MAPK-activated Protein Kinase Research Articles

Regulation of CCR4-NOT complex deadenylase activity and cellular responses by MK2-dependent phosphorylation of CNOT2

ABSTRACT CCR4-NOT complex-mediated mRNA deadenylation serves critical functions in multiple biological processes, yet how this activity is regulated is not fully understood. Here, we show that osmotic stress induces MAPKAPK-2 (MK2)-mediated phosphorylation of CNOT2. Programmed cell death is greatly enhanced by osmotic stress in CNOT2-depleted cells, indicating that CNOT2 is responsible for stress resistance of cells. Although wild-type (WT) and non-phosphorylatable CNOT2 mutants reverse this sensitivity, a phosphomimetic form of CNOT2, in which serine at the phosphorylation site is replaced with glutamate, does not have this function. We also show that mRNAs have elongated poly(A) tails in CNOT2-depleted cells and that introduction of CNOT2 WT or a non-phosphorylatable mutant, but not phosphomimetic CNOT2, renders their poly(A) tail lengths comparable to those in control HeLa cells. Consistent with this, the CCR4-NOT complex containing phosphomimetic CNOT2 exhibits less deadenylase activity than that containing CNOT2 WT. These data suggest that CCR4-NOT complex deadenylase activity is regulated by post-translational modification, yielding dynamic control of mRNA deadenylation.

MAPK Activated Protein Kinase 3 Is a Prognostic-Related Biomarker and Associated With Immune Infiltrates in Glioma.

Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor that causes significant morbidity and mortality. MAPK activated protein kinase 3 (MAPKAPK3/MK3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase regulating various cellular responses and gene expression. However, the role of MK3 in tumor progress, prognosis, and immunity for glioma remains unclear. Here, we determined the expression and prognostic values of MK3. We further analyzed the correlation of MK3 expression with immune infiltrations by using the biochemical methods and bioinformatic approaches with available databases. We find that MK3 is aberrantly upregulated in glioma. In addition, the higher MK3 expression is closely linked to the poor clinicopathologic features of glioma patients. Importantly, MK3 expression is negatively correlated with the prognosis of patients with glioma. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the correlated genes of MK3 were mainly enriched in pathways that regulate tumor immune responses. The MK3 level was significantly associated with tumor-infiltrating immune cells and positively correlated with the majority of tumor immunoinhibitors, chemokines, and chemokine receptors in glioma. Thus, these findings suggest the novel prognostic roles of MK3 and define MK3 as a promising target for glioma immunotherapy.

The MK2/Hsp27 axis is a major survival mechanism for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma under genotoxic stress.

Combination chemotherapies remain the cornerstone treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but de novo and acquired resistance is common. In this study, we aimed to identify and characterize resistance mechanisms to a FIRINOX chemotherapy regimen (a combination of 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin) because it is the most aggressive regimen currently used clinically for patients with PDAC. Using an unbiased reverse-phase protein array, we detected phospho-activation of heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) as the most up-regulated event after FIRINOX treatment in PDAC cells. Silencing HSP27 by RNA interference or by a small-molecule inhibitor enhanced apoptosis caused by FIRINOX in vitro. Mechanistically, FIRINOX up-regulated tumor necrosis factor–α (TNFα), causing autocrine phosphorylation and activation of transforming growth factor–β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1), MAPK activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2 or MK2), and, ultimately, Hsp27. Targeting MK2, the kinase that directly phosphorylates Hsp27, abrogated Hsp27 activation, sensitized PDAC cells to apoptosis, and suppressed SN-38–induced protective autophagy in vitro, in part by blocking phospho-activation of Beclin1. In an autochthonous PDAC mouse model, the MK2 inhibitor ATI-450 decreased PDAC development and progression. When combined with FIRINOX, ATI-450 eliminated most PDAC foci and marked prolonged mouse survival without causing additional toxicity. Last, we found that high phospho-MK2 expression in tumors was associated with poorer survival of patients with PDAC. Our study identified MK2 as a mediator of genotoxic stress–induced activation of prosurvival pathways and provides preclinical support for combining an MK2 inhibitor with FIRINOX-based chemotherapies to treat PDAC.

Inhibition of DTYMK significantly restrains the growth of HCC and increases sensitivity to oxaliplatin

Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are in the middle or advanced stage at the time of diagnosis, and the therapeutic effect is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to verify whether deoxythymidylate kinase (DTYMK) increased in HCC and was an effective therapeutic target in HCC. The findings revealed that the DTYMK level significantly increased and correlated with poor prognosis in HCC. However, nothing else is known, except that DTYMK could catalyze the phosphorylation of deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) to form deoxythymidine diphosphate (dTDP). A number of experiments were performed to study the function of DTYMK in vitro and in vivo to resolve this knowledge gap. The knockdown of DTYMK was found to significantly inhibit the growth of HCC and increase the sensitivity to oxaliplatin, which is commonly used in HCC treatment. Moreover, DTYMK was found to competitively combine with miR-378a-3p to maintain the expression of MAPK activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2) and thus activate the phospho-heat shock protein 27 (phospho-HSP27)/nuclear factor NF-kappaB (NF-κB) axis, which mediated the drug resistance, proliferation of tumor cells, and infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages by inducing the expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5). Thus, this study demonstrated a new mechanism and provided a new insight into the role of mRNA in not only encoding proteins to regulate the process of life but also regulating the expression of other genes and tumor microenvironment through the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism.

MK2a inhibitor CMPD1 abrogates chikungunya virus infection by modulating actin remodeling pathway.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) epidemics around the world have created public health concern with the unavailability of effective drugs and vaccines. This emphasizes the need for molecular understanding of host-virus interactions for developing effective targeted antivirals. Microarray analysis was carried out using CHIKV strain (Prototype and Indian) infected Vero cells and two host isozymes, MAPK activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) and MAPK activated protein kinase 3 (MK3) were selected for further analysis. The substrate spectrum of both enzymes is indistinguishable and covers proteins involved in cytokines production, endocytosis, reorganization of the cytoskeleton, cell migration, cell cycle control, chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation. Gene silencing and drug treatment were performed in vitro and in vivo to unravel the role of MK2/MK3 in CHIKV infection. Gene silencing of MK2 and MK3 abrogated around 58% CHIKV progeny release from the host cell and a MK2 activation inhibitor (CMPD1) treatment demonstrated 68% inhibition of viral infection suggesting a major role of MAPKAPKs during late CHIKV infection in vitro. Further, it was observed that the inhibition in viral infection is primarily due to the abrogation of lamellipodium formation through modulation of factors involved in the actin cytoskeleton remodeling pathway. Moreover, CHIKV-infected C57BL/6 mice demonstrated reduction in the viral copy number, lessened disease score and better survivability after CMPD1 treatment. In addition, reduction in expression of key pro-inflammatory mediators such as CXCL13, RAGE, FGF, MMP9 and increase in HGF (a CHIKV infection recovery marker) was observed indicating the effectiveness of the drug against CHIKV. Taken together it can be proposed that MK2 and MK3 are crucial host factors for CHIKV infection and can be considered as important target for developing effective anti-CHIKV strategies.

Therapeutic MK2 inhibition blocks pathological vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switch.

Vascular procedures, such as stenting, angioplasty, and bypass grafting, often fail due to intimal hyperplasia (IH), wherein contractile vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) dedifferentiate to synthetic VSMCs, which are highly proliferative, migratory, and fibrotic. Previous studies suggest MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) inhibition may limit VSMC proliferation and IH, although the molecular mechanism underlying the observation remains unclear. We demonstrated here that MK2 inhibition blocked the molecular program of contractile to synthetic dedifferentiation and mitigated IH development. Molecular markers of the VSMC contractile phenotype were sustained over time in culture in rat primary VSMCs treated with potent, long-lasting MK2 inhibitory peptide nanopolyplexes (MK2i-NPs), a result supported in human saphenous vein specimens cultured ex vivo. RNA-Seq of MK2i-NP–treated primary human VSMCs revealed programmatic switching toward a contractile VSMC gene expression profile, increasing expression of antiinflammatory and contractile-associated genes while lowering expression of proinflammatory, promigratory, and synthetic phenotype–associated genes. Finally, these results were confirmed using an in vivo rabbit vein graft model where brief, intraoperative treatment with MK2i-NPs decreased IH and synthetic phenotype markers while preserving contractile proteins. These results support further development of MK2i-NPs as a therapy for blocking VSMC phenotype switch and IH associated with cardiovascular procedures.

C-type natriuretic peptide promotes adipogenic differentiation of goat adipose-derived stem cells via cGMP/PKG/ p38 MAPK signal pathway.

C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a member of natriuretic peptide family, which plays unique roles in cardiovascular system. Once CNP binds to natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B), NPR-B induces the production of cGMP, thereby activating PKG and downstream targets. The expression of NPR-B in adipose tissue led to a hypothesis that CNP could have roles involving in regulation of adipogenesis. However, there are few studies on the relationship between CNP and adipogenesis in goat. In the present study, goat adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and employed to investigate the effect of CNP on adipogenesis in goat. The results showed that CNP significantly promoted adipogenic differentiation of goat ADSCs and also up-regulated the expression of brown adipose genes including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α (PGC-1α). Furthermore, treatment with CNP increased the cGMP production and the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), MAPK activated protein kinase 2 (MK2), and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) during adipogenic differentiation. Conversely, PKG inhibitor Rp-8-CPT-cGMP or p38 MAPK specific inhibitor SB203580 abolished stimulative effect of CNP on adipogenic differentiation. Collectively, it is proved that CNP promoted adipogenic differentiation of goat ADSCs depending on the cGMP/PKG/p38 MAPK signal pathway.

Inhibition of CD40-Induced MAPK Activated Protein Kinase 2 (MK2) Reduces Leishmania major Infection

Inhibition of CD40-Induced MAPK Activated Protein Kinase 2 (MK2) Reduces Leishmania major Infection

Signaling of MK2 sustains robust AP1 activity for triple negative breast cancer tumorigenesis through direct phosphorylation of JAB1

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells are generally more invasive than estrogen receptor-positive (ER + ) breast cancer cells. Consistent with the importance of activator protein 1 (AP1) transcription factors in invasion, AP1 activity is much higher in TNBC lines than ER + lines. In TNBC cells, robust AP1 activity is facilitated by both ERK and p38MAPK signaling pathways. While ERK signaling pathway regulates AP1 activity by controlling the abundance of AP1 transcription factors, p38MAPK signaling pathway does it by enhancing AP1 binding to AP1 sites without altering their abundance. Here, we show that p38MAPK regulation of AP1 activity involves both MAPKAPK2 (MK2) and JAB1, a known JUN-binding protein. MK2 not only interacts with JAB1 but also directly phosphorylates JAB1 at Ser177 in TNBC cells. Interestingly, Ser177 phosphorylation does not affect JAB1 and JUN interaction. Instead, interfering with p38MAPK signaling pathway or introducing an S to A point mutation at Ser177 of JAB1 reduces JUN recruitment to the AP1 sites in cyclin D1, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and uPA receptor promoters. Moreover, knockdown of JAB1 diminishes >60% of AP1 transcriptional activity in TNBC cells. Taken together, these results indicate that MK2-mediated phosphorylation of JAB1 facilitates JUN recruitment to AP1 sites, thus augmenting AP1 activity. In line with the role of JAB1 in AP1 activity, silencing JAB1 leads to dramatic reduction in TNBC cell growth, in vitro invasion and in vivo tumor outgrowth. This study suggests that the p38MAPK-MK2 signaling pathway promotes TNBC tumorigenesis by sustaining robust AP1 activity.

Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the MK2 Inhibitor ATI-450 in Healthy Subjects: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Phase 1 Study.

PurposeATI-450 is an oral, small-molecule inhibitor of the p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) inflammatory signaling pathway. This phase 1, single and multiple ascending dose (SAD, MAD) study evaluated ATI-450 safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.Patients and MethodsHealthy adults were randomly assigned to SAD (10, 30, 50, 100 mg; n=24) and MAD (10, 30, 50 mg twice daily [BID] for 7 days; n=24) cohorts of ATI-450 or placebo (n=14). Safety and tolerability were evaluated through clinical and laboratory assessments. Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated in plasma samples; pharmacodynamic assessments included quantification of cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and phosphorylation of the MK2 downstream substrate, heat shock protein 27 (p-HSP27).ResultsThe most common adverse events were headache (10/48, 20.8%), dizziness (6/48, 12.5%), upper respiratory tract infection (3/48, 6.3%), and constipation (3/48, 6.3%). Pharmacokinetics were dose-proportional, with a terminal half-life of 9‒12 hours in the MAD cohorts on day 7. Dose- and concentration-dependent inhibition of ex vivo stimulated cytokines and target biomarker was observed. On day 7, patients in the 50 mg BID dose cohort recorded mean trough drug levels that were 1.4, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4 times greater than the IC80 for TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and p-HSP27, respectively. Mean Cmax was 3.5, 5.4, 5.6, and 6.0 times greater than the IC80 for TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and p-HSP27, respectively. IL-6 inhibition >50% was noted for part of the dosing interval.ConclusionATI-450 was well tolerated at the doses investigated, exhibited dose- and time-independent (ie, linear) pharmacokinetics, and dose-related pharmacodynamic effects. These results support further study of ATI-450 in immunoinflammatory diseases in phase 2 trials.

Highlights from Recent Cancer Literature

Highlights from Recent Cancer Literature

A novel assay for screening WIP1 phosphatase substrates in nuclear extracts.

Upon exposure to genotoxic stress, cells activate DNA damage response (DDR) that coordinates DNA repair with a temporal arrest in the cell cycle progression. DDR is triggered by activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated/ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein kinases that phosphorylate multiple targets including tumor suppressor protein tumor suppressor p53 (p53). In addition, DNA damage can activate parallel stress response pathways [such as mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 alpha (p38)/MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) kinases] contributing to establishing the cell cycle arrest. Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (WIP1) controls timely inactivation of DDR and is needed for recovery from the G2 checkpoint by counteracting the function of p53. Here, we developed a simple invitro assay for testing WIP1 substrates in nuclear extracts. Whereas we did not detect any activity of WIP1 toward p38/MK2, we confirmed p53 as a substrate of WIP1. Inhibition or inactivation of WIP1 in U2OS cells increased phosphorylation of p53 at S15 and potentiated its acetylation at K382. Further, we identified Deleted in breast cancer gene 1 (DBC1) as a new substrate of WIP1 but surprisingly, depletion of DBC1 did not interfere with the ability of WIP1 to regulate p53 acetylation. Instead, we have found that WIP1 activity suppresses p53-K382 acetylation by inhibiting the interaction between p53 and the acetyltransferase p300. Newly established phosphatase assay allows an easy comparison of WIP1 ability to dephosphorylate various proteins and thus contributes to identification of its physiological substrates.

The p38/MK2 Axis in Monocytes of Fibromyalgia Syndrome Patients: An Explorative Study.

Background and Objectives: The aetiology and pathomechanism of fibromyalgia syndrome 12 (FMS) as one of chronic pain syndromes still need to be further elucidated. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been proposed as a novel approach in pain management. Since the major symptom of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients is pain, it became of interest whether MAPK pathways, such as the stress-activated p38 MAPK/MK2 axis, are activated in FMS patients. Therefore, this study aimed at determining p38 MAPK/MK2 in FMS patients. Materials and Methods: Phosphorylation of MAPK-activated protein kinases 2 (MK2), a direct target of p38 MAPK, was measured in monocytes of FMS and healthy controls (HCs) to monitor the activity of this pathway. Results: The mean level of phosphorylated MK2 was fivefold higher in FMS patients as compared to HCs (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that antidepressants did not influence the activity of MK2 in FMS patients. Conclusions: This result indicates that the p38/MK2 pathway could be involved in the pathomechanism of FMS, could act as a clinical marker for FMS, and could be a possible target for pain management in FMS patients.

Heat Shock Protein 70 Performs as Pharmacological Preconditioning to Protect against Lung Ischemia Reperfusion Injury through Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling

Purpose We previously reported that the evidence for a protective role of the innate immune system in lung ischemic preconditioning (IPC), which is mediated a MyD88-independent pathway through TRIF, leading to NF-κB activation also heat shock proteins (HSPs) and protection against lung ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury (LIRI). We therefore hypothesized that exogenous HSPs would provide pharmacological preconditioning (PPC). In the present study, we examined whether recombinant HSP70 (rHSP70) in addition to recombinant HSP27 (rHSP27) affected PPC to protect against LIRI. Methods C57BL/6 mice received prHSP27(2.5 mg/kg), which rHSP27 phosphorylated by MAPKAP kinase 2 in vitro, rHSP70 (5.0 mg/kg), or vehicle 30 minutes prior to 60 minutes of ischemia of their left lungs, followed by 180 minutes of reperfusion or IPC with six cycles of 5 minutes ischemia and 5 minutes reperfusion prior to I/R. Response to injury was quantified by tissue MPO activity, vascular permeability, and leukocyte and inflammatory mediator accumulation in BAL expression. Lung homogenates were also analyzed for activation of MyD88, TRIF, NF-κB, and HSP-70. Results In contrast to rHSP27, pretreatment of mice with rHSP70, not phosphorylated in vitro, did result in the development of a significant smaller LIRI, which quantified by vascular permeability, MPO activity, and BAL components when compared with vehicle treated lungs. In the rHSP70 treated group, there was no activation of MyD88 before I/R as in the prHSP27 treated group, however a strong activation of TRIF, NF-κB, also HSP70 was showing before I/R unlike the prHSP27 treated group. Conclusion In this study, we provide evidence for a protective role of the innate immune system in PPC with exogenous HSPs against LIRI. These data also indicate that HSP70, in contrast to HSP27, does not require its phosphorylation to perform protection against LIRI. It suggests that HSP70 may itself play as an agent for PPC through TLR4 signaling pathway.

Development of cell-based high throughput luminescence assay for drug discovery in inhibiting OCT4/DNA-PKcs and OCT4-MK2 interactions.

Amplification-independent c-MYC overexpression is suggested in multiple cancers. Targeting c-MYC activity has therapeutic potential, but efforts thus far have been mostly unsuccessful. To find a druggable target to modulate c-MYC activity in cancer, we identified two kinases, MAPKAPK2 (MK2) and the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), which phosphorylate the Ser111 and the Ser93 residues of OCT4, respectively, to transcriptionally activate c-MYC. Using these observations, we present here a novel cell-based luminescence assay to identify compounds that inhibit the interaction between these kinases and OCT4. After screening approximately 80,000 compounds, we identified 56 compounds ("hits") that inhibited the luminescence reaction between DNA-PKcs and OCT4, and 65 hits inhibiting the MK2-OCT4 interaction. Using custom antibodies specific for pOCT4S93 and pOCT4S111 , the "hits" were validated for their effect on OCT4 phosphorylation and activation. Using a two-step method for validation, we identified two candidate compounds from the DNA-PKcs assay and three from the MK2 assay. All five compounds demonstrate a significant ability to kill cancer cells in the nanomolar range. In conclusion, we developed a cell-based luminescence assay to identify novel inhibitors targeting c-MYC transcriptional activation, and have found five compounds that may function as lead compounds for further development.

MAPKAP Kinase-2 Drives Expression of Angiogenic Factors by Tumor-Associated Macrophages in a Model of Inflammation-Induced Colon Cancer.

Chronic inflammation increases the risk for colorectal cancer through a variety of mechanisms involving the tumor microenvironment. MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2), a major effector of the p38 MAPK stress and DNA damage response signaling pathway, and a critical regulator of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, has been identified as a key contributor to colon tumorigenesis under conditions of chronic inflammation. We have previously described how genetic inactivation of MK2 in an inflammatory model of colon cancer results in delayed tumor progression, decreased tumor angiogenesis, and impaired macrophage differentiation into a pro-tumorigenic M2-like state. The molecular mechanism responsible for the impaired angiogenesis and tumor progression, however, has remained contentious and poorly defined. Here, using RNA expression analysis, assays of angiogenesis factors, genetic models, in vivo macrophage depletion and reconstitution of macrophage MK2 function using adoptive cell transfer, we demonstrate that MK2 activity in macrophages is necessary and sufficient for tumor angiogenesis during inflammation-induced cancer progression. We identify a critical and previously unappreciated role for MK2-dependent regulation of the well-known pro-angiogenesis factor CXCL-12/SDF-1 secreted by tumor associated-macrophages, in addition to MK2-dependent regulation of Serpin-E1/PAI-1 by several cell types within the tumor microenvironment.

The p38MAPK-MK2 Signaling Axis as a Critical Link Between Inflammation and Synaptic Transmission.

p38 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), that responds primarily to stress stimuli. p38 has a number of targets for phosphorylation, including MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2). MK2 primarily functions as a master regulator of RNA-binding proteins, indirectly controlling gene expression at the level of translation. The role of MK2 in regulating the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines downstream of inflammation and cellular stress is well-described. A significant amount of evidence, however, now points to a role for the p38MAPK-MK2 signaling axis in mediating synaptic plasticity through control of AMPA receptor trafficking and the morphology of dendritic spines. These processes are mediated through control of cytoskeletal dynamics via the activation of cofilin-1 and possibly control of the expression of Arc/Arg3.1. There is evidence that MK2 is necessary for group I metabotropic glutamate receptors long-term depression (mGluR-LTD). Disruption of this signaling may play an important role in mediating cognitive dysfunction in neurological disorders such as fragile X syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. To date, the role of neuronal MK2 mediating synaptic plasticity in response to inflammatory stimuli has not yet been investigated. In immune cells, it is clear that MK2 is phosphorylated following activation of a broad range of cell surface receptors for cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. We propose that neuronal MK2 may be an important player in the link between inflammatory states and dysregulation of synaptic plasticity underlying cognitive functions. Finally, we discuss the potential of the p38MAPK-MK2 signaling axis as target for therapeutic intervention in a number of neurological disorders.

MicroRNA-24-3p Inhibits Microglia Inflammation by Regulating MK2 Following Spinal Cord Injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a functional impairment of the spinal cord caused by external forces, accompanied by limb movement disorders and permanent paralysis, which seriously lowers the life quality of SCI patients. Secondary injury caused by inflammation attenuated the therapeutic effects of SCI. Therefore, the exploration of biomarkers associated with the inflammatory response following SCI might provide novel therapy strategy against SCI.SCI rat model was established as previously reported and evaluated by BBB score. The expression of microRNA-24-3p (miR-24-3p) and MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) in spinal cord tissues of SCI rats and HAPI cells was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Protein expression of MK2, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was assessed by western blot assay. The release of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The interaction between miR-24-3p and MK2 was examined by the luciferase reporter system. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score dramatically reduced in rats following SCI compared with sham rats. Moreover, the expression of miR-24-3p was down-regulated, while MK2 was up-regulated in the spinal cord tissues of SCI rats and LPS-induced microglia cells compared with the corresponding control group. Luciferase reporter system confirmed the interaction between miR-24-3p and MK2. In addition, miR-24-3p upregulation or MK2 knockdown attenuated LPS induced activation of microglial cells and expression of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-1β. Besides, we discovered that miR-24-3p regulated inflammation of highly aggressively proliferating immortalized (HAPI) cells by targeting MK2.In our study, we clarified that miR-24-3p repressed inflammation of microglia cells following SCI by regulating MK2, thereby providing promising biomarkers for SCI therapy.

Polymorphisms within the TNFSF4 and MAPKAPK2 Loci Influence the Risk of Developing Invasive Aspergillosis: A Two-Stage Case Control Study in the Context of the aspBIOmics Consortium.

Here, we assessed whether 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the TNFSF4 and MAPKAPK2 loci influence the risk of developing invasive aspergillosis (IA). We conducted a two-stage case control study including 911 high-risk patients diagnosed with hematological malignancies that were ascertained through the aspBIOmics consortium. The meta-analysis of the discovery and replication populations revealed that carriers of the TNFSF4rs7526628T/T genotype had a significantly increased risk of developing IA (p = 0.00022). We also found that carriers of the TNFSF4rs7526628T allele showed decreased serum levels of TNFSF14 protein (p = 0.0027), and that their macrophages had a decreased fungicidal activity (p = 0.048). In addition, we observed that each copy of the MAPKAPK2rs12137965G allele increased the risk of IA by 60% (p = 0.0017), whereas each copy of the MAPKAPK2rs17013271T allele was estimated to decrease the risk of developing the disease (p = 0.0029). Mechanistically, we found that carriers of the risk MAPKAPK2rs12137965G allele showed increased numbers of CD38+IgM-IgD- plasmablasts in blood (p = 0.00086), whereas those harboring two copies of the allele had decreased serum concentrations of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (p = 0.00097). Finally, we also found that carriers of the protective MAPKAPK2rs17013271T allele had decreased numbers of CD27-IgM-IgD- B cells (p = 0.00087) and significantly lower numbers of CD14+ and CD14+CD16- cells (p = 0.00018 and 0.00023). Altogether, these results suggest a role of the TNFSF4 and MAPKAPK2 genes in determining IA risk.

Abstract 15314: Gene Therapy With Pellino1 Improves Perfusion and Decreases Tissue Loss in an Flk-1 Heterozygous Murine Limb Ischemia Model But Fails in Mapkapkinase 2 Knockout Mice

Introduction: Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a major cause of morbidity in the US. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces angiogenesis through Fetal-Liver Kinase-1 (Flk-1 or VEGFR-2), an endothelial tyrosine kinase receptor which activates a downstream signaling cascade involving MAPKAPKinase2 (MK2). We have demonstrated poorer recovery in hind limb ischemia models using Flk-1 +/- and MK2 -/- knockout mice compared to wild type mice. We also demonstrated overespression of Pellino1 (Peli1), an E3 Ligase, can attenuate ischemic damage and increase neovascularization and survivability of ischemic myocardium and skin flaps. Therefore, in this study we aim to show if Peli1 gene therapy can help rescue function in Flk-1 +/- and MK2 -/- after femoral artery ligation. Methods: 8-12 week-old Flk-1 +/- and MK2 -/- mice were subjected to femoral artery ligation of the right hind limb and treated with either adenovirus carrying Peli1 (Ad.Peli1) or LacZ (Ad.LacZ), for a total of 4 groups: Flk-1 +/- Ad.LacZ, Flk-1 +/- Ad.Peli1, MK2 -/- Ad.LacZ and MK2 -/- Ad.Peli1. Perfusion was assessed with laser Doppler imaging preop and on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Extent of limb ischemia was also quantified using a standardized scoring scale (0 = no ischemia, to 8 = full limb amputation). Results: Perfusion was significantly higher in the Flk-1 +/- Ad.Peli1 group compared to Flk-1 +/- Ad.LacZ on days 7 (0.19±0.03 vs 0.08±0.02), 14 (0.41±0.07 vs 0.09±0.03), 21 (0.33±0.05 vs 0.14±0.05) and 28 (0.31±0.05 vs 0.15±0.02) (n=9-15, p&lt;0.05). The level of ischemia (ischemic score) was significantly lower in the Flk-1 +/- Ad.Peli1 group when compared to Flk-1 +/- Ad.LacZ on days 3 (1.89±0.56 vs 4.88±0.85), 7 (2.11±0.54 vs 5.69±0.92), 14 (2.18±0.52 vs 6.31±1.02), 21 (1.83±0.58 vs 6.50±1.05) and 28 (1.67±0.62 vs 6.50±1.05) (n=8-9, p&lt;0.05). There was no difference in perfusion or ischemic score between the MK2 -/- Ad.Peli1 and MK2 -/- Ad.LacZ groups. Values are mean +/- SEM. Conclusions: Treatment with Ad.Peli1 resulted in improved perfusion and decreased tissue ischemia in Flk-1 +/- mice. These results were not paralleled in MK2 -/- mice suggesting that Peli1 acts upstream to MK2 but downstream of VEGF/Flk-1. Overall, Peli1 gene therapy is a promising candidate in the management of PVD.