.ConclusionThe three cases in our series demonstrate common and unusual findings of KTS and highlight the role of CT and MR venography in addition to color Doppler sonography to identify the complete extent of the involvement.

Anti-Diabetic Effect of a Flavonoid and Sitosterol - Rich Aqueous Extract of Pleurotus tuberregium Sclerotia in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rabbits.

Traditionally prepared infusions and decoctions are commonly used in the management of diabetes mellitus, in southern Nigeria; one of such is the aqueous extract of the sclerotia of Pleurotus tuberregium ("usu" milk). In this study, the effects of the extract on the body weights, tissue/ organ weights, fasting blood glucose, blood/plasma lipid profiles and atherogenic indices were investigated in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Diabetes mellitus was induced by the injection of alloxan (120 mg/kg body weight) via the marginal ear vein. The extract was administered orally at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg to normal and diabetic rabbits; while metformin was administered at 50 mg/kg. The crude extract was analyzed by gas chromatography, coupled to flame ionization detector. Thirty-one known flavonoids were detected, consisting mainly of isoquercetin (28.5%), luteolin (24.3%), quercetin (18.8%) and kaempferol (11.3%). Sitosterol (82.0%) and stigmasterol (12.5%) were the most abundant of the seven phytosterols detected. Compared to the diabetic control, the treatment significantly (p<0.05) lowered the weights of the kidney and liver, as well as the levels of blood glucose and triglyceride, plasma VLDL, LDL and non-HDL cholesterol, atherogenic index of plasma, cardiac risk ratio, atherogenic coefficient and Castelli's risk index II. It, however, significantly (p<0.05) increased plasma HDL cholesterol, without significantly affecting blood total cholesterol levels. This study showed that the extract was hypoglycemic, and improved lipid profile and atherogenic indices, thus highlighting its cardioprotective potential, thereby supporting its use in the management of diabetes mellitus.

INFLUENCE OF NEVIRAPINE ON THE PHARMACODYNAMICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF REPAGLINIDE IN RATS AND RABBITS

Introduction: Management of HIV/AIDS is gradually expanding to include the chronic and metabolic complications and the adverse effects associated with its treatments like Type II diabetes mellitus. Repaglinide is a novel oral hypoglycemic agent chemically unrelated to sulphonylureas, metformin or acarbose used for the treatment of type II diabetes. Nevirapine is widely used non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for the treatment of HIV infection. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of oral administration of nevirapine on blood glucose and investigate their effect on the activity of repaglinide and to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the combination. Materials and Methods: Studies in normal, diabetic rats and normal rabbits were conducted with oral doses of repaglinide, nevirapine and their combination. All the animals were fasted for 18 h prior to experimentation; during this period the animals were fed with water ad libitum. The blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8hours in rats by retro orbital puncture and by marginal ear vein puncture in rabbits at different time intervals. Further, the samples were analyzed for glucose by glucose oxidase/peroxidase (GOD/POD) method. The rabbit blood samples were analyzed by HPLC for serum repaglinide concentration. The serum repaglinide levels and pharmacokinetic parameters of repaglinide were evaluated with multiple dose treatments of nevirapine in rabbits. Result and Discussion: Nevirapine alone have no significant effect on the blood glucose level in rats and rabbits. Repaglinide produced hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity in normal and diabetic rats with peak activity at 2 h and hypoglycemic activity in normal rabbits at 1.5 h. In combination, nevirapine reduced the effect of repaglinide in rats and rabbits. The interaction was found to be significant at both pharmacodynamic as well as at pharmacokinetic levels. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the combination of nevirapine and repaglinide may need dose adjustment and care should be taken when the combination is prescribed for their clinical benefit in diabetic patients. However, further studies are warranted.

Системные гемостатические и гемостазиологические эффекты низкой дозы фибрин-мономера на фоне действия варфарина в эксперименте

Введение. Ранее было показано, что фибринмономер (ФМ) в низких дозировках обладает системным гемостатическим действием в условиях дозированной травмы. Авторами выдвинута гипотеза, согласно которой ФМ способен оказывать регулирующее гемостатическое действие in vivo на фоне сниженного гемостатического потенциала. Цель исследования: изучение системных гемостатических и гемостазиологических эффектов ФМ на фоне дозированной травмы печени при гипокоагуляции, обусловленной приемом варфарина. Материалы и методы. В работе использовали 40 кроликов породы Шиншилла. Для индукции кумаринобусловленной гипокоагуляции животным per os вводили варфарин в дозе 0,4 0,5 мг/кг 14 дней до достижения международного нормализованного отношения (МНО) более 2,0. Далее животным в краевую вену уха вводили концентрат факторов протромбино вого комплекса (КФПК) в дозе 40 ЕД/кг, ФМ в дозе 0,25 мг/кг или плацебо. Через 1 ч после введения препаратов наносили травму печени и оценивали кровопотерю (в процентах от объема циркулирующей крови). Исследовали число тромбоцитов, активированное парциальное тромбопластиновое время, МНО, содержание фибриногена и Ддимера, оценивали результаты тромбоэластографии крови. Результаты. Объем кровопотери в группах животных после внутривенного введения ФМ и КФПК на фоне приема варфарина был в 9,1 раза и 6,7 раза меньше, соответственно, по сравнению с группой плацебо, получавшей тот же антикоагулянт. Вместе с тем ФМ не влиял на параметры коагулограммы (отсутствие видимого гемостазиологического эффекта) и тромбоэластограммы, тогда как применение КФПК в качестве антидота варфарина сопровождалось нормализацией параметров тромбоэластометрии и коррекцией гипокоагуляционного сдвига по МНО. Заключение. Установлено, что ФМ способен проявлять свое системное гемостатическое действие в условиях сниженного тромбинообразования, обусловленного нарушением синтеза витамин Кзависимых факторов свертывания крови. Данное действие реализуется без признаков восстановления гемостатического равновесия. Introduction. It was shown earlier that fibrinmonomer (FM) in low doses had a systemic hemostatic effect in a controlled injury condition. The authors suggest that FM is able to exert a regulating hemostatic effect in vivo under reduced hemostatic potential. Aim: to study the systemic hemostatic and hemostasiological effects of FM under controlled liver injury during hypocoagulation caused by warfarin administration. Materials and methods. In this study 40 Chinchilla rabbits were used. For the induction of coumarinmediated hypocoagulation, animals were administered per os warfarin at a dose of 0.4 0.5 mg/kg for 14 days, until an international normalized ratio (INR) was more than 2.0. Subsequently, a prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) at a dose of 40 U/kg, FM at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg or placebo were administered into the marginal ear vein of the animals. An hour later, a liver injury was inflicted and blood loss was assessed (in percents of the circulating blood volume). The number of platelets, activated partial thromboplastin time, INR, levels of fibrinogen and Ddimer were studied and the results of blood thromboelastography were evaluated. Results. Blood loss volume in animals groups after intravenous administration of FM and PPC, under warfarin reception, was 9.1 times and 6.7 times less, respectively, compared to the placebo group receiving the same anticoagulant. However, FM did not affect on coagulogram parameters (no visible hemostasiological effect) and thromboelastogram, whereas the use of PPC as warfarin antidote was accompanied by the normalization of thromboelastometry parameters and hypocoagulation shift correction according to INR. Conclusion. It was found that FM able to manifest its systemic hemostatic effect in conditions of reduced thrombin formation caused by impaired synthesis of vitamin Kdependent blood coagulation factors. This effect is implemented without any signs of recovery of hemostatic balance.

Photodynamic Therapy Versus Glucose for the Treatment of Telangiectasia: A Randomised Controlled Study in a Rabbit Ear Model

Telangiectasia is a common venous formation that mainly affects women and causes discomfort, including psychological distress. This study compared photodynamic therapy (PDT) with glucose for vessel sclerosis in a rabbit ear model. Thirty-six ears of 18 rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1: only injection of Photogem (4mg/mL); Group 2: only light (635nm, 100mW/cm2, 8min, 48J/cm2); Group 3: glucose 75% injection; Group 4: PDT procedure with injection of Photogem and illumination immediately after. Injections were made into the central ear artery. After injection or sham procedures, manual compression of the marginal vein was maintained for 8min in all ears. Follow up was immediately after the procedures, and one and six days later. The percentage of length reduction of spider veins, the target vessels, was analysed in digital photographs with Image J software. Ear thermographs were made with a thermocamera device and average temperatures were collected for analysis. Ear biopsies were obtained after six days. Endothelium average, inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis, skin burn, and vascular thrombosis were assessed using a specific score. The mean vessel length reduction was 26% for Group 4, 2.4% for Group 3, .4% for Group 1, and 0 for Group 2, highlighting that in Group 4, the vessel lengths were significantly reduced compared with the other groups (p<.001). In the thermal analysis, in Group 3, the temperature was unchanged from the initial temperature and the central diameter vessel increased after six days, while, in Group 4, the temperature decreased and the vessels were not clearly detected, suggesting a reduction of the vessels and smaller infusion. Histology showed no difference among groups and one case of necrosis was found in Group 4. PDT was associated with significantly more target vessel sclerosis than glucose injection and controls.

Ophelimus migdanorum Molina-Mercader sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): Application of Integrative Taxonomy for Disentangling a Polyphenism Case in Eucalyptus globulus Labill Forest in Chile

In 2003, a new gall-inducing wasp of the genus Ophelimus was detected in the Valparaíso Region (Chile), affecting tree plantations of Eucalyptus globulus Labill and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Since then Ophelimus has been frequently detected in different plantations in Chile, covering a widespread area. A preliminary collaborative study suggests that the micro-wasp detected should be classified as a new Ophelimus species. In this paper, using an integrative approach (including genetic, morphological, and behavioral data), we addressed the delimitation and description of this new species. This study involved the use of brood adult specimens, raised at the laboratory of MIPlagas Ltda., from infested twigs of E. globulus collected in several localities between of Valparaíso and Los Lagos Regions (Chile). Morphological structures were described according to current Eulophidae taxonomic keys, as well as additional traits, such as gall morphology and behavior. Genetic characterization was implemented using a phylogenetic approach, based on a 648 bp specific fragment of the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (COI 5 region) obtained from collected specimens and available databases (Genbank, NCBI, and BOLDSystem). Specifically, distinctive patterns of variation were detected in traits like gall and antennae morphology, growth habit trends, and a notorious polyphenism in the setae from the sub marginal vein. Overall evidence suggests that this new entity should be considered a new species in Ophelimus, which is henceforth named Ophelimus migdanorum Molina-Mercader.

Two new species of Eugenia (Myrtaceae, Myrteae) with fused calyx from the Atlantic coastal forest, Brazil

Two species of Eugenia from the Brazilian Atlantic coastal forest of Bahia and Espírito Santo are here described. Eugenia atlantica is most similar to E. bahiensis from which differs by its leaf blades usually larger, 80–180 × 35–70 mm, and chartaceous, inflorescence mostly axillary, flower buds with hypanthium costate to slightly costate and calyx lobes completely fused or partially fused along two thirds of the bud length. Eugenia soteriana is related with E. zuccarinii but differs mostly by the leaves with two marginal veins, inflorescence fasciculate more often recovering the vegetative growth by an auxotelic axis, bracteoles larger, 2–6 mm long, deciduous after anthesis, and flowers with larger outermost calyx lobes, 1.5–3 mm long. Descriptions, species distribution, habitat, phenology, vernacular names, illustrations, comparisons to other morphologically similar species, and conservation assessments are also provided.

Efficiency evaluation and safety monitoring of tailored rapid potassium supplementation strategy for fatal severe hypokalemia.

Stringent regulations have been established for the intravenous administration of potassium to avoid hyperkalemia in the clinic. The standard approach, however, often does not work well for treating severe hypokalemia. In the present study, a rabbit model of hyperkalemia was used to develop an tailored rapid potassium supplementation strategy and the effectiveness and safety of this new strategy were assessed. A total of 20 rabbits with induced severe hypokalemia were randomly divided into two equal treatment groups. All of the animals were injected with 3% KCl through the auricular marginal veins by a micro-injection pump; the target serum potassium concentration was 4 mmol/l. The conventional treatment group was administered a continued potassium infusion at the standard infusion rate of 0.4 mmol/kg/h. The tailored rapid supplementation group was treated in two steps: First, a loading dose of potassium was rapidly injected for 5 min and this step was repeated until the serum potassium concentration was increased to 3.5 mmol/l. After this increase in serum potassium concentration, a sustained potassium infusion at a constant dose was performed. Electrocardiogram, blood pressure, respiratory rate, serum potassium concentration, urine volume and vital signs were monitored in real-time. No hyperkalemia occurred in any of the two the groups. However, compared with the conventional group, the tailored rapid group had a significantly shorter duration of potassium infusion and arrhythmia, and a higher survival rate. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the tailored rapid potassium supplementation strategy shortened the time of hypokalemia and is a safe and better treatment option to remedy life-threatening arrhythmia caused by severe hypokalemia with a high success rate.

Variations and angulation of the coronary sinus tributaries: Implications for left ventricular pacing.

Variations of the coronary sinus tributaries might result in difficulties in left ventricle electrode insertion during cardiac resynchronizing therapy. Morphometric features of tributaries, especially angulation of the coronary sinus tributaries, are crucial for coronary sinus procedures. This study was carried out on 200 formaldehyde-fixed human hearts (22.0% females, mean age of 48.7±15.6years). The inferolateral aspect of the left ventricle was accessible from the coronary venous tree in 77.0% (in 35% from one, 29% from two, and 13.0% from three tributaries). The middle cardiac vein was present in all cases, with a diameter of 1.8±0.5mm, cannulation distance of 5.3±3.2mm, and angle of 82.0±12.8°. The inferolateral vein of the left ventricle varied greatly in number: single in 63.5%, multiple in 30.5%. The ostium diameter for a single vein was 1.3±0.5mm, cannulation distance was 21.1±9.8mm, and the angle was 98.1±13.5°. The left marginal vein was present in 39.5% with an ostium diameter of 0.9±0.5mm, cannulation distance of 46.0±12.0mm, and angle of 92.0±13.4°. Finally, the oblique vein of the left atrium was present in 71.0% with a diameter of 1.3±0.8mm, cannulation distance of 27.2±9.4mm, and angle of 136.8±16.6°. This study shows the clinically relevant morphometric characteristic of coronary sinus tributaries. The middle cardiac vein is the most constant among coronary veins. However, it is usually not suitable for left ventricular pacing. The inferolateral vein of the left ventricle is highly variable in number, but its morphology makes it a suitable target for left ventricular lead placement.

Effects of compound lobelia oral liquid on acute pharyngitis rabbits model.

AimsExplore the effect of compound lobelia oral liquid on acute pharyngitis rabbits model caused by ammonium hydroxide, evaluate its curative effect.MethodsAcute pharyngitis rabbit model was prepared by ammonia spray at pharyngeal. After 1 h of the last administration, score the pharyngeal tissue symptoms of rabbits under the condition of naked eyes (score according to the score criteria). Then, take blood from the marginal auricular vein for routine blood tests and serum TNF-α level measure. Take pharyngeal tissue for HE staining, and observe its pathological changes under the microscope.ResultsCompared with the blank group, the pharyngeal tissue symptom score and serum TNF-α level in the model group were significantly increased (P < 0.01). The results of blood routine showed that the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes in the model group increased significantly (P < 0.01), and neutrophilic granulocyte percentage decreased significantly (P < 0.01). The infiltration of inflammatory cells in the pharynx tissue was obvious and pathological changes were observed. Compared with the model group, large, middle and small doses of compound lobelia oral liquid group could reduce the scores of pharyngeal tissue symptoms in rabbits with acute pharyngitis induced by ammonia. The large and middle dose compound lobelia oral liquid group could significantly reduce serum TNF-α level and neutrophilic granulocyte percentage, significantly increase the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes (P < 0.01); The small dose compound lobelia oral liquid group could significantly reduce the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes (P < 0.01), there was an increasing tendency to neutrophils and a decreasing tendency to serum TNF-α, but no statistical significance. The large, middle and small doses of compound lobelia oral liquid group all could improve the pathological changes of pharyngeal tissue inflammatory infiltration.ConclusionCompound lobelia oral liquid has a good effect on rabbit acute pharyngitis model caused by ammonia.

Stasis ulcer is a chronic condition of combined venous and lymphatic insufficiency: Phlebo-lymphedema (PLE)

Indolent venous stasis ulcers often represent a combined condition of veno-lymphatic edema caused by chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and chronic lymphatic insufficiency (CLI) of various origins, known as phlebolymphedema (PLE). Primary PLE, caused by vascular malformation component of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, is the combined condition of CVI by the marginal vein (MV) and CLI by primary lymphedema. Primary PLE with CVI by the reflux of MV can be treated successfully with MV resection, Secondary PLE with CVI by the postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) can be further improved with correction of the venous outflow obstruction with angioplasty & stent.

Determination of Levels of IgE and IgG and the Activity of Complement Comparatively in Blood and Lymph in the Experimental Arthus and Overy Phenomenon

The aim of investigation was the determination of the levels of IgE, IgG and complement activity in the blood and lymph in the experimental Arthus and Overy phenomenon. Experiments were carried out on 27 chinchilla rabbits (weight 2.5-3kg) in three series. To reproduce the Arthus phenomenon, rabbits were sensitized by subcutaneous administration of 1 ml of horse serum to the scapular region every 5 days; after the fifth injection in the injection area of horse serum the necrosis was observed. To obtain the Overy phenomenon, a resolving dose of horse serum was injected subcutaneously in a sensitized animal, and an Evans blue was introduced into the auricular vein. In this case, the injection area is colored blue. The blood necessary for the experiment was taken from the marginal auricular vein of the rabbit, and lymph – from the thoracic lymphatic duct. The levels of IgE and IgG and the activity of the complement comparatively in the blood and lymph in the experimental Arthus and Overy phenomenon were studied. The experiments were carried out on 27 rabbits of the «Chinchilla» breed in two series. The studied parameters of IgE and IgG and complement activity in blood and lymph of intact animals served as control. The results of the study showed that the level of IgG in the Arthus phenomenon increases and IgE decreases. While at the Overy phenomenon, on the contrary, the level of IgE increases and the level of IgG decreases. The titer of complement in immune complex reactions is sharply reduced; it indicates the involvement of complement with IgG elimination of the allergen.

A rare variation of the inferior mesenteric vein with clinical implications

Several variations of the inferior mesenteric vein have been previously described. However, this report presents a rare variation that has not yet been noted. In this case, the small inferior mesenteric vein drained into a tributary of the marginal vein, which joined the superior mesenteric vein via the middle colic vein. The superior mesenteric vein then united with the splenic vein to become the hepatic portal vein. Awareness of this uncommon anatomy of the inferior mesenteric vein is important in planning a successful gastrointestinal surgery.

Hybrid Foot Vein Arterialization in No-Option Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia: A Preliminary Report

Purpose: To describe a preliminary experience in treating no-option critical limb ischemia (CLI) patients with a hybrid foot vein arterialization (HFVA) technique combining open plus endovascular approaches. Materials and Methods: Between May 2016 and January 2018, 35 consecutive patients (mean age 68±12 years; 28 men) with 36 no-option CLI limbs underwent HFVA in our center. All limbs had grade 3 WIfI (Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection) ischemia, and the wound classification was grade 1 in 4 (11%) limbs, grade 2 in 4 (11%), and grade 3 in 28 (78%). Surgical bypass was done on the medial marginal vein or a posterior tibial vein, followed by endovascular removal of foot vein valves and embolization of foot vein collaterals. A “tension-free” surgical approach was used to treat foot lesions. Results: At a mean follow-up of 10.8±2 months, limb salvage was achieved in 25 (69%) limbs and wound healing in 16 (44%); 9 patients presented an unhealed wound. Eleven (31%) patients underwent a major amputation (2 below the knee and 9 thigh). One patient with an unhealed wound and open bypass died of myocardial infarction. Conclusion: HFVA is a promising technique able to achieve acceptable rates of limb salvage and wound healing in no-option patients generally considered candidates for an impending major amputation. Further studies are needed to standardize the technique and better identify patients who can benefit from this approach.

D-glucose elicits significant increase in the oral bioavailability of model BCS class III drugs in the rabbit

BCS class III drugs suffer from limited intestinal absorption due to high hydrophilicity and low intestinal permeability. This research was undertaken in order to examine the effect of enhancing the net water influx in the gastrointestinal tract on the oral absorption of ranitidine HCl, atenolol, and acyclovir sodium as model BCS class III drugs using 2-way parallel pharmacokinetic study in the rabbit. The in vivo study involved oral administration of each drug in a hypo-osmolar aqueous solution as a control group. The second group (test group) involved administration of the same drugs in a hypo-osmolar solution containing 80 mM d-glucose and 30 mM NaCl. Serial plasma samples were obtained from the marginal ear vein at predetermined time intervals after drug administration. The AUC and Cmax of the three drugs were increased significantly in the presence of d-glucose. This increase was associated with significant delay in the Tmax. The results indicated that the oral bioavailability of ranitidine HCl, atenolol, and acyclovir sodium had been significantly enhanced in the presence of d-glucose. Thus, d-glucose coadministration can be used as a new approach to increase the intestinal permeability of BCS class III drugs.

The effect of silicon compounds on hematological indicators and content of lipids in blood of rabbits

The aim of the study was to find out the effect of casting of citrate nanosіlicon absorption and metasilicate sodium on the hematological parameters and lipid content and their fractional composition in blood plasma preparatory period 10 days prior to insemination and 20 days of lactation. The research was carried out on 60 rabbits of the Hyla hybrid, divided into three groups (control and two experimental), with 20 animals in each. The control animals were fed without limitation full-grain granulated feed with free access to water. Animals of the first experimental group (E-I) fed the diet of the control group and during the course of the day poured out the silicon citrate obtained using the nanotechnology method, 50 mkg Si/kg body weight with water. Samples of the second experimental group (E-II) feed the diet of the control group and set the sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3H2O) 2.5 mg Si/kg body weight with water. The trial lasted 95 days, including the preparatory period of 10 days, the trial – 85 days. In the preparatory period of 10 days from the beginning of the study and in a trial of 20 days of lactation (65 days of supplements) in the rabbits, samples of blood from the marginal ear vein were taken. Hematologic studies were performed using the automatic hematologic analyzer “Orphee Mythic 18”, in the blood plasma, the content of total lipids and their fractional composition were determined. It was established that the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin concentration in the blood of the rabbits of experimental group, which were given silicon citrate, were respectively higher by 15.2% (P &lt; 0.05) and 12.0% (P &lt; 0.01) by 20 days lactation versus control. This may indicate a more pronounced effect of the organic compound of silicon on the hematopoietic function of the body of the rabbits. According to white blood, the differences from control were found during the presentation of supplements with higher (P &lt; 0.05) changes in 20 days of lactation in animal blood and experimental group. It was noted that the content of triacylglycerols in plasma of blood of groups I and II was lower by 31.2 and 32.8%, respectively (P &lt; 0.05) compared to control. In blood plasma of animals in experimental groups an increase in the fractions of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and lysolecetin was observed compared to control. Such a redistribution was due to the reduction of the fractions of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol, and apparently, is associated with changes in the activity of the enzymes concerned. Hematological studies and determination of the fractional composition of lipids and phospholipids of blood plasma of the rabbits show positive changes that contribute to the metabolic accumulation of energy and plastic components of their organism.

Sampling and Preparation of Rabbit Serum.

Periodic test bleeds collected from immunized animals should be checked for the desired antibodies. For rabbits, test bleeds normally are performed from the marginal ear vein. Five to 10 mL can be collected conveniently and will provide more than enough serum for most tests.