Mapping Of Sites Research Articles

Identification of potential sites for rainwater harvesting structures as an adaptation to drought emergencies in Eswatini

Water scarcity is a global problem exacerbated by the ever-increasing population and climate change, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Different water resource management strategies, such as rainwater harvesting, have been proposed and implemented worldwide to combat water shortage. Mapping of the optimum sites where these rainwater harvesting structures can be constructed is very important. The main objective of this study was to map and identify, using GIS, optimum sites for the construction of rainwater harvesting structures (farm ponds, check dams and percolation ponds) for agricultural and peri-urban purposes in Eswatini. The optimum sites were identified by overlaying various thematic layers including land use and cover, slope, runoff potential, soil texture and depth and drainage density using ArcGIS 10.8. A general rainwater harvesting suitability map was produced for Eswatini, then potential sites for different rainwater harvesting structures were identified. The results of the study indicated that all three rainwater harvesting structures have suitable sites where they can be constructed. Check dams have potential sites which cover 22.7% of the suitable area in Eswatini, while farm pond and percolation pond sites covers 19.7% and 65%, respectively. Information on existing structures such as dams and earth dams for water storage may need to be gathered to verify the proposed sites of the rainwater harvesting structures. This study was able to identify new sites where structures can be constructed for rainwater harvesting which can improve water availability during dry seasons. Further evaluation may need to be done before implementation of these structures. Moreover, implementing this is subject to a number of other factors, such as the economy, feasibility studies as well as social implications. However, the results of this study will assist policy and decision makers in planning for potential sites for water storage as an adaptation to drought and climate change.

Methodological approaches to survey complex ice cave environments - the case of Dobšiná (Slovakia)

IntroductionDobšiná Ice Cave (Slovakia) has attracted the attention of many researchers since its discovery more than 150 years ago. Although the cave is located outside the high-mountain area, it hosts one of the largest volumes of underground perennial ice. The topographic mapping of this unique UNESCO Natural Heritage site has led to several historical surveys. In the last decades of rapid climate change, this natural formation has been subject to rapid changes that are dynamically affecting the shape of the ice body. Increased precipitation, the rise in year-round surface temperatures, and the gravity cause significant shape changes in the ice filling.MethodsThis paper describes modern technological tools to comprehensively survey and evaluate interannual changes in both the floor and wall of the underground ice body. Technologies such as digital photogrammetry, in combination with precise digital tacheometry and terrestrial laser scanning, make it possible to detect ice accumulation and loss, including the effect of sublimation due to airflow, as well as sliding movements of the ice body to the lower part of the cave. To get a comprehensive model of the ice volume, geophysical methods (microgravimetry and ground penetrating radar) have been added to determine the thickness of the floor ice in the upper parts of the cave in the last 2 years.ResultsBetween 2018 and 2023, the ice volume in certain sections of the cave decreased by up to 667 m³, with notable reductions in ice thickness ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 m in areas like the Small Hall and Collapsed Dome. The study also detected dynamic changes, such as the widening of the ice tunnel by 20 cm in some sections, and a vertical ice wall in Ruffinyi’s Corridor showed localized volume losses up to 9 m3 (between 2018 and 2023). Additional geophysical methods - microgravimetry and ground penetrating radar - revealed an average ice thickness ranging from 10 to 25 m.DiscussionThe paper not only highlights the current technological possibilities but also points out the limitations of these technologies and then sets out solutions with a proposal of technological procedures for obtaining accurate geodetic and geophysical data.

Characterization of DNA methylation reader proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana.

In plants, cytosine DNA methylation (mC) is largely associated with transcriptional repression of transposable elements, but it can also be found in the body of expressed genes, referred to as gene body methylation (gbM). gbM is correlated with ubiquitously expressed genes; however, its function, or absence thereof, is highly debated. The different outputs that mC can have raise questions as to how it is interpreted-or read-differently in these sequence and genomic contexts. To screen for potential mC-binding proteins, we performed an unbiased DNA affinity pull-down assay combined with quantitative mass spectrometry using methylated DNA probes for each DNA sequence context. All mC readers known to date preferentially bind to the methylated probes, along with a range of new mC-binding protein candidates. Functional characterization of these mC readers, focused on the MBD and SUVH families, was undertaken by ChIP-seq mapping of genome-wide binding sites, their protein interactors, and the impact of high-order mutations on transcriptomic and epigenomic profiles. Together, these results highlight specific context preferences for these proteins, and in particular the ability of MBD2 to bind predominantly to gbM. This comprehensive analysis of Arabidopsis mC readers emphasizes the complexity and interconnectivity between DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling processes in plants.

The mapping of active sites of amyloid‐targeting compounds through the utilization of immobilized fragments of amyloid hexamers

The mapping of active sites of amyloid‐targeting compounds through the utilization of immobilized fragments of amyloid hexamers

Integration of the Velodyne LiDAR Sensor and Pixhawk for Indoor 3D Mapping

Abstract The importance of indoor mapping has surged across various applications, encompassing human navigation, indoor exploration, and hazardous site mapping. With satellite positioning systems ineffective indoors, alternative navigational sensors and methods, such as inertial measurement units (IMU) and simultaneous localization and mapping algorithms (SLAM), have been harnessed to furnish precise indoor positioning for mapping endeavors. Leveraging LiDAR-based SLAM, which is sensitive to environmental textures and various pose configurations, addresses these challenges. In order to accomplish reliable and precise indoor 3D mapping, this study combines the Velodyne VLP-16 3D-LiDAR sensor with the Pixhawk Cube Orange, which has a 9 Degrees of Freedom (DOF) IMU sensor. The study uses the LIO-SAM (LiDAR Inertial Odometry and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) technique, which integrates data from LiDAR and IMU to increase mapping precision. It is carried out at the BAAK Dr. Angka Building, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya. The experimental results reveal that the 3D indoor mapping exhibits commendable visualization and high geometric accuracy, meeting the LoD 3 criteria. Validation using a roll meter yielded a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.3552 meters, indicating considerable accuracy. The accuracy was further validated by showing LiDAR point cloud errors ranging from 7.92% to 15.75%. Linear regression analysis confirmed a high correlation (R2 0.9954) between LiDAR point cloud measurements and manual measurements, substantiating the method’s reliability. In order to accomplish reliable and precise indoor 3D mapping, this study combines the Velodyne VLP-16 3D-LiDAR sensor with the Pixhawk Cube Orange, which has a 9 Degrees of Freedom (DOF) IMU sensor. The study uses the LIO-SAM (LiDAR Inertial Odometry and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) technique, which integrates data from LiDAR and IMU to increase mapping precision. It is carried out at the BAAK Dr. Angka Building, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya.

Multi-criteria decision analysis using GIS in assessing suitability for a solar-powered biomass briquetting plant in the Gambella region, Ethiopia

Biomass briquetting presents a promising avenue for alternative cooking energy, enhancing livelihoods, and fostering sustainable development. This study underscores the abundant biomass resources in the Gambella region, primarily composed of savanna and woody savanna, which encompass 77 % of the land area, consisting mainly of forest and agricultural waste. Leveraging these resources can ensure a renewable and sustainable cooking energy supply, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to clean energy and environmental conservation. Consequently, this thesis endeavors to identify optimal sites for establishing solar-powered non-wooden biomass briquetting plants across the region. Various spatial and non-spatial datasets, including solar radiation, slope, land use/land cover (LULC), and proximity to roads, rivers, and towns, were utilized for area delineation and mapping. Parameters such as solar radiation, slope, and river streams were derived from 30 m resolution digital elevation models (DEMs). The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to calculate criteria weights for overlay analysis, resulting in a suitable solar farm site map. The study reveals that land use/land cover exerts the most significant influence, with a weight of 46.58 %, followed by solar radiation strength (20.42 %), slope (15.52 %), proximity to roads (8.26 %), proximity to rivers (5.46 %), and proximity to towns (3.77 %). By integrating parameter suitability and weight assignment in ArcGIS spatial analysis, a suitability map was generated, highlighting highly suitable areas predominantly along the North-South axis through central Gambella. This area covers approximately 12,094.49 km², constituting 47 % of the study area. These findings have practical implications, as they can inform local policymakers and actors in strategically addressing the region's dire need for sustainable cooking energy. This contribution can support the development of localized renewable energy strategies and promote long-term energy security in line with local energy policies.

Catalytically Active Site Mapping Realized through Energy Transfer Modeling.

The demands of a sustainable chemical industry are a driving force for the development of heterogeneous catalytic platforms exhibiting facile catalyst recovery, recycling, and resilience to diverse reaction conditions. Homogeneous-to-heterogeneous catalyst transitions can be realized through the integration of efficient homogeneous catalysts within porous matrices. Herein, we offer a versatile approach to understanding how guest distribution and evolution impact the catalytic performance of heterogeneous host-guest catalytic platforms by implementing the resonance energy transfer (RET) concept using fluorescent model systems mimicking the steric constraints of targeted catalysts. Using the RET-based methodology, we mapped condition-dependent guest (re)distribution within a porous support on the example of modular matrices such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Furthermore, we correlate RET results performed on the model systems with the catalytic performance of two MOF-encapsulated catalysts used to promote CO2 hydrogenation and ring-closing metathesis. Guests are incorporated using aperture-opening encapsulation, and catalyst redistribution is not observed under practical reaction conditions, showcasing a pathway to advance catalyst recyclability in the case of host-guest platforms. These studies represent the first generalizable approach for mapping the guest distribution in heterogeneous host-guest catalytic systems, providing a foundation for predicting and tailoring the performance of catalysts integrated into various porous supports.

Catalytically Active Site Mapping Realized through Energy Transfer Modeling

AbstractThe demands of a sustainable chemical industry are a driving force for the development of heterogeneous catalytic platforms exhibiting facile catalyst recovery, recycling, and resilience to diverse reaction conditions. Homogeneous‐to‐heterogeneous catalyst transitions can be realized through the integration of efficient homogeneous catalysts within porous matrices. Herein, we offer a versatile approach to understanding how guest distribution and evolution impact the catalytic performance of heterogeneous host–guest catalytic platforms by implementing the resonance energy transfer (RET) concept using fluorescent model systems mimicking the steric constraints of targeted catalysts. Using the RET‐based methodology, we mapped condition‐dependent guest (re)distribution within a porous support on the example of modular matrices such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Furthermore, we correlate RET results performed on the model systems with the catalytic performance of two MOF‐encapsulated catalysts used to promote CO2 hydrogenation and ring‐closing metathesis. Guests are incorporated using aperture‐opening encapsulation, and catalyst redistribution is not observed under practical reaction conditions, showcasing a pathway to advance catalyst recyclability in the case of host–guest platforms. These studies represent the first generalizable approach for mapping the guest distribution in heterogeneous host–guest catalytic systems, providing a foundation for predicting and tailoring the performance of catalysts integrated into various porous supports.

Enhanced Payload Localization in Antibody-Drug Conjugates Using a Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry Approach with Proton Transfer Charge Reduction.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a novel class of immunoconjugates with growing therapeutic relevance, since they combine the efficacy of cytotoxic drugs with the specificity of antibodies. However, by design, ADCs introduce structural features into the monoclonal antibody scaffold that complicate their analysis. Payload attachment to cysteine or lysine residues can often result in product heterogeneity, regarding both the number of attached drug molecules and their conjugation site, necessitating the use of state-of-the-art MS instrumentation to elucidate their complexity. In middle-down mass spectrometry (MD MS), the gas-phase sequencing of ∼25 kDa ADC subunits with different ion activation techniques generally produces rich fragmentation mass spectra; however, spectral congestion can cause some fragment ions to go undetected, including those that can pinpoint the exact location of payload conjugation sites. Proton transfer charge reduction (PTCR) can substantially simplify fragment ion spectra, thereby unveiling the presence of product ions whose signals were previously suppressed. Herein, we present an MD MS strategy relying on the use of PTCR to investigate a cysteine-based ADC mimic with a variable drug-to-antibody ratio, targeting the unambiguous localization of payload conjugation sites. Unlike traditional tandem MS experiments (MS2), which could not provide a complete map of conjugation sites, a single PTCR-based experiment (MS3) proved to be sufficient to achieve this goal across all variably modified ADC subunits, including isomeric ones. Combining the results obtained from orthogonal ion activation techniques followed by PTCR further strengthened the confidence in the assignments.

Target-Templated Construction of Functional Proteomimetics Using Photo-Foldamer Libraries.

Current methods for proteomimetic engineering rely on structure-based design. Here we describe a design strategy that allows the construction of proteomimetics against challenging targets without a priori characterization of the target surface. Our approach employs (i) a 100-membered photoreactive foldamer library, the members of which act as local surface mimetics, and (ii) the subsequent affinity maturation of the primary hits using systems chemistry. Two surface-oriented proteinogenic side chains drove the interactions between the short helical foldamer fragments and the proteins. Diazirine-based photo-crosslinking was applied to sensitively detect and localize binding even to shallow and dynamic patches on representatively difficult targets. Photo-foldamers identified functionally relevant protein interfaces, allosteric and previously unexplored targetable regions on the surface of STAT3 and an oncogenic K-Ras variant. Target-templated dynamic linking of foldamer hits resulted in two orders of magnitude affinity improvement in a single step. The dimeric K-Ras ligand mimicked protein-like catalytic functions. The photo-foldamer approach thus enables the highly efficient mapping of protein-protein interaction sites and provides a viable starting point for proteomimetic ligand development without a priori structural hypotheses.

A novel regulatory motif at the hinge dimer interface of the MksB mediates dimerization and DNA binding activity

The Structural Maintenance of Chromosome (SMC) protein is essential for various cellular processes, including chromosome organization, DNA repair, and genome stability. MksB, an alternative SMC protein present in prokaryotes, comprises a hinge dimerization domain and an ABC ATPase head domain linked by a coiled-coil arm. While hinge dimerization in bacterial and eukaryotic SMCs is attributed to conserved glycines, our study unveils the critical role of a novel KDDR motif located at a loop near the hinge dimer interface in Mycobacterium smegmatis MksB (MsMksB). We demonstrate the regulatory role of this motif in MsMksB dimerization and DNA binding activity. The K600D mutation in the KDDR motif induces MsMksB dimer-to-monomer conversion, highlighting the significance of this motif in MsMksB dimerization. Mass spectrometry-based mapping of the DNA binding site revealed the lysine's involvement in protein-DNA interaction. Monomers of the hinge domain lose DNA binding activity, and MsMksB single-arm mutants exhibit reduced DNA binding and ATPase activity, underscoring the importance of hinge-mediated dimerization in MsMksB function. Notably, the R603D mutant retains dimerization but shows compromised ATPase and DNA binding activities. Mutants with defective ATPase activity exhibit impaired DNA condensation in vivo. These findings provide novel regulatory insight into the mechanism of MksB dimerization and DNA binding, uncovering the fundamental processes of chromosome condensation and segregation.

A Study of Analyzing the Exposed Locations of National Critical Facilities on Portal Site Maps and Suggesting Improvements – Military Installations and Exposed Facilities in Bases -

A Study of Analyzing the Exposed Locations of National Critical Facilities on Portal Site Maps and Suggesting Improvements – Military Installations and Exposed Facilities in Bases -

Hidden Archaeological Remains in Heterogeneous Vegetation: A Crop Marks Study in Fortified Settlements of Northwestern Iberian Peninsula

This study evaluates the effectiveness of multispectral imaging via Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), in combination with advanced digital image processing techniques, for the detection and mapping of archaeological sites within diverse landscapes. The research focuses on six case studies located in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, a region marked by complex vegetation patterns and varying topography. The primary objective is to assess the potential of these non-invasive remote sensing techniques in identifying crop marks associated with buried structures from ancient, fortified settlements. By means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and vegetation indices, the study aims to pinpoint areas of interest that may indicate the presence of archaeological features, while effectively distinguishing them from modern disturbances or natural terrain variations. The research encountered several challenges, including seasonal variations in crop conditions and recent land-use changes. The methodology successfully identified distinct archaeological features. In some instances, natural vegetation variability, typically seen as an obstacle, enhanced the visibility of crop marks, aiding in the detection of underlying structures. These results offer a cost-effective and scalable option for preliminary archaeological surveys, particularly in refining survey methodologies and guiding future excavation efforts aimed at uncovering and preserving ancient, fortified settlements in the region.

Using GIS and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) For Suitability Mapping of Potential Sites of Bamboo Species Plantation in Agusan Del Norte

Using GIS and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) For Suitability Mapping of Potential Sites of Bamboo Species Plantation in Agusan Del Norte

Multi-hazard susceptibility mapping of landslides and earthquakes in Bhagirathi Valley region of Uttarakhand Himalaya, India

ABSTRACT This study addresses impact of increasing frequency of natural hazards, particularly in mountainous regions like the Himalayas. The research develops a comprehensive multi-hazard susceptibility mapping methodology. . The integrated methodology involving majorly machine learning, remote sensing and GIS tools is applied to generate the multi-hazard susceptibility map of the test site. This integrated approach offers a nuanced understanding of hazard interactions, providing a robust framework for disaster risk reduction, government and non-government agencies in planning future developmental projects and infrastructures in the study area. The study’s findings show that 11.30% of the area is labeled as highly susceptible to multi-hazards.

Dune elongation and hunting strategy during the Terminal Pleistocene (Ramonian): Insights from Mizpor Ashalim, northwestern Negev dunefield margins, Israel

The Middle Epipalaeolithic Ramonian culture, endemic to the Negev-Sinai desert, incorporates highland occupations alongside lowland dune-associated localities. The lowland sites, dominated by microlithic tools, have been hypothesized to be prime hunting settings. Here we investigate this hypothesis based on the data from Mizpor Ashalim - a new Ramonian site located upon a falling dune overlooking the central Besor Valley. The study incorporates analysis of projectile damage on microlithic tools, geomorphology, portable OSL profiling, and OSL ages of the dune deposits, as well as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) investigation. GIS mapping of relevant sites alongside the ancient dune-dammed water bodies constitutes an additional methodological tool newly applied in the current study.The results support the hypothesis and suggest that Ramonian hunting strategy was associated with dune-dammed, medium-sized basins that formed ecological niches following winter floods. The study sheds new light on adaptations developed by different cultural entities occupying the region during the Terminal Pleistocene and their connection with changing environmental settings. At the same time, it emphasizes technological continuity throughout the cultural sequence in the arid environments of the Southern Levant, expressed in microliths production and projectile design. This continuity, not observed in the Mediterranean climate zone, underscores the importance of understanding the social and economic dynamics in the desert areas of the Southern Levant to comprehend the processes that led to sedentism and food production in the region.

Accuracy assessment of the geomorphon approach to detect ecological sites in the Dry Chaco region of Argentina

Ecological sites are a classification of local-land types based on differences in important environmental factors including soil properties, slope and landscape position within a geomorphologic and climatic zone. The concept is pivotal to conduct adaptative management in arid rangelands because it defines homogeneous areas over which specific soil-vegetation-disturbance dynamic occurs. Geomorphon is a computationally efficient method that uses Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) for the classification of landforms at multiple scales. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the geomorphon approach to map ecological sites in a 11,259-ha study area within the Dry Chaco region of Argentina, utilizing local topographic positions along soil catena as a predictor of broader ecological sites classes. We used two DEM pixel resolutions (12.5 m and 30 m) and optimized the flatness threshold (t) and search radius (L) geomorphon parameters. As “ground truth” we used legacy data of 62 soil profiles descriptions. The geomorphon elements detected were reclassified into the three main ecological sites of the study area: highlands, midlands and lowlands. We used the overall disagreement (D) as the main metric for evaluating the accuracy of ecological site classifications. We found that: i) the lowest t value (0.05°) captured subtle topographical changes and thus more effectively reflected the soil-landscape relationship, and ii) larger L values paired with the lower pixel resolution (30 m) diminished the impact of minor landforms, improving the accuracy of ecological site detections. We determined that the geomorphon model with the pixel resolution of 30 m, t-value of 0.05°, and L-value of 12 produced the ecological site classification map with the highest accuracy, achieving a moderate-high accuracy (D of 33.9 %). Our study suggests that the geomorphon approach shows potential for consistent, reproducible and easily updatable ecological site mapping over larger areas.

Investigation of the Relationship between Topographic and Forest Stand Characteristics Using Aerial Laser Scanning and Field Survey Data

The article thoroughly investigates the relationships between terrain features and tree measurements derived from aerial laser scanning (ALS) data and field surveys in a 1067-hectare forested area. A digital elevation model (DEM) was generated from ALS data, which was then used to derive additional layers such as slope, aspect, topographic position index (TPI), and landforms. The authors developed a mathematical procedure to determine the radii for the topographic position index. The canopy height model was created, and individual trees were segmented using a novel voxel aggregation method, allowing for the calculation of tree height and crown size. Accuracy assessments were conducted between ALS-derived data and field-collected data. Terrain variability within each forest unit was evaluated using characteristics such as standard deviation, entropy, and frequency. The relationships between tree height and the derived topographic features within forest subcompartments, as well as the correlation between the height yield map for the entire area and the TPI layer, were analysed. The authors found strong correlation between the topographic position index and tree heights in both cases. The presented remote-sensing-based methodology and the results can be effectively used in digital forest site mapping, complemented by field sampling and laboratory soil analyses, and, as final goal, in carbon stock assessment.

REV and Three-Dimensional Permeability Tensor of Fractured Rock Masses with Heterogeneous Aperture Distributions

This study performed a representative elementary volume (REV) and 3D equivalent continuum study of rock fractures based on fluid simulations of 3D discrete fracture networks (DFNs). A series of 3D DFNs with heterogeneous aperture distributions (the DFN-H model) and uniform apertures (the DFN-I model) were established, in which the fractures were oriented according to the geological field mapping of a high-level radioactive waste candidate site in China. The 3D DFNs of the different model sizes were extracted and rotated in a number of directions to check whether there was a tensor quality of the permeability at a certain scale. The results show that aperture heterogeneity increases the REV size and results in a necessarily larger model size to reach an equivalent continuum behavior, and this effect is more obvious when the fracture density is smaller. The shape of the 2D permeability contour is irregular, with some breaks when the model size is small. As the model size increases, its shape gradually tends to become smooth and approaches an ellipse. The shape of the permeability contours of the DFN-H model is slender compared to the DFN-I model, indicating a larger difference between the minimum and maximum values of the permeability. For the DFN-H model, there is no appropriate approximation for the equivalent permeability tensor over the studied model size range, whereas a good fit of the permeability ellipsoid is obtained for the DFN-I model, and the 3D directional permeability is calculated at this model scale. The corresponding magnitude and direction of the principal permeability are obtained, which can be viewed as the equivalent permeability tensor for the approximated continuum medium.

Landscape, chronology and function of Bronze Age terrace-shaped settlements: A case study from the Youzhashan site in Yangxin County, Hubei Province, China

The Middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, constituting a region rich in metal resources, played an important role in the formation and early development of the Bronze Age civilization in China, mainly including mainly the southeastern part of Hubei Province, the northern part of Jiangxi Province and the southern part of Anhui Province. Geological surveys have revealed that this region, which stretches for 500 km along the Yangtze River, is rich in mines, and archaeological institutions have discovered a large number of Bronze Age mining and metallurgical sites in the region over the past three decades. This region is an important area for studying the rise and prosperity of the Chinese Bronze Age civilization. Therefore, exploring the production pattern of the bronze industry in the copper mining area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, as well as the resource circulation network between this region and the northern part of China, has become a hot issue in Chinese archaeological research in recent years.From March to July 2023, Wuhan University and the Cultural Relics Bureau of Yangxin County formed a joint archaeological team to carry out an archaeological survey of mining and metallurgical sites in an independent geographic unit in the northern part of Yangxin County, Hubei Province, covering an area of 120 km2, and a total of 60 mining and metallurgical sites were discovered during the survey, and approximately two-thirds of the 60 sites exhibited the landscape with a more typical terrace-shaped site. In this study, we have carried out systematic archaeological exploration and drone mapping of the Youzhashan site, a typical terrace-shaped site in this region, and reconstructed the process of terrace-shaped site accumulation formation using materials from archaeological excavation, exploration and survey. In addition, scientific and technological tests were conducted on the metallurgical relics collected from the Youzhashan site, which revealed the occurrence e of copper smelting activities at the Youzhashan site, and we analyzed the processing system. In addition, the carbon samples excavated from the Youzhashan site were carbon dated to determine the exact date of the formation of the Youzhashan site.