Mapping Of CO Research Articles

A forecast for large-scale structure constraints on Horndeski gravity with CO line intensity mapping

ABSTRACT We consider the potential for line intensity mapping (LIM) of the rotational CO(1-0), CO(2-1), and CO(3-2) transitions to detect deviations from General Relativity from 0 < z < 3 within the framework of a very general class of modified gravity models, called Horndeski’s theories. Our forecast assumes a multitracer analysis separately obtaining information from the matter power spectrum and the first two multipoles of the redshift space distortion power spectrum. To achieve ±0.1 level constraints on the slope of the kinetic gravity braiding and Planck mass evolution parameters, a mm-wave LIM experiment would need to accumulate ≈108–109 spectrometre-hours, feasible with instruments that could be deployed in the 2030s. Such a measurement would constrain the parameters of Horndeski’s theory at a level at worst competitive to and at best an order of magnitude tighter than existing constraints from the CMB and LSS. Our modelling code is publicly available.

Air Pollution Patterns Mapping of SO2, NO2, and CO Derived from TROPOMI over Central-East Europe

The analysis of changes in the level of air pollution concentration allows for the control of air quality and its compliance with the normative requirements. Currently, every country in Europe implements air quality monitoring. However, during emergencies in areas that are often difficult to monitor, the only source of information is geospatial data obtained by means of Earth observation techniques. The aims of this study were to estimate the amounts of pollutant concentrations and develop a pattern of spatiotemporal changes in Central and Eastern Europe in Poland and Ukraine. Due to the ongoing military operations in Ukraine, it is an area that is difficult to access. Pollution from industrial facilities, fires, collapsed buildings, and the use of explosive weapons poses a threat to air quality. Additionally, the impact of war on air pollution concentration levels remains unclear. This work characterized the changes in the distribution of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide concentrations in 2018–2022 in local zones in both countries. Publicly available TROPOMI-S5 satellite data were used for this study, which were compared with measurements from ground stations in Poland. It has been estimated that the concentration of NO2 (+0.67 ± 0.47 µmol/m2) in Poland has increased and the level of SO2 and CO have decreased in both studied areas: in Poland (−161.67 ± 5.48 µmol/m2, −470.85 ± 82.81 µmol/m2) and in Ukraine (−32.56 ± 23.51 µmol/m2, −438.04 ± 80.76 µmol/m2). The concentration of NO2 in Ukraine has decreased by −0.28 ± 0.21 µmol/m2.

Further to quantification of content, can reflectance spectroscopy determine the speciation of cobalt and nickel on a mine waste dump surface?

Toxic elements released due to mining activities are of the most important environmental concerns, characterised not only by their concentration, but also by their distribution among different chemical species, known as speciation. These are conventionally determined using chemical analysis and sequential extraction, which are expensive and time-demanding. In this study, the possibility of using visible–near-infrared–shortwave infrared (VNIR–SWIR) reflectance spectroscopy was investigated as an alternative technique to quantify the contents of cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) in soil samples collected from Sarcheshmeh copper mine waste dump surface, in Iran. As a novel approach, the capability of VNIR–SWIR spectroscopy was also investigated in speciation of those elements. Three machine learning (ML) techniques (i.e., extreme gradient boosting (EGB), random forest (RF) and support vector regression (SVR)) were used to make relationships between soil spectral responses and Co and Ni contents of the samples. For all ML algorithms, the best prediction accuracies were obtained by the models developed on the first derivative (FD) spectra (for Co: RMSEp values of 7.82, 8.03 and 9.22 mg·kg−1, and for Ni: RMSEp values of 9.88, 10.32 and 11.02 mg·kg−1, using EGB, RF and SVR, respectively). Spatial variability maps of elements showed relatively similar patterns between observed and predicted values. Correlation and ML (EGB, RF, SVR)-based methods revealed that the most important wavelengths for Co and Ni prediction were those related to iron oxides/hydroxides and clay minerals, as two main soil properties responsible for controlling their speciation. This study demonstrated that the EGB technique was successful at indirect quantification and spatial variability mapping of Co and Ni on the mine waste dump surface. In addition, it provided an inspiration for implementation of the VNIR–SWIR reflectance spectroscopy as a potentially fast and cost-effective method for speciation studies of toxic elements, especially in heterogeneous soil environments.

Modeling the Optical System of NASA's EXCLAIM Mission

NASA's EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM), is a balloon-borne instrument that is designed to perform intensity mapping of CO and CII at redshifts as high as z=3.5. It will map galaxy and star formation history over cosmological time. EXCLAIM will also demonstrate novel integrated silicon spectrometers using microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) that could be an enabling technology for the Origins Space Telescope or other future mid- to far-infrared space telescopes. Here we present progress toward a full electromagnetic simulation of EXCLAIM's optical system at its operational frequencies. The goal of these simulations is to verify the design of the optical system meets mission requirements. When combined with measurements of the instrument, the simulation will also verify that our understanding of the optical system is complete. This work is being done in preparation for the first flight in mid 2022.

Gridded Expansion of Forest Flux Observations and Mapping of Daily CO 2 Absorption by the Forests in Korea Using Numerical Weather Prediction Data and Satellite Images

Gridded Expansion of Forest Flux Observations and Mapping of Daily CO 2 Absorption by the Forests in Korea Using Numerical Weather Prediction Data and Satellite Images

Distribution of Natural and Anthropogenic Sources, and Mapping of As, Co, and Hg by Three Ecological Risk Indices in the Mid-continent of the USA

Three indicators are employed including the Enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation (I geo), and potential ecological risk assessment (PERI) to measure the degree of contamination of As, Co, and Hg in soils. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the concentration of As, Co, and Hg in the soils of Iowa (IA), Kansas (KS), and Nebraska (NE). Study of the spatial distribution of chemicals was carried out as part of the investigation, which leads to the suggestion of the potential source of the elements. EF, I geo and PERI indexes, As and Co contain minimal enrichment, and Hg is high. EF of As and Hg are similarly classified with minimal contamination as well as EF of Co in NE. EF can be ordered Hg > As > Co. PERI values of As and Co are classified as a low risk. PERI values of Hg are higher than As and Co. I geo values of As and Co indicate uncontaminated to moderately contaminated soil. I geo of Hg is highest of three chemicals order Hg > As > Co. However, I geo degree of As is approximately similar in the three states and it is higher than Co, which indicate as uncontaminated to moderately contaminated. PERI show serious ecological risk pollution of Hg in the soils. These investigations indicate minimal to moderate soil contamination with As and Co in the three states. The spatial distribution is widespread and continuous. Point source maps are compared with this present product. The nature of the spatial distribution correlates with the major human activity on the land, agriculture. The As, Co, and Hg chemistry of the soil is due to the intense fertilization that accompanies such successful agriculture, which originates from anthropogenic sources that require continuous monitoring.

Effective surface termination with Au on PtCo@Pt core-shell nanoparticle: Microstructural investigations and oxygen reduction reaction properties

We investigated the microstructures of Au-deposited PtCo@Pt core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) and discussed enhancement of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) properties by Au termination of low-coordination sites of the Pt-shell. The Au-deposited PtCo@Pt NPs showed an improved electrochemical structural stability, together with slight increment in increased initial, pristine area-specific activity relative to the non-Au-deposited PtCo@Pt NPs. Atomic-level microstructural characterization was performed by a back-side illumination fluorescence X-ray absorption fine structure (BI-FXAFS) method and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM-EDS). The BI-FXAFS results indicated that compressive lattice strain in the Pt-shells of the PtCo@Pt NPs was almost unchanged by the subsequent Au deposition. Furthermore, STEM-EDS mapping of Pt, Co, and Au clearly showed that the deposited Au tended to localize at low-coordination sites of the Pt-shell surface, e.g., edges and corners. The atomic-level microstructural characterization conducted in this study demonstrated that effective Au surface terminations of the Pt-shell enhance the ORR durability of Pt-based core-shell type NP catalysts.

Role of promoters and catalyst supports for selective synthesis of higher alcohols over molybdenum carbides

AbstractThe synthesis of higher alcohols from syngas is a very promising avenue as syngas can be derived from renewable (biomass) and non‐renewable feedstock (coal, natural gas). To date no commercial process exists for the conversion of syngas into higher alcohols due to poor alcohols yield and selectivity. The search for selective catalysts requires fundamental insight into how to enhance active sites for the formation of alcohols. In the present work, the dispersion of K2CO3 promoted molybdenum carbides over three different supports i.e., highly acidic (ɣ‐alumina), neutral (activated carbon), and basic (magnesium oxide) has been studied. The results revealed that acid sites of ɣ‐alumina expedited the dispersion of the K2CO3 promoter over the molybdenum carbide catalyst and facilitated carbon monoxide dissociation to form C2+ alcohols. The effect of the incorporation of cobalt into the textural and catalytic properties of alumina supported K‐Mo2C was also investigated. The elemental mapping of Co into the K‐Mo2C structure showed the presence of segregated Co and Mo2C islands, but an interaction was observed at the molecular level, resulting in a different H2 temperature‐programmed desorption pattern. With the decreased availability of surface adsorbed hydrogen of the Co promoted K‐Mo2C/Al2O3, the concentration of methanol was significantly reduced and the product selectivity shifted more towards higher alcohols.

Probing Cosmic Origins with CO and [C ii] Emission Lines

Abstract Primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG) is an invaluable window into the physical processes that gave rise to cosmological structure. The presence of local shape PNG imprints a distinct scale-dependent correction to the bias of dark matter tracers on large scales, which can be effectively probed via the technique of intensity mapping. Considering an upcoming generation of experiments, we demonstrate that intensity mapping of CO and [C ii] emission can improve upon the current best constraints from the Planck satellite. We show that measurement of the CO intensity power spectrum by a hypothetical next stage of the ground-based COMAP experiment can achieve and that the proposed CMB satellite mission PIXIE can achieve via measurement of the [C ii] intensity power spectrum.

Development of an imaging gas correlation spectrometry based mid-infrared camera for two-dimensional mapping of CO in vehicle exhausts.

Real-time imaging of CO in vehicle exhaust was demonstrated using a gas correlation spectrometry based mid-infrared camera for the first time. The novel gas-correlation imaging technique is used to eliminate the spectral interferences from background radiation and other major combustion products, and reduce the influences of the optical jitter and temperature variations, thereby identifying and quantifying the gas. We take several spectral factors into account for the instrument design, concentration calibration and data evaluation, including atmospheric transmission, radiation interference, as well as the spectral response of infrared camera, filter and gas cell. A calibration method based on the molecular spectroscopy and radiative transfer equation is developed to identify the numerical relationship between the CO concentration × length and the measured image intensity. Two-dimensional CO distribution of vehicle exhaust with a time resolution of 50 Hz and detection limit of 20 ppm × meter is achieved when the distance between optical equipment and engine nozzle is 3 m. The gas correlation spectrometry based mid-infrared camera shows a great potential as a future technique to monitor vehicle pollution emissions quantitatively and visually.

Compositional Analysis of Electrodeposited Cobalt Selenide Thin Films Using Continuous Flow Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microgravimetry

In this study, the composition of electrosynthesized cobalt selenide thin films was analyzed by electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry (EQCM) in a continuous flow mode. First, cobalt selenide films were electrodeposited on a Pt-EQCM electrode using a 0.1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte solution containing Co and Se precursor species at different potentials. A combination of sequential stripping and EQCM frequency monitoring protocol enabled mapping of the free Co, free Se, and CoSe content of the electrodeposited films. It was found that the composition of cobalt selenide film was very sensitive to the electrodeposition potential. The targeted CoSe content was maximum at −0.7 V and the free Co content was minimum at this potential. On the other hand, the free Se content decreased from ∼45% at −0.6 V to nearly 0% at −0.9 V. The film composition as established by the continuous flow analysis mode stood in stark contrast with the static (batch) mode where no free Co was observed in the films. Factors in these compositional differences as well as in the EQCM electrode geometry (face-down vs. face-up) are finally discussed.

Improved Electrochemical Performance of Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 By Surface Modification with Li-Ion-Conductive Li2TiO3

With the development of electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and electric power tools, lithium-rich oxide electrodes with layered structures have attracted considerable interest, due to their high specific capacity of about 250 mA·h/g between 2.0 V and 4.8 V. However, it suffers from intrinsic poor rate capability, voltage decay and cycle stability. In this paper, Li2TiO3 coated Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 cathode materials were fabricated via a combined method of wet chemical processes and high temperature solid state method. The precursor Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13(OH)1.6, obtained by a co-precipitation method as reported by Y.Chen[1], and an appropriate amount of concentrated ammonia were dispersed in absolute ethanol. Afterword a mixed solution of Ti(OC4H9)4 and absolute ethanol (10 mL) was added drop-wise for 10 min. Finally, the obtained TiO2@Mn0.53Ni0.13Co0.13(OH)1.6 were thoroughly mixed with an appropriate amount of LiOH·H2O, and then calcined at 900 ℃ for 12 h in air. The Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 samples coated with 3 wt% and 5 wt% Li2TiO3 were denoted as LNCM-T3 and LNCM-T5 respectively. The SEM image and EDS area mapping analysis of LNCM-T3 composite material presented in Fig.1 were performed to further identify the distribution of the LTO coating layer on the surface of coated LNCM. It is seen from Fig. 1 b–f that the Ti, O, Ni, Co and Mn elements uniformly distribute in the selected region of the nanoparticles, indicating that LTO were uniformly coated on the LNCM surface. Fig.1 g shows the improved electrochemical performance of the coated samples, especially, the LNCM-T3 electrode delivers a discharge capacity of 164 mA·h/g even at a high rate of 5C, whereas only 136 mA·h/g specific capacities can be obtained for the LNCM electrode at the same rate. In addition, when the current rate is reversed back to 0.1 C, a 96% of the initial capacity (252 mA·h/g at 0.1C) was recovered for the LNCM-T3 electrode compared to 91% of the LNCM electrode, which means that 3% LTO coating sample has a better structure stability. According, LTO serve as a surface protecting layer, not only protect the active materials from the erosion of HF, which produced during the high potential charging process and long-term cycling, but also improves the velocity of Li+ migration on electrode surface, particularly, when LTO was doped with aliovalent ions[2]. Fig.1 SEM plot (a) and the corresponding EDS area mapping of Ti(b), O (c), Ni (d), Co (e) and Mn (f) for LNCM-T3. And（g）Rate capability of pristine and coated LNCM under variable current rate. Acknowledgements This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no.5157020571). Reference [1] Chen Y, Xu G, Li J, et al. High capacity 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2 cathode material via a fast co-precipitation method[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2013,87:686-692. [2] Lu J, Peng Q, Wang W, et al. Nanoscale Coating of LiMO2 (M = Ni, Co, Mn) Nanobelts with Li+-Conductive Li2TiO3: Toward Better Rate Capabilities for Li-Ion Batteries[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2013,135(5):1649-1652. Figure 1

Synthesis and Three-Dimensional Magnetic Field Mapping of Co2FeGa Heusler Nanowires at 5 nm Resolution.

We present the synthesis of Co2FeGa Heusler nanowires and the results of our investigations on their three-dimensional (3D) electric and magnetic internal and external fields mapped by electron holographic tomography (EHT). These fields will be of great importance in next-generation nanomagnets integrated in spintronics and memory devices. The Co2FeGa nanowires with a L21 ordered structure are prepared by a SBA-15 silica-assisted method. The magnetic dipole-like stray fields of several Co2FeGa nanowires are revealed by holographically reconstructed phase images. Based on the measured magnetic phase shifts of an individual nanowire and its 3D reconstruction using EHT, we obtain an internal magnetic induction with a magnitude of 1.15 T and a nonmagnetic surface layer of 10 nm thickness. Furthermore, we also reconstruct the 3D distribution of the electrostatic potential of the same nanowire.

Chapter 14 Mapping of soil CO 2 diffuse degassing at São Miguel Island and its public health implications

Abstract Soil CO 2 diffuse degassing constitutes a permanent risk in quiescent volcanic–hydrothermal areas, as is the case in the Azores archipelago. Since the early 1990s geochemical studies carried out in São Miguel Island showed that some villages are placed in anomalous high degassing areas, and indoor measurements performed in various dwellings highlight the risk to the population. These high indoor CO 2 concentrations are not only measured in areas classified as high degassing areas, but lethal CO 2 concentrations are also registered in buildings located in areas previously defined as low- and medium-risk zones. These lethal values are measured in non-ventilated environments and basements in areas with soil CO 2 concentration above 1.5 vol%. Hazardous CO 2 concentrations are also commonly measured in buildings located in zones where soil CO 2 is higher than 5 vol%. Considering the dangerous values registered and the fact that indoor gas concentration can increase several orders of magnitude owing to peculiar meteorological conditions, updated values are suggested for the correlation between soil gas concentration and CO 2 exposure. This study highlights that both the use of soil degassing maps by land-use planners and appropriate construction rules for buildings placed in degassing areas are necessary.

Evaluation of MARS for the spatial distribution modeling of carbon monoxide in an urban area

Spatial distribution modeling of CO in Tehran can lead to better air pollution management and control, and it is also suitable for exposure assessment and epidemiological studies. In this study MARS (Multi–variate Adaptive Regression Splines) is compared with typical interpolation techniques for spatial distribution modeling of hourly and daily CO concentrations in Tehran, Iran. The measured CO data in 2008 by 16 monitoring stations were used in this study. The Generalized Cross Validation (GCV) and Cross Validation techniques were utilized for the parameter optimization in the MARS and other techniques, respectively. Then the optimized techniques were compared based on the mean absolute of percentage error (MAPE). Although the Cokriging technique presented less MAPE than the Inverse Distance Weighting, Thin Plate Smooth Splines and Kriging techniques, MARS exhibited the least MAPE. In addition, the MARS modeling procedure is easy. Therefore, MARS has merit to be introduced as an appropriate method for spatial distribution modeling. The number of air pollution monitoring stations is very low (16 stations for 22 zones) and the distribution of stations is not suitable for spatial estimation, hence the level of errors was relatively high (more than 60%). Consequently, hourly and daily mapping of CO provides a limited picture of spatial patterns of CO in Tehran, but it is suitable for estimation of relative CO levels in different zones of Tehran. Hence, the map of mean annual CO concentration was generated by averaging daily CO distributions in 2008. It showed that the most polluted regions in Tehran are the central, eastern and southeastern parts, and mean annual CO concentration in these parts (zones 6, 12, 13,14 and 15) is between 4.2 and 4.6 ppm.

Genetic and physical mapping of Co, a gene controlling the columnar trait of apple

The columnar trait in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is characterized by short internodes, reduced branching, and increased spurs, which are labor-saving features useful for high-density planting. In this study, we used six segregating populations of a descendant of the columnar-type cultivar ‘Maypole’ and constructed a genetic linkage map for the columnar gene (Co). Based on the linkage map of the Co gene, contig sequences of the Co region between simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers CH03d11 and Hi01a03 of the apple genome were screened for SSR motifs. Amplification of 14 out of 26 newly designed SSR markers yielded fragments specifically linked to the Co gene. Genotyping of recombinants with the 14-marker set and five additional Co-linked markers delimited the Co region to a 530-kb region of the apple genome that overlap those found in previous studies in spite of the different genetic materials and backgrounds. Eight markers showed co-segregation with the Co locus. Genotypes of columnar cultivars/selections and normal-type cultivars were determined for four closely linked markers. For three markers, Co-linked fragments were generated not only from columnar-type cultivars but also from the ‘McIntosh’ and its normal-type offspring. In contrast, the Co-specific marker 29f1-JWl1r corresponded completely with the columnar trait in all cultivars and recombinants, indicating that this marker would be valuable for marker-assisted selection during columnar apple breeding.

CO2 Migration Monitoring by Means of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) – Review on Five Years of Operation of a Permanent ERT System at the Ketzin Pilot Site

Abstract At the Ketzin pilot site, Germany, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a substantial component in a multi-disciplinary monitoring concept established in order to image CO 2 injected in a saline aquifer. Since more than five years, crosshole ERT data sets have repeatedly been collected using a borehole electrode array acting as a permanent reservoir monitoring tool. This contribution summarizes the aspects being essential for a successful deployment and operation of such a downhole installation. It is shown that the presented installation can facilitate stable and reliable data collection at least throughout the investigated five- year period of ongoing CO 2 injection. Based on the experiences being gained so far, it is concluded that a properly calibrated and integrated downhole ERT system allows for mapping of quantitative CO 2 saturation estimates in the subsurface.

High resolution mapping of CO(1–0) in NGC 6240

We present high spatial resolution CO(1-0) mapping of the luminous infrared galaxy NGC6240 obtained with the IRAM - Plateau de Bure Interferometer. This source is a well-known early-stage merging system hosting two AGN. We find a broad CO(1-0) line profile, with maximum velocity 800 km/s and FWZI=1400 km/s, and displaying several kinematic components, revealing the complexity of the gas dynamics in this system. We detect a blueshifted CO emission with velocity in the range -200 and -500 km/s, peaked around the southern AGN, at the same position where the H2 outflow is located, and with a mass loss rate of ~500 Msun/yr. We interpret this blueshifted component as a outflow, originating from the southern nucleus. The spatial and spectral match strongly suggests that the CO outflow is connected to the H2 superwind located around the southern nucleus, and to the large scale CO outflow, with similar velocities, extended on scales of 10 kpc. The large mass loading factor (dM/dt /SFR ~ 10) of the molecular gas suggests that the outflow is likely driven by both SNa winds and the radiation of the southern AGN. We discovered a nuclear, redshifted CO emission peaking in the mid point of the two nuclei, as it is the case for the CO emission at the systemic velocity. The large velocity dispersion, which reaches its maximum (~500 Km/s) in the mid point between the two nuclei, suggests that the gas might be highly turbulent in this region, although the presence of an unresolved rotation component cannot be ruled out.

Genetic and physical characterisation of the locus controlling columnar habit in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.)

A better understanding of the genetic control of tree architecture would potentially allow improved tailoring of newly bred apple cultivars in terms of field management aspects, such as planting density, pruning, pest control and disease protection. It would also have an indirect impact on yield and fruit quality. The Columnar (Co) locus strongly suppresses lateral branch elongation and is the most important genetic locus influencing tree architecture in apple. Co has previously been mapped on apple linkage group (LG) 10. In order to obtain fine mapping of Co, both genetically and physically, we have phenotypically analysed and screened three adult segregating experimental populations, with a total of 301 F1 plants, and one substantial 3-year old population of 1,250 F1 plants with newly developed simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, based on the ‘Golden delicious’ apple genome sequence now available. Co was found to co-segregate with SSR marker Co04R12 and was confined in a region of 0.56 cM between SSR markers Co04R11 and Co04R13, corresponding to 393 kb on the ‘Golden delicious’ genome sequence. In this region, 36 genes were predicted, including at least seven sequences potentially belonging to genes that could be considered candidates for involvement in control of shoot development. Our results provide highly reliable, virtually co-segregating markers that will facilitate apple breeding aimed at modifications of the tree habit and lay the foundations for the cloning of Co.

Fine mapping of Co, a gene controlling columnar growth habit located on apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) linkage group 10

With 2 figures and 3 tablesAbstractTree architecture and shoot morphology are important factors in apple production systems. Because a columnar growth habit facilitates high‐density planting and labour‐saving fruit production methods, columnar apple breeding programmes are spreading worldwide. Columnar growth habit is controlled by a single dominant gene, Co, on linkage group 10. Fine mapping of Co was conducted using 1000 F1 progeny plants from 31 populations. Novel simple sequence‐repeat (SSR) markers were developed based on the genome sequence of apple ‘Golden Delicious’ and analysed for linkage to Co. Graphical genotyping of 22 progeny with recombination event in the vicinity of Co identified three SSR markers (Mdo.chr10.12, Mdo.chr10.13 and Mdo.chr10.14) that co‐segregated with Co. Mdo.chr10.12 and Mdo.chr10.14 are well suited for marker‐assisted selection because the sizes of the alleles linked to Co are different from those found in common ancestors of current apple breeding germplasm. The Co region was delimited to a 196‐kb region of the apple genome, between markers Mdo.chr10.11 and Mdo.chr10.15.