Margalef Species Richness Index Research Articles

Relationship Between Diversity of Aquatic Plant Communities and Water Environmental Factors in Lhalu Wetland

Plant diversity plays an important role in the integrity and stability of wetland ecosystems. Lhalu Wetland is the highest wetland in the world and is the largest urban natural swamp in China. It plays an important role in ecological balance, increasing air humidity, improving the urban climate, and purifying the water environment in Lhasa. The changes in plant diversity in different areas of the Lhalu Wetland and its relationship with water environmental factors were analyzed via field investigation, field monitoring, and indoor analysis. Results showed that 18 species of aquatic plants were found in the Lhalu Wetland. The Margalef species richness index was in the order M (Middle west) > W (West) > E (East) > N (North) > S (South). Index of species richness ranked of W (11), M (11) > N (8) > E (7) > S (6). Index of ShannonWiener followed that of M (1.9) > W (1.89) > S (1.63) > E (1.26) > N(1.18). Index of Simpson ranked of N (0.44) > E (0.34) > M (0.24) > S (0.21) > W (0.18). The order of Pielou index was that of S (0.91) > M(0.79) > W(0.78) > E(0.65) > N(0.56). Redundancy analysis showed that the diversity of aquatic plants in the Lhalu Wetland was affected by dissolved oxygen, pH, water temperature, total nitrogen, and turbidity. The dominant species in the Lhalu Wetland are CeratopHyllum demersum L., Hippuris vulgaris, Polygonum hydropiper, Softstem bulrush, Acorus calamus, and Juncus effusus, which show a trend of non-pollution-resistant species succession to pollution-resistant species.

Phytocenological approach in biomonitoring of the state of aquatic ecosystems in Ukrainian Polesie

The results of a research into the scale and consequences of the degradation of aquatic ecosystems in Ukrainian Polesie have been detected in article, and the areas of increased anthropogenic pressure have been identified which greatly affect the condition and number of aquatic macrophytes. The biodiversity of sites with different anthropogenic load was evaluated using the biodiversity criteria. In the research, the structural and functional features of macrophytic species diversity within Teteriv River ecological corridor as a typical river landscape of Ukrainian Polesie were determined and described, the floristic composition was determined. Within the ecological zones, the number of species and their projective coverage in areas with different anthropogenic pressures within Teteriv River ecological corridor were determined. The basic criteria for the implementation of deferred biomonitoring based on the analysis of the dynamics of the spe-cies composition of the phytocoenoses of Teteriv River ecological corridor on the indicators of ecological stability and plasticity using the species-specific criteria, are: Margalef species richness index, Sørensen–Dice index, Shannon diversity index, Simpson’s index, and Pielou’s evenness index. Based on the results, correlation dependencies have been constructed, which will allow to obtain data on the stability of the development of aquatic ecosystems according to the data of species surveys. Interconnections between biodiversity indicators and indicators of surface water quality within the Ukrainian Polesie were found; they are the fundamental component of a long-term monitoring of the stability in the development of aquatic phytocenoses.

Habitat, diversity, and abundance of waterbirds in lantebung mangrove ecotourism area, Makassar city

Waterbirds are a significant part of mangrove forests due to their ecological role in the ecosystem. However, land conversion, human disturbance, pollution, and other anthropogenic factors are continued to give pressure to the existence of waterbirds, especially in the urban mangrove area. Therefore, this study aims to identify waterbirds habitat types and analyze its abundance and diversity at Lantebung Mangrove Ecotourism Area, Makassar City. Bird survey was done during three days, morning and afternoon, by walking along the peripheral of fish ponds and mudflats behind mangrove forest using binocular to identify waterbirds habitat types, kinds of species, and to count total individuals. The result shows there are four types of waterbirds habitat at Lantebung Mangrove Ecotourism Area, which are mangrove, mudflats, inactive fish ponds, and bushes. There are 18 species identified, with medium diversity (Shanon Weiner Diversity Index of 1.029), medium richness (Margalef Species Richness Index of 2.918), and stable species evenness (Hill Species Evenness Index of 0.356). Species with the highest abundance is Chadrius .sp with Relative Abundance Index 27%.

Marmara Denizi biyoçeşitliliği ve Derinsu pembe karidesi av miktarı

In this study indicated that biodiversity and catch composition of the beam trawl shrimp fishery in the Sea of Marmara. Sampling was carried out between October 2011 and February 2014 with beam trawler vessel operating in the Marmara Sea as seasonal. The Sea of Marmara were examined in 6 regions: Erdek, Tekirdag, Marmara Island, Kapidag and Yalova. In total, the catch consisted of 91 species belonging to 6 groups of marine fauna, including Osteichthyes (42 species), Chondrichthyes (7), Crustacea (12) Bivalvia (8), Cephalopoda (5), Echinodermata (10) and other invertebrates (7). Margalef species richness index (d), Shannon diversity index (H’), Pielou’s evenness index were calculated. Cruscal valis similarity diagrams were drawn by seasonal, regional and depth. According to seasons maximum species richness, diversity and evenness index values were in the winter periods. According to the regions maximum species richness, diversity and evenness index values were in the 1. (Erdek) and 4. (Kapidag) regions and minimum values of the indexes were in the 6. (Silivri) region. And the Cruscal valis similarity diagram shows % 57 similarity between the regions.

The abundance and diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in Talaud Islands, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Koneri R, Nangoy MJ, Siahaan P. 2019. The abundance and diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in Talaud Islands, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3275-3283. Butterflies play a number of roles in the ecosystem. They help pollination and natural propagation and also are an important element of the food chain as prey for bats, birds, and other insectivorous animals. This study aimed to analyze the abundance and diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in the Talaud Islands of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The sampling method used was scan sampling along the transect line in three habitat types, namely, forest edge, farmland, and shrubland. The species diversity was determined by using the diversity index (Shanon-Wiener), the species richness index was calculated using the Margalef species richness index (R1), while species evenness was counted by using the Shannon evenness index (E). One-way ANOVA and Duncan test at the 95% significance level were used to determine differences in species richness, species abundance, species diversity values, and species evenness among habitat. In this study, we identified 1008 individuals of butterfly consisted of 32 species and five families. Nymphalidae was the dominant family with 15 species, while the highest abundance species was Eurema tominia. The highest species abundance, species richness index, species diversity index, and species evenness index were found in forest edge habitat. The largest similarity index of the composition of the butterfly communities was found in forest edge and farmland habitats. The abundance and diversity of butterfly species in a habitat are strongly influenced by the diversity of vegetation as shelter and source of nectar for butterflies, and the existence of a river as a source of water and minerals from wet rocks, mud, and sand along the riverside.

A comprehensive ecological management approach for northern mountain rivers in China

Mountain rivers not only play an important role in flood control, but also perform other functions such as conserving water sources, regulating microclimate, and maintaining water ecology and biodiversity. Because the conventional approach to managing mountain rivers overlooks the intrinsic requirements of river water, alters the natural landscape of river channels, and destroys habitats, it leads to water quality deterioration and ecological imbalance. The Yang River is characteristic of northern mountain rivers, and so the ecological management project for this river – at the site of the forthcoming Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games – was selected as an example of comprehensive ecological management. This comprises an ecological, permeable dam–pond–wetland system. Results showed that: (Zhu et al., 2006): river water quality improved substantially; improvements in the water quality indices exhibited the trend suspended solids (SS) > ammonium-nitrogen (NH3-N) > chemical oxygen demand (COD) (Mikus et al., 2019). The Shannon–Wiener diversity index, Margalef species richness index, and Pielou evenness index all indicated increased phytoplankton by an average of 52.1%, 2.4%, and 98.9%, respectively. These three diversity indices showed increased zooplankton, by an average of 1.2%, 0.5%, and 3.3%, respectively. Water quality in the Yang River was found to have changed from moderate to light pollution (Kuemmerlen et al., 2019). Each subsystem increased removal of pollutants from the Yang River. Removal efficiencies of COD, total phosphorous (TP), total nitrogen (TN), NH3-N, and SS by the dam system were 28.57%, 28.3%, 20.5%, 24.0%, and 95%, respectively. Corresponding pollutant removal efficiencies by the pond system were 16.7%, 29.58%, 21.63%, 20.0%, and 99.8%, respectively. The wetland system achieved pollutant removal efficiencies of 44.0%, 17.1%, 6.7%, 13.9%, and 80.0%, respectively. This approach can mitigate flood control pressure, restore river ecology, and improve water quality in northern mountain rivers, and allow such rivers to achieve “retention–storage–restoration” effects. The ecological treatment approach provides an important theoretical foundation and technical reference for global mountain river management, and is especially applicable to mountain rivers in cold and arid regions in the northern hemisphere.

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG PADA HUTAN DATARAN RENDAH DI KOMPLEKS GUNUNG BULUSARAUNG TAMAN NASIONAL BANTIMURUNG BULUSARAUNG

Lowland Forest at the complex of Bulusaraung mountain in the Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park is one of important habitat of birds in South Sulawesi. This study aimed to identify bird’s diversity in the Lowland Forest of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park for ecotourism purposes. This research was carried out for 2 months between April and May 2018. The data were gathered by using line transect method. The data were analyzed by using Shannon-Weiner diversity index, Evenness index, Margalef species richness index, and Sorensen Similarity index. The result of the study showed that, there were 23 species of birds found in the three lines of observation tracks. There were 19 species found in Balleanging, 12 species in Kattokaddaro and 15 species found in Tompobulu.The highest value of bird diversity index was found in Tompobulu (H '= 1,73) followed by Balleanging (H' = 1,54) and Kattokaddaro routes (H '= 1,43). Therefore, the diversity of bird species in the three observation pathways can be used as objects and attractions in the development of ecotourism based on bird watching in wildlife conservation efforts.

Changes in the phytoplankton community structure of the Backshore Wetland of Expo Garden, Shanghai from 2009 to 2010

Phytoplankton community structure, abundance, and species' spatial and temporal distributions were examined for the Backshore Wetland of Expo Garden in Shanghai from September 2009 to August 2010. A total of 371 phytoplankton species were identified from 109 genera 8 phyla. There were 18 dominant species in total, and Phormidium tenue was dominant during four seasons. The mean annual abundance and biomass were 711.11 × 104 cells/L and 5.70 mg/L, respectively. The seasonal changing trend of existing stocks was bimodal, with main peaks of density and biomass occurring in the winter and a secondary peaks occurring in the summer. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′), the Margalef species richness index (D), and Pielou's species evenness index (J) showed a clear seasonal trend. All of the indices showed a changing pattern, with the highest recorded values from the summer to autumn and the lowest recorded values from the winter to spring. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that environmental factors, including water temperature, nitrate nitrogen, and pH were the main influencing factors to the change of phytoplankton community structure in the Backshore Wetland of Expo Garden in Shanghai.

拉萨河流域大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 拉萨河流域大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201806011224 作者: 作者单位: 呼伦贝尔市生态环境监测站,呼伦贝尔市环境监测中心站,呼伦贝尔市环境监测中心站 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 西藏自治区科技计划项目（Z2016C01G01/08） Macroinvertebrate community structure and relationships with environmental factors in the Lhasa River Basin Author: Affiliation: Ecological environment monitoring station of Inner Mongolia,Environmental monitoring center of Inner Mongolia,Environmental monitoring center of Inner Mongolia Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:2017年8月对拉萨河流域23个采样点的底栖动物群落和环境因子特征进行了调查，采集到大型底栖动物41属（种），其中水生昆虫35属（种），占85.4%；软体动物2属（种），占4.9%；环节动物3属（种），占7.3%；线形动物1属（种），占2.4%。各点位平均物种数为8种，优势种组成差别较大，优势种主要有四节蜉属（Baetis spp.）、大蚊属（Tipula sp.）、纹石蛾属（Hydopsyche sp.）、短石蛾属（Brachycentrus sp.）、水丝蚓属（Limnodrilus sp.）、摇蚊属（Chironomus sp.）等，各采样点底栖动物平均密度为362只/m2。运用生物多样性指数分析底栖动物的群落结构，Marglef丰富度指数、香农威纳指数和均匀度指数平均值分别为1.18、1.32和0.49，生物多样性指数水平较低。采用均匀度指数法和底栖动物BI指数法进行了水质评价，两种评价结果显示分别有30.3%和56.5%的采样点水质为中污染至重污染状态。典范对应分析结果表明：影响拉萨河流域底栖动物群落的主要环境因子是海拔、化学需氧量、硫化物、pH值、总磷和总氮。 Abstract:The macroinvertebrate community structure and environmental factors were surveyed in 23 sampling sites in the Lhasa River Basin in August 2017. A total of 41 macroinvertebrate species were collected, of which, 35 species (85.4%) were aquatic insects, 2 species (4.9%) were mollusks, 3 species (7.3%) were annelids, 1 species (2.4%) was nematomorpha. The average number of species was 8 from all sites, there were significant differences in the dominant species composition, the main dominant species were Baetis spp., Tipula sp., Hydopsyche sp., Brachycentrus sp., Limnodrilus sp., and Chironomus sp. The average density of macroinvertebrate species was 362 ind/m2. The macroinvertebrate community structure was evaluated by using biodiversity indices (including the Margalef species richness index, Shannon-Wiener index, and Pielou index). The level of biodiversity indices were relatively low, and the average value of each index was 1.18, 1.32, and 0.49, respectively. The Pielou index and Biotic Index were used to assess the water quality. The two results of assessment, respectively, showed that 30.3% and 56.5% of sampling sites were moderately polluted or heavily polluted. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that macroinvertebrate community structure was heavily determined by levels of altitude, CODCr, sulfides, pH, TP and TN. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Taxonomic composition and microecological indices of skin and subcutaneous tissue purulent-inflammatory processes

The aim — to study the taxonomic composition and microecological indicators of causative agents of acute purulent‑inflammatory diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.Materials and methods. A total of 97 patients with acute purulent‑inflammatory diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue were examined, in 50 (51.55 %) patients were diagnosed boils, 47 (48.45 %) had chronic ulcers, hidradenitis, carbuncles, and common furunculosis. Intraoperatively or during the redressing, the sample was taken and a bacteriological examination was performed within 2 hours.Results and discussion. 197 strains of conditionally pathogenic gram‑positive (89.85 %) and gram‑negative (20 — 10.15 %) bacteria were investigated and identified in patients. The coagulase‑positive S. aureus is the main microbial group in the constancy index, frequency of occurrence, Margalef species richness index, Simpson species diversity index and Berger‑Parker species dominance.Conclusions. Acute purulent‑inflammatory diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue are polyetiological diseases that are caused by Gram‑positive and Gram‑negative, facultative anaerobic and aerobic bacteria with a significant predominance of Gram‑positive cocci in association with other conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. In terms of taxonomic composition, microecological indicators, the leading causative agents of acute purulent‑inflammatory diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue are S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. pyogenes and P. vulgaris, E. coli, E coli Hly+, and E. aerogenes (1.05 %).

TAXONOMIC CONTENT AND MICROECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF MICROIBOTA FROM THE DENTAL ROOT CANAL CONTENT IN CASE OF CHRONIC GRANULATING PERIODONTITIS

The study deals with the detection of taxonomic and microecological parameters of the “macroorganism-microbiom” ecosystem of microbiota from the dental root canal content of 21 patients suffering from chronic granulating periodontitis. Objective – to determine taxonomic content and microecological parameters of microbiota from the dental root canal content in case of chronic granulating periodontitis of the upper and lower jaws. Materials and methods. The content of dental canals of 21 patients suffering from chronic granulating periodontitis was examined microbiologically. Taxon domination was determined on the basis of values of constancy index, frequency index, Margalef species richness index and Whittacker diversity index, and the rate of taxon domination – by the indices of Simpson diversity and Berger-Parker dominance. Results. Under conditions of chronic granulating periodontitis S. salivarius and yeast cells, autochtonous for the oral cavity, are found in the content of the dental root canals in 23,81 % and 19,05 % of the examined patients respectively. At the same time, bacteria from the genera Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Prevotella are found only in 9,52 % of patients suffering from chronic granulating periodontitis. According to constancy index, frequency index, Margalef species richness index, Whittacker diversity index, the indices of Simpson diversity and Berger-Parker dominance the main biotope microbiota from the content of the dental root canals in patients with chronic granulating periodontitis is presented by opportunistic S. anginosus, and additional microflora – by opportunistic S. haemolyticus, Р. aeruginosa. At the same time S. sanguis, S. pyogenes, S. mitis, S. faecalis, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Е. сoli, N. lactamica and С. albicans are iften found in the biotope.Conclusions. Under conditions of chronic granulating periodontitis contamination of the content of the dental root canals by opportunistic bacteria was found to be the following: S. anginosus (in 52,38 % of patients), S. haemolyticus (23,81 %), S. mitis (19,05 %), Е. сoli (19,05 %), and S. pyogenes, S. faecalis, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, Р. aeruginosa, С. albicans (from 23,81 % to 9,52 % of patients).

Arthropods Diversity and Population Dynamic of Helopeltis antonii Sign. (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Various Cocoa Agroecosystems Management

As an important pest, Helopeltis Antonii reduces cocoa yields ca. 32-44 %. Related to H. antonii, this research aimed to identify the arthropods diversity, population and attack intensity of H. antonii in three different managements of cocoa plantations i.e. Kedaton, Banjarsari and Nogosari, Jember district, East Java, Indonesia from February 2014 to February 2015. The arthropod collection was done by visually, sweep net, yellow pan, malaise and pitfall traps. Arthropods diversity and similarity were analyzed by Margalef species richness index (R), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), Evenness index (E), Simpson dominance index (C) and Sorensen Similarity index (SS). The different number of arthropod, population and attack intensity of H. antonii between plantations were examined by Wilcoxon test. The research showed that the highest species richness, diversity and evenness index values was in Nogosari and it was in a stable condition. About 10 orders, 35 families and 41 species of arthropods in Nogosari, it was higher than two other cocoa plantations. Nogosari was different from Kedaton and Banjarsari based on Sorensen Similarity Index with 78.26 and 77.78 % respectively. In addition, population dynamic and attack intensity of H. antonii in the three cocoa plantations were different in a year.

Farm diversification and food and nutrition security in Bangladesh: empirical evidence from nationally representative household panel data

Existing literature suggests that farm production diversification has the potential to influence the diet diversity of farmers, but that the magnitude of the association is likely to vary by context and the underlying causal mechanisms are not well understood. This study analyzed the nexus between farm diversification and diet diversity using two round of nationally representative panel data from the Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS), collected in 2011/12 and 2015. We used several indicators of dietary diversity including the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), Women’s Dietary Diversity Score (WDDS), and the Food Variety Score (FVS). To measure farm diversification we used the total number of crop, vegetable and fruit species, the number of food crop species only, and the Margalef species richness index. We found robust evidence for a positive association between farm diversification and diet diversity, even when controlling for unobserved heterogeneity across households using the conditional fixed effect Poisson model in order to take advantage of the panel structure of the data. The magnitude of the estimated effect was small. Analysis of other factors indicates that market access, commercialization of farms, diversification of income towards off farm sources and women’s empowerment also have positive and significant effects on household dietary diversity. These findings suggest that it may be necessary to couple efforts to increase farm diversity, market access, farm commercialization and income diversification with women’s empowerment in order to improve dietary diversity in Bangladesh. Further research is needed to better understand these complex relationships including their ultimate associations with nutritional status.

Short communication: gut microbiota of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is modulated by short-chain fructooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides

This study aimed at assessing the effect of short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on European sea bass juveniles gut microbiota. Four practical diets were formulated with fish meal (FM) and plant feedstuffs (PF) as protein sources (circa 30:70 of protein from FM:PF) and to include 1% of α-cellulose (control diet, CTR), or 1% of scFOS, XOS, or GOS (diets FOS, XOS, and GOS, respectively). Triplicate groups of fish with 79 g were fed with the experimental diets during 30 days. Gut content was sampled at days 7 and 30 for allochthonous microbiota characterization. Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, and Burkholderia were the main genera found in fish gut. Gut allochthonous microbiota presented an increased number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and a higher Margalef index of bacterial richness in fish fed scFOS and XOS. Gut allochthonous microbial OTUs, Margalef species richness index, Shannon’s diversity index, and SIMPER similarity were unaffected by sampling day. In conclusion, scFOS and XOS modulated European sea bass gut microbial community and this effect persisted throughout time. These changes in gut microbiota composition contribute to explain the positive effects on growth performance, immune status, and lipid and glucose metabolism previously reported in European sea bass fed with scFOS and XOS.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING LARGER BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA FROM CORAL REEF ENVIRONMENTS, SOUTH ANDAMAN ISLAND, INDIA

The waters around the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI) sustain a rich fauna, including larger benthic foraminifera (LBF), which are presently not well-studied. We documented the diversity and distribution of LBF at six reef sites (4–30 m) in South Andaman. We recorded a total of 16 LBF species belonging to 12 genera and 7 families. Amphistegina lessonii, A. radiata, and Calcarina spengleri were found at five of the sites surveyed. The density of living larger benthic foraminifera was 5–17 specimens per cm 2 . The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H) ranged from 0.90–2.06, the Margalef Species Richness Index (D) from 0.39–1.62 and Pielou’s Equitability Index (J) from 0.77–1.12. These relatively high index values reflect the carbonate environment, characterized by a diverse and relatively even distribution of larger benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the South Andaman Islands.

Species composition of microzooplankton Tintinnid from the coastal waters of Digha, Bay of Bengal.

Tintinnid species distribution and hydrography were studied in the coastal waters of Digha during winter (November 2015) and summer (March 2016) seasons. Surface water samples were collected from 11 different stations from 0 to 10km offshore with the help of a mechanized trawler. Parameters like tintinnid species enumeration, zooplankton biomass, phytoplankton concentration (total chlorophyll) and abundance, sea surface temperature (SST), pH, transparency, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total phosphate, silicate and nitrate were analysed. A total of 20 different tintinnid species (16 agglomerated +4 non-agglomerated) belonging to 6 genera were recorded from the study area with seasonal variation in tintinnid diversity, i.e. higher in summer (total 2745 individual/l) compared to winter (total 1191 individual/l). Tintinnopsis was the most dominant genus during both the seasons, i.e. 2100 individual/l in summer and 727 individual/l in winter, contributing about 76 and 61% population for the respective seasons. The correlation between species and water quality parameters showed that Tintinnopsis sp. abundance was significantly regulated by nitrate concentration, salinity, dissolved oxygen, water transparency and pH. However, the mentioned hydrological parameters were not the only factors regulating the tintinnid abundance. Tintinnid abundance was also found to be positively related with transparency (r=0.732) and salinity (r=0.524) and moderately related with dissolved oxygen (r=0.488) whereas strong negative relation (at p≤0.05) was established between tintinnid abundance with nitrate (r=-0.681) and pH (r=-0.561). Bray-Curtis cluster analysis of tintinnid species showed more than 60% similarity. Shannon's diversity index (H'), Simpson's evenness index (D) and Margalef's species richness index were found to be higher in summer, i.e. 1.61, 0.729 and 1.612, compared to the winter season, i.e. 1.139, 0.597 and 1.268. k-dominance curve showed maximum abundance of Tintinnopsis baltica in winter and Tintinnopsis gracilis in summer. Principal component analysis (PCA) was analysed to find out the environmental variables affecting different tintinnid species diversity. A significant spatiotemporal variation in Tintinnid population distribution was observed from two-way ANOVA. The results reflect significant seasonal (F=840.0), spatial (F=47.3) and interactive variation (F=71.2) among the ciliate microzooplankton at n=66, p≤0.001. High chlorophyll content and phytoplankton population in summer indicated that tintinnid diversity in the season was positively influenced by producer community in coastal waters of Digha.

Monthly changes in the benthic macro-invertebrate community structure in the habitats of Phragmites australis marsh in the Dongtan wetland of the Yangtze River estuary, China

Based on the data of the benthic macro-invertebrates community in the Phragmites australis marsh in the Dongtan Wetland of the Yangtze River estuary collected from May 2015 to April 2016, we evaluated the monthly variations in the species composition, biodiversity and community structure of the benthic macro-invertebrates. The results showed that the average height and degree of coverage for P. australis increased monthly from March to August, and then deceased from September. The density and aboveground biomass (dry mass, g) of P. australis peaked in July. A total of twenty species (including 2 species only identified to genus level and 2 species identified to family level) were found in the survey periods, including 11 Gastropoda, 5 Malacostraca, 2 Insecta and 2 Polychaeta. Three snail species (Assiminea latericea, Assiminea violacea and Cerithideopsis largillierti) dominated the benthic communities in terms of numerical abundance. The number of epifauna species was the most (11 species), followed by 5 burrowing species and 4 infauna species. There were significant monthly variations in the density and biomass of the macro-invertebrates. The density and biomass of benthic community reached the maximum in August. The Margalef's species richness index (D) and Shannon index (H) showed significant differences monthly, but Pielou's index (J) except in November. Three macro-zoobenthic assemblages were identified with the 42% similarity level. The non-Metric Multidimensional scaling plot indicates that the benthic community in May, October and November was distinct compared to that in the other months. The present study suggested the density of the benthic macro-invertebrates community in the P. australis marshes was somewhat correlated with water temperature, underground biomass and salinity. But those correlation were not significant (P>0.05). Because of the continuous impact of anthropogenic activities, the biodiversity of the benthic macro-invertebrate community has been decreasing for several years. More attention should be paid to the habitat value of the P. australis marshes in the future.

Taxonomic composition of microbiota of colon in breastfed infants with acute colienteritis

Introduction: In recent years, paradoxical situation has been created, that testifies adverse evolution of modern acute intestinal infections, especially in infants and vital prognosis for patients by measure of deep study of this disease in patients, which number is significant and continues to grow, and the prognosis is getting worse. Aim: To define the etiology of colienteritis in infants (1–6 months old), the taxonomic composition of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. Materials and methods: Content of colon of 48 children (one to six months old) with colienteritis underwent bacterial and mycological examination (control group – 35 samples of colon content of practically healthy infants). Results: Etiological structure was determined in 28 (58,33 %) of investigations. Consistency index, frequency of occurrence, Margalef species richness, Whittaker species diversity, Simpson and Berger–Parker species dominance indices of bacteria of genera Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Escherichia did not differ in patients and healthy children. These indices grow in Peptostreptococci : constancy index – by 78,26 %, frequency of occurrence – by 60,00 %, Margalef species richness index – by 2 times, Whittaker species diversity index – by 97,32 %, Simpson species dominance index – by 3 times and Berger - Parker index – by 65,31 %. These indices also grew in conditionally pathogenic Enterobacteria ( Proteus ) by 82,24 %, by 2 times, by 2,03 times, by 68,18 % respectively. Study of taxonomic composition of colon microbiota in children with acute colienteritis showed widespread contamination of biotope (cavity) by pathogenic ( E. coli Hly + , enteropathogenic E. coli ) and conditionally pathogenic ( C. diversus, Proteus ssp. ) Enterobacteria , Staphylococci , Peptococcus . This is accompanied with elimination of bacteria of genus Eubacterium from colon cavity. Conclusions: Acute colienteritis in one to six months old breastfed children developed on the background of reducing value of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and the contamination of colon with E. coli Hly+ , enteropathogenic Escherichia and C. diversus , Proteus , Peptococi , Staphylococci and Peptostreptococci , on the background of strengthening of value of Bacteroides and Escherichia .

湖南黄桑国家级自然保护区及其周边蝶类多样性及区系分析

2016年4~10月，在湖南黄桑国家级自然保护区选取6条生境不同的样线逐月进行了蝶类多样性调查，共记录到蝴蝶3611只，隶属5科96属170种。虽然灰蝶科的个体数最多(1365只，37.8%)，但以蛱蝶科的种类最多(87种，占51.2%)，其等级多样性指数最高(H'(GS) = 9.9636)，均匀度指数(J值)和物种丰富度指数(R值)也较高，属于优势类群。就H'(GS)值排序，蛱蝶科之后依次为弄蝶科、灰蝶科、粉蝶科、凤蝶科。位于保护区核心区的样线IV的蝶类群落具有最高的H'(GS)和R值，其J值也较高，但D值较低。位于保护区实验区的样线V的蝶类群落H'(GS)与R值均为最低，J值也较低，但D值较高。对6条样线进行的聚类分析表明，蝶类群落的相似度与生境质量及植被类型相关，位于保护区边界的样线I、II与处于保护区内的另4条样线的相似度都较低。7~10月间，蝶类的物种多样性指数(H')和R值稳定在较高的水平，但D值较低。区内的蝶类区系以东洋界种类为主体(123种，72.35%)，广布种有一定的数量(45种，26.47%)，古北界种类也有2种(1.18%)，表明该保护区的蝶类区系具有一定的复杂性和过渡性。 The diversity of butterfly in the Huangsang National Nature Reserve of Hunan Province (China) was investigated monthly in 6 selected different habitat transects from April to October, 2016. A total number of 3611 individuals were observed and found they belonged to 170 species of 96 genera under 5 families. The family Lycaenidae had the largest number of individuals (1365), accounting for 37.8% of the total. Followed by Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, and Papilionidae, the family Nymphalidae had the largest number of species (87), for 51.2% of the total, and the largest Taxonomic Diversity Index value (H’(GS) = 9.9636), and relatively larger Pielou Evenness Index (J value) & Margalef Species Richness Index (R value). The butterfly community in the transect IV located in the core area of the Reserve had the highest H’(GS) and R value, relatively larger J value, and lower D value, while the one of the transect V in the experimental area had the lowest H´(GS) and R value, relatively lower J value, and larger D value. The result obtained by cluster analysis for the 6 transects showed that the similarities of these butterfly communities were related to the habitat quality as well as vegetable types, however, the butterfly communities between the transect I, II (outside the Reserve) and the other four transects (within the Reserve) had relatively low similarity. Overall, from July to October, the butterfly communities present the relatively higher Species Diversity Index (H´) and R value but the lower D value. The butterfly fauna in this Reserve was dominated by the Oriental species (123, 72.35%), followed by the Widespread (45 species, 26.47%) and the Palearctic (2 species), and thus it appeared certain complexity and transitivity.

IMPACT OF INTENSIVE SYLVICULTURE SYSTEM (TPTII/SILIN) ON UNDERSTORY BIRD COMMUNITY AT TRIWIRA ASTA BHARATA FOREST CONCESSION, EAST KALIMANTAN

The objective of the research is to identify the impact of Intensive Indonesian Selective Cutting and Replanting System (TPTII/SILIN) at dipterocarp production forest on understory birds community. Two forest blocks were compared, one with TPTII/SILIN and the other with Indonesian Selective Cutting and Replanting System (TPTI). At each forest block, 10 of 4 x 10 m mist nets were installed for three days and then they were moved to other spot for other three days. Mist nets were opened from 06:00 to 17:00 and monitored every 15 minutes. The trapped bird was identified and body size measured, then subsequently released. Data was analyzed by using Important Value Index, Shannon-Weinner Diversity Index, Margalef Species Richness Index, Simpson Dominance Index, and Sorensen Similarity Index. Number of individu, number of species, Shanon-Wiener Diversity Index were compared statistically using student t-test. The result showed that Ceyx erithacus and Arcahnotera longirostra hold the highest important value index in TPTI and TPTII/SILIN respectively. Bird abundance, Shannon-Weinner Diversity Index and Margalef Species Richness Index were lower in TPTI than TPTII/SILIN. Meanwhile Simpson Dominance Index was higher at TPTI than TPTII/SILIN. Statistical analysis for the data of the two forest blocks showed significant differences on number of individual, number of species and Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index. TPTII/SILIN was better in supporting understory birds community than those of TPTI.