Map Of Egypt Research Articles

Desert reclamation, a management system for sustainable urban expansion

Urbanisation is occurring at an unprecedented scale worldwide, with developing countries claiming the biggest share. Developing countries are increasingly facing enormous pressures to manage their urban and rural areas challenged by limited resources, exploding numbers of population and rising expectations for a higher quality of life. Sustainability is central to the management of existing and newly developed areas. It can offer a comprehensive discourse for understanding the functioning of cities and their hinterlands, with an aim to achieve a balance between environmental, economic and social issues for current and future generations. Managing the urbanization of newly developed areas requires innovative thinking and an ability to predict and evaluate the impacts of possible futures. As the new map of Egypt is redrawn and much hope lies on the development of its deserts constituting 95% of the total land area, an efficient process of directing and facilitating urban development is urgently required. This paper presents an Urban Sustainable Management System (USMS) using the process of Integrated Assessment to assess three possible development scenarios based on different economic bases for new developments on desert reclaimed land. Indicators of a quantitative and qualitative nature are used to describe environmental, social and economic capitals of three scenarios as well as setting targets towards the aim of sustainability. Pressure points hindering the sustainable development of reclaimed land are drawn under the three different scenarios. The USMS provides an urban management system that overcomes difficulties of data availability, combines interdisciplinary knowledge and deals with uncertainties of future developments; struggles decisionmakers confront across the divide but more so in developing countries.

Mapping sand dunes risk related to their terrain characteristics using SRTM data and cartographic modeling

Sand dunes encroachment is a challenge that faces land development in North African countries. Movement of these dunes threatens cultivated lands, roads, and urban settlements. Geographic information system (GIS) provides a tool for cartographic modeling of risk of sand dunes encroachment. This study modeled the potential risk of sand dunes encroachment related to their terrain characteristics in the Western Desert of Egypt. The Food and Agricultural Organization's land cover map of Egypt derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper was used to locate the sand dunes bodies. Four parameters were derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data, namely the elevation, slope, aspect, and relative moisture index. Ten-year average data for prevalent wind direction and speed were used. A GIS cartographic model was applied using the six parameters as criteria maps. The output is a sand dunes risk index map which was overlaid with the existing urban features. The result identified those urban features vulnerable to sand dunes encroachment risk. The model was verified using a high-resolution image. Such a risk map is essential for land use planning and environmental management.

Sir Garnet Wolseley: Victorian Hero

Before leaving England he placed his finger on a map of Egypt at the point now known to fame as Tel-El-Kebir, and said 'That is where I shall beat Arabi'.No Victorian was a greater hero for a longer period than Sir Garnet Wolseley (1833-1913). The leading British general of the second half of the nineteenth century, he personally took part in a significantly influenced every campaign between the Crimea and the Boer War. To Disraeli he was Our Only General', while to many soldiers and to the public at large he epitomised the virtues they most admired: exceptional personal bravery and an unshakeable belief in the virtues of the British Empire. The phrase All Sir Garnet' was a guarantee that everything was under control. Seen from another angle, Wolseley's career reflects a number of weaknesses. To control a global empire Britain had a powerful navy but only a small army. Its ability to deploy a force of limited size throughout the world, almost always against untrained and underequipped native armies, gave the dangerous and ultimately disastrous illusion that Britain was as formidable by land as it was by sea.

A nomogram for estimating capacity factors of wind turbines using site and machine characteristics

A simple graphical solution is developed and presented to estimate the capacity factor of wind turbines. The wind speed at the site has to be fitted to the appropriate Weibull probability distribution function for the required period of time. The wind turbine should be characterized by its cut-in, rated and cut-off wind speeds. A formula of the capacity factor is decided and a nomogram is constructed to estimate graphically the capacity factor for any machine at any site. It is sufficient to define the average wind speed at the site and the shape factor of the fitted Weibull distribution. Therefore, a map of Egypt is illustrated and the promising sites are indicated including the average wind speeds and the corresponding shape factors for each site.

THE FIRST POLITICAL MAP OF EGYPT

The term 'political map' denotes a map designating political boundaries that form part of a written agreement. An early example of one of these maps is a map produced in 1841 by drawing lines on a map of Egypt that had been published some years earlier. The map formed part of an agreement between the Ottoman (Turkish) Sultan and Mohammed Ali, then ruler of Egypt, and marked the beginning of modern Egypt. The original map was lost, but a copy was found and published in 1926. Later, in 1934, a second copy was discovered and appears to be an authentic copy of the original map. This paper presents a brief history of the discovery of the two maps, and notes the dissimilarities between the two existing copies of the original map document.

The first map of modern Egypt Mohammed Ali's firman and the map of 1841

At the end of 1831, an Egyptian army, under Mohammed Ali's son, Ibrahim Pasha, invaded Syria. After some battles this army reached a point 100 Km of Istanbul and in 1833, as a result of the Convention of Kutahiga, Syria and Adana became parts of Egypt under Mohammed Ali's rule. For eight years the Egyptian frontier as it had been up to the Ottoman conquest of 1517 stood on the crests of the Taurus mountains and the Euphrates. In 1840, the European Powers (excluding France) intervened to protect the sultan who had rashly attacked the Egyptians, and Mohammed Ali was forced to leave Syria. By virtue of the firmans, issued on Feb. 13 and June 1 1841, Mohammed Ali surrendered Crete (the governship of which he was granted in 1821), Syria and Adana, which reverted to the direct control of the Porte, while in compensation the sultan granted him the hereditary rule of Egypt. The sultan's firmans were accompanied by a map showing the boundaries of the area under Mohammed Ali's rule and was the first map to indicate the formation of Modern Egypt as a sovereign state. The map was sent to Egypt but was lost there. The Egyptian authorities and the British administrators who ruled Egypt from 1882 'knew' the boundaries, used new maps but never saw the original one. An official map of Egypt according to the sultan's firman was published in 1926.1 In the years following the Italian occupation of Libya there were some disputes over the boundaries between the Italian area and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, concerning the 'Owenat' and 'Sarra triangle' in the south-west corner of Egypt.2 The officials of the British Foreign Office tried to trace the old Map of Egypt in order to use it against the Italian claim, but the Map was not in Egypt. The British ambassador in Turkey, Sir Percy Loraine, was asked to look for the Map, or an original copy, in the Ottoman archives, In March 1934 he sent a telegram telling the F.O.: Map has been found.3 The Turkish Prime Minister's Department, which had the custody of ancient archives, were apparently reluctant to let the Map go out of official Turkish keeping but agreed to produce a photograph of it. Two British experts carefully examined the Map and compared it with the photograph which they found to be a perfectly genuine reproduction. These experts, Mr Knight and Mr Bowker, had no hesitation in concluding that the reproduction was the authentic Map. Although well preserved, it showed clear signs of age, and 'might well have been 90 or 100 years old' (in 1933 G.B.). The Map was mounted on silk and framed in a narrow binding of the same material.4 The Turkish inscription in manuscript, reproduced in the photograh, at the bottom of the Map5 reads as follows: 'Drawn in the office of the Imperial Land Surveyors, being a copy of the sealed map graciously sent in the year 1256 (1841 G.B.) when the province of Egypt was granted to the late Mohammed Ali Pasha with the privilege of inheritance'.

The Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Rocks of Northern Sinai

For many years this portion of Egypt had remained a blank so far as its geological structure was concerned, and when the geological map of Egypt was issued by the Survey Department in 1910 this extensive area was deliberately left uncoloured. Efforts were made by the writer to interest the various parties which were mapping the topography of this region, but the fossils submitted by them only indicated the presence of beds of Upper Cretaceous age, including a facies identical with that developed in the Abu Roash hills near Cairo.

The Projection of the Sphere on the Circumscribed Cube

Thus, while the modification here indicated reduces the scale error by nearly one-half, it at the same time has the effect of rendering the representation nearly orthomorphic. The modified projection is suitable for a meridional rather than a longitudinal configuration, but for areas whose total width does not exceed 400 of longitude it seems to be little, if any, inferior to the best forms of representation where the meridional extent is also considerable. The scale error is very much the same as that of the Transverse Mercator (Gauss Conformal). It would form an excellent projection for a general map of Egypt and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, or a country of similar proportions.

IV. Notices of Books - The Dawn of Civilization: Egypt and Chaldæa. By ProfessorMaspero . Edited by ProfessorSayce , and translated from the French, with permission of the Author, by Mrs Edmund McClure. Published by the Society for Promotion of Useful Knowledge, with a Map of Egypt, and over 470 Illustrations.

IV. Notices of Books - The Dawn of Civilization: Egypt and Chaldæa. By ProfessorMaspero . Edited by ProfessorSayce , and translated from the French, with permission of the Author, by Mrs Edmund McClure. Published by the Society for Promotion of Useful Knowledge, with a Map of Egypt, and over 470 Illustrations. - Volume 27 Issue 2

A Map of Egypt. A New Map of Egypt and the Sinaitic Peninsula. H. S. Osborn

<i>A Map of Egypt. A New Map of Egypt and the Sinaitic Peninsula</i>. H. S. Osborn