Map Of Australia Research Articles

ИРЛАНДСКОЕ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА АВСТРАЛИЙСКИЙ ВАРИАНТ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА И КУЛЬТУРУ

The article focuses on the lexical, grammatical and phonetic composition of the Australian English language (AusE), which was mainly influenced by the Irish variety of English (IrE). The Australian variety had practically emerged by the 19th century and reflected not only British dialects, but also many historical processes, namely the migration of white people to the continent, mainly from Ireland, which had a direct impact on the formation of the Australian variety of the English language. In this form, it has been generally preserved to this day. The character of the Australians, which they are proud of and which makes them special, is also acquired from the Irish, who moved to the "ever-green continent" with their traditions, enriching the local population with their culture. Toponymic names of geographical objects on the map of Australia also appeared due to Irish borrowings. The Irish influence on the language and culture of Australia will be discussed in this article.

Structural features of the classification of toponyms of Australia and Oceania

This article assesses the role of geographical and social factors that influenced the toponyms currently officially fixed on the maps of Australia and Oceania. It is noted that the fundamental reason for naming the toponyms of Australia and Oceania is the desire of speakers of different languages to leave a memory of themselves on geographical maps. The names of the largest number of Australian place names were given by the first settlers — navigators and discoverers. A significant number of them are English geographical names. Among the least common extralinguistic factors influencing the formation of toponyms, the names of vital objects by natives stand out. The instability of such toponyms in the language is noted. Such toponyms are mostly descriptive. Due to the wide field for research activities, a unified universal classification of toponyms has not yet been developed. The article analyzes the classifications of toponyms existing in linguistics and proposes its own classification of toponyms based on practical material from the geographical names of Australia and Oceania. The main criteria for highlighting the structural elements of the classification is the presence or absence of word-formation elements, many of which are typical for the sphere of toponymy. A large group is formed by phrases, which the authors of the article subdivide depending on the number of components. Particular attention is paid to the use of the article as part of the toponym, as well as graphic signs. The classification presented by the authors of the article also makes it possible to judge that the toponyms of Australia and Oceania are part of the lexical system of the general literary language.

Lightweight Mapping of Identify Verification Methods and Secondary Course Aspects: “Swiss Cheese” Modelling

Curriculum mapping in Australia has grown from early notions of constructive alignment to a governed ongoing commitment by institutions to the curriculum structures they have developed. These consider primary aspects of a degree: learning outcomes and how they are achieved. In this paper I describe the need for a descriptive set of mappings for secondary (or quality) aspects of a degree. Notably, mapping the identity verified assessment mechanisms used across a degree can support conversations with accreditors and reviewers around defences against cheating. In 2020 and 2021, many universities were forced to cancel paper-based examinations and academics altered their assessment mechanisms. Mapping the mechanisms that were adopted can reconnect those individual choices with their purpose within the degree. The paper is an experience report from the development of an accreditation submission for a suite of computer science cognate degrees. Other descriptive mappings developed within the submission are also described.

Emergency flood mapping in Australia with Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery

Timely inputs for spatial planning are essential to support decisions about preventive or damage controlling measures, including flood. Climate change predictions suggest more frequent floods in the future, implying a need for flood mapping. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the suitability of Sentinel-1 SAR data to map the extent of flood and to explore how land cover classification through different machine learning techniques and optical Sentinel-2 imagery can be applied as an emergency mapping tool. The Australian floods in March 2021 were used as a case study. Google Earth Engine was used to process and classify the flood extent and affected land cover types. Our study revealed the great suitability of Sentinel-1 SAR data for emergency mapping of flooded areas. Furthermore, land cover maps were produced using random forest (RD) and support vector machines (SVM) on optical Sentinel-2 Imagery. The presented workflow can be implemented in other parts of the world for the rapid assessment of flooded areas.

Digital soil mapping in Australia. Can it achieve its goals?

Digital soil mapping (DSM) has been used from the national to paddock scale in Australia over the past 20 years. However, there has been insufficient objective evaluation of the limitations of DSM. The continual evolution of DSM methods over time have led to a lack of operational stability that creates an ongoing risk associated with the method. The inherent modelling paradigm of DSM (a reliance on systematic variation) is a key factor that creates potentially significant constraints to the use of DSM in Australia, particularly in the context of different scales of application. Inherent covariate limitations create a further potential ceiling to what can be achieved with DSM at any point in time. As part of a more critical and objective approach to the use of the method in Australia, there is a need for more effective exploration and discussion of these and other constraints in the DSM approach. This will hopefully ensure that it is used in a fit-for-purpose and effective manner in the future.

Seropositivity and geographical distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis in Australia: A study of pathology laboratory data from 2012-2016.

BackgroundThere are no national prevalence studies of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Australia, although it is known to be endemic in northern Australia and is reported in high risk groups such as immigrants and returned travellers. We aimed to determine the seropositivity (number positive per 100,000 of population and percent positive of those tested) and geographical distribution of S. stercoralis by using data from pathology laboratories.MethodologyWe contacted all seven Australian laboratories that undertake Strongyloides serological (ELISA antibody) testing to request de-identified data from 2012–2016 inclusive. Six responded. One provided positive data only. The number of people positive, number negative and number tested per 100,000 of population (Australian Bureau of Statistics data) were calculated including for each state/territory, each Australian Bureau of Statistics Statistical Area Level 3 (region), and each suburb/town/community/locality. The data was summarized and expressed as maps of Australia and Greater Capital Cities.Principal findingsWe obtained data for 81,777 people who underwent serological testing for Strongyloides infection, 631 of whom were from a laboratory that provided positive data only. Overall, 32 (95% CI: 31, 33) people per 100,000 of population were seropositive, ranging between 23/100,000 (95% CI: 19, 29) (Tasmania) and 489/100,000 population (95%CI: 462, 517) (Northern Territory). Positive cases were detected across all states and territories, with the highest (260-996/100,000 and 17–40% of those tested) in regions across northern Australia, north-east New South Wales and north-west South Australia. Some regions in Greater Capital Cities also had a high seropositivity (112-188/100,000 and 17–20% of those tested). Relatively more males than females tested positive. Relatively more adults than children tested positive. Children were under-represented in the data.Conclusions/SignificanceThe study confirms that substantial numbers of S. stercoralis infections occur in Australia and provides data to inform public health planning.

The Application of CYGNSS Data for Soil Moisture and Inundation Mapping in Australia

Cyclone global navigation satellite system (CYGNSS) has provided a valuable opportunity for high spatiotemporal monitoring of land surface reflectivity over the past few years. CYGNSS with a constellation of eight microsatellites is able to constantly observe the “scattered” global positioning system signals from the land. In this study, we validate the CYGNSS land reflectivity data in Australia for mapping the spatial extent of the inundated area and for determining temporal changes in surface soil moisture. CYGNSS level 1 data acquired for the period of 2017–2020 is assessed against various measurements, including satellite and ground-based measurements. Empirical mode decomposition is used to better analyze the CYGNSS time series and their relationship with the independent measurements. Furthermore, the mission's ability to capture surface reflectivity changes in response to extreme climatic events is analyzed. The results show that high spatial and temporal resolution CYGNSS data can largely represent the top layer ( $\sim$ 5 cm) soil moisture spatial and temporal variations close to soil moisture active passive. CYGNSS surface reflectivity results are also found to be sensitive to surface water changes and able to depict inundated land surface.

AN EXPERIMENT USING THE GRAPHIC VARIABLE COLOR AND THE SEE COLOR CODE ON ISARITHMIC MAPS ACCESSIBLE TO BLIND AND NORMALLY SIGHTED PEOPLE

Abstract: The See Color is a color coding system based on Braille writing to communicate colors to people with visual impairments. This study assessed the perception of the theme Temperature by blind people, by using the See Color code on two isarithmic tactile maps and the perception of subjects with normal color vision. An average temperature map of Australia had 10 classes, but these intervals were regrouped into four classes on Corel Draw software. The new map was duplicated in the digital project in A4 size, both included the See Color code in two color schemes obtained from the Color Brewer website. Subsequently, they were laser-printed on swell paper to produce the tactile relief. The chromatic perception was observed, as well as the thermal sensations that the colors could represent for blind participants (06), normally sighted participants in basic education (23), and normally sighted participants in higher education (20). In this research, the See Color code showed the potential to provide spatial knowledge as a graphic language through colors in color maps for adventitiously blind and for normally sighted participants based on their perception of colors and tactile color codes.

The Three Queenslands

From 1890 to 1892, Sir Samuel Griffith, as Premier of Queensland, promoted a scheme under which Queensland would itself have been divided into a federation of initially three provinces — North, Central and South Queensland — and then two provinces, North and South Queensland. This startling idea would certainly have changed the map of Australia, probably permanently. At least at some points, the idea was expressed that each province would enter the Australian federation as a separate State and the Queensland federal government would simply be dissolved upon federation. The Bill to divide Queensland into a federation of two provinces passed the lower House of State Parliament but was defeated in the nominee Legislative Council. It then fell victim to the change of government consequent upon Griffith’s appointment as Chief Justice of Queensland, to the urgent problems presented by the economic depression, and even, from the conservative point of view, to the rise of labour in politics. Little has been known about this nearly successful plan until now. This article attempts to close that gap.

Rethinking Tasmania’s Regionality from an Antarctic Perspective: Flipping the Map

Tasmania hangs from the map of Australia like a drop in freefall from the substance of the mainland. Often the whole state is mislaid from Australian maps and logos (Reddit). Tasmania has, at least since federation, been considered peripheral—a region seen as isolated, a ‘problem’ economically, politically, and culturally. However, Tasmania not only cleaves to the ‘north island’ of Australia but is also subject to the gravitational pull of an even greater land mass—Antarctica. In this article, we upturn the political conventions of map-making that place both Antarctica and Tasmania in obscure positions at the base of the globe. We show how a changing global climate re-frames Antarctica and the Southern Ocean as key drivers of worldwide environmental shifts. The liquid and solid water between Tasmania and Antarctica is revealed not as a homogenous barrier, but as a dynamic and relational medium linking the Tasmanian archipelago with Antarctica. When Antarctica becomes the focus, the script is flipped: Tasmania is no longer on the edge, but core to a network of gateways into the southern land. The state’s capital of Hobart can from this perspective be understood as an "Antarctic city", central to the geopolitics, economy, and culture of the frozen continent (Salazar et al.). Viewed from the south, we argue, Tasmania is not a problem, but an opportunity for a form of ecological, cultural, economic, and political sustainability that opens up the southern continent to science, discovery, and imagination.

Enhancing the Radiometric Map of Australia

The Radiometric Map of Australia shows the distribution of potassium (% K), uranium (ppm eU) and thorium (ppm eTh) over Australia. A suite of image enhancement and data integration techniques can be used to enhance the value of these data for both mineral exploration and environmental mapping. Gradient-enhanced ternary and pseudo-colour image enhancements are now routinely used for the presentation and interpretation of gridded radioelement data. Where digital elevation data are available, these colour representations can be draped over the elevation data to form 3D perspective views, or hill-shaded derivatives of the DEM can be embedded into the ternary imagery as an intensity component. These are useful because the radioelement response can then be interpreted within the context of the relative position of anomalous features in the landscape. However, subtle variations in the concentrations of K, U, and Th are best interpreted using the ratios of the radioelements. The U/Th and U2/Th ratios are important indicators of uranium mineralization. The Th/K ratio is widely used for the detection of several styles of mineralization associated with K alteration. For the interpretation of map data, classification and clustering methods can be used to assist pattern recognition and are useful for the rapid assessment of large multivariate datasets. Automatic edge detection procedures can be used to speed up the annotation of unit boundaries. Residual modelling techniques can be used to highlight potential anomalies in the data.

PaperMiner—a real-time spatiotemporal visualization for newspaper articles

In 2005, the National Library of Australia (NLA) began a pilot project to selectively digitize back issues of major Australian newspapers to provide free public access to over 60 million digitized newspaper articles, dating from the first years of Australian colonization to the early 1960s. Trove, a faceted search engine maintained by NLA, provides access to this very large collection. Unfortunately, Trove lacked any means to filter by location, which raised the tantalizing possibility of using advanced computational techniques to identify long-term patterns and trends in newspaper reportage of people, events, concepts, and many other historical entities. PaperMiner, which utilizes text mining techniques for extracting metadata information, was developed that enabled the inclusion of geolocations of the places cited in the newspaper articles and supported the searching of articles by location and visualizing the results of searches using both location and time using a map of Australia. Using PaperMiner, researchers could see when and where the anti-Chinese leagues movement started in Australia and how it spread, to better focus their subsequent research. PaperMiner can be used as a digital humanities tool to assist in research by replacing the tedium of a shallow scan through thousands of Trove search results with a more efficient method that draws the researchers’ attention to more significant times and places where their time can be better spent in deeper analysis. In this article, we describe the techniques utilized in creating PaperMiner and discuss its usability testing with a group of leading researchers in Australian history.

Regional scale hydrogeochemical mapping of the northern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: a new technology for exploration in arid Australia

The northern Yilgarn Craton, with an extensive mineral exploration history and relatively fresh and neutral groundwaters, was selected to test the utility of regional hydrogeochemical mapping in Australia. The assembled data of 2509 groundwater samples (generally at 4–8 km spacing) are relatively unbiased, allowing robust statistical analysis such as testing sample types (flowing v. ‘stagnant’), contamination, and lithological controls on groundwater characteristics. Lithological indicators were developed to map underlying bedrock through cover. Areas with discrepancies between groundwater results and previous geological mapping were identified. Where these are areas previously discounted as prospective for mineral commodities, they may now be re-considered on this basis. Even in well explored parts of this region, this study identified new areas which may have prospective rocks overlain with a thin (<50 m) veneer of granitic material. A large background data set was produced that has significant benefits for lithological discrimination, mineral exploration, guiding human and livestock drinking water supplies and environmental management (e.g. mine closure). Groundwater chemistry can effectively map large-scale lithological changes in these semi-arid environments, and in turn can reduce uncertainly about the prospectivity of areas within the northern Yilgarn Craton. This should reduce the drilling and associated costs required to delineate a target. The methods and interpretation developed in this study will enhance mineral exploration into covered environments as much of the northern two thirds of Australia has similar groundwater environments. This methodology can be expanded into covered arid terrains worldwide. Additionally, this can be used as background to improve interpretation of other small scale studies. Improving the exploration potential of other more difficult regions of Australia will encourage industry exploration in Australia, and provide potential future economic gains.

Australia’s graphic gift

This article examines the shape of the map of Australia, and analyses how its inherent visual qualities contribute to its recognition and ubiquity as a symbol. It is argued that the effectiveness of the map of Australia as a widely used graphic symbol stems from the characteristics of its shape, and that its attributes reflect those fundamentals of form and composition commonly accepted by graphic designers as necessary for creating an effective design. The author presents an analytical framework that initially identifies how the visual uniqueness of a cartographic map creates a recognizable and memorable form, and then applies the principles of design in an original approach towards reaching an understanding of how and why the map of Australia serves as an effective graphic symbol.

Derivation of terrain covariates for digital soil mapping in Australia

Digital soil mapping is founded on the availability of covariates that are used as surrogates for the spatial patterns in soil properties. One important subset of covariates represents the patterns due to terrain, and these are typically derived from a digital elevation model at a suitable resolution. When each digital soil mapping exercise requires the calculation of terrain covariates, there is a clear potential for inconsistent methods and for choosing the covariates that are easiest to derive rather than those that are most relevant. The creation of open repositories of relevant terrain covariates that are correctly derived avoids these problems and fosters the application of digital soil mapping and other modelling activities that benefit from landscape properties. This paper describes the creation of a suite of commonly used terrain covariates from the 1-arcsecond (~30 m) resolution digital elevation models for Australia that were released through CSIRO’s Data Access Portal and the TERN Data Discovery Portal. The methods used to derive the terrain covariates are described and their characteristics are identified.

Evaluating the information content of National ASTER Geoscience Maps in the Wagga Wagga and Cobar regions of New South Wales

This article summarises the results of a study, commissioned by the Geological Survey of New South Wales (GSNSW), that evaluated the use of the National ASTER Geoscience Maps of Australia (Version 1, released 2012. DOI: 10.4225/08/51400D6F7B335) for regolith and geological mapping in the Wagga Wagga 1:100 000 and the Cobar 1:250 000 map sheet areas (Figure 1). The study is described in full in the GSNSW Quarterly Note 140 (Hewson and Robson, 2014). The National ASTER Geoscience Maps, freely available from CSIRO/GA (https://data.csiro.au/dap/ landingpage?pid=csiro%3A6182 and for viewing: http://www. ga.gov.au/aster-viewer), were found to be useful for identifying and discriminating between variations in the composition of surface materials. These products have the potential to aid mineral exploration in NSW within semi-arid environments such as Cobar and, to a lesser extent, within open woodland and cultivated environments such as Wagga Wagga.

The Current Status of Mapping in the World – Spotlight on Australia

Abstract. Prior to 1950, there was very limited mapping in Australia covering only strategic areas. After World War II, the Federal Government funded the small scale mapping of the whole country. This involved the development of the Australian National Spheroid in 1966, the Australian Geodetic Datum in 1966 and 1984 (AGD66 and AGD84) which were replaced by the Australian Geocentric Datum in 1994 (GDA94). The mapping of the country was completed in 1987 with 100 % of the country mapped at 1:100,000 and 1:250,000 although about half of the 1:100,000 are unpublished products. The Federal Government through Geoscience Australia continues to provide digital data, such as the GEODATA 250K (now series 3). Mapping at larger scales is undertaken by the states and territories, including cadastral mapping. This paper will demonstrate the extent of mapping in Australia as part of the current UN global survey of mapping.

Spatial and temporal patterns of Cenozoic dynamic topography around Australia

Despite its importance, the spatial and temporal pattern of dynamic topography generated by mantle convective circulation is poorly known. We present accurate estimates of dynamic topography from oceanic basins and continental margins surrounding Australia. Our starting point is measurement of residual depth anomalies on the oldest oceanic floor adjacent to the continental shelf. These anomalies were determined from a combined dataset of ~200 seismic reflection and wide‐angle images of well‐sedimented oceanic crust. They have amplitudes of between −1 km and +0.5 km, and their spatial variation is broadly consistent with long‐wavelength free‐air gravity and shallow seismic tomographic anomalies. Along the Northwest Shelf, a regional depth anomaly of −300 to −700 m intersects the adjacent continental shelf. The temporal evolution of this anomaly was determined by analyzing the stratigraphic architecture of an extensive carbonate platform, which fringes the shelf and records a dramatic switch from progradation to aggradation during Neogene times. Three‐dimensional seismic mapping calibrated by boreholes was used to calculate water‐loaded subsidence histories at rollover points of clinoforms along the shelf. At 9 ± 3 Ma, the rate of subsidence increases from 5 to up 75 m Myr−1, generating a subsidence anomaly of −300 to −700 m. The amplitude of this anomaly varies along the shelf and cannot be generated by glacio‐eustatic sea‐level variation. Instead, we propose that a regional subsidence episode, which affects both the proximal shelf and the distal oceanic basin, was generated by convective drawdown. By combining our results with other published estimates of uplift and subsidence, a map of Australia, which shows the spatial and temporal pattern of dynamic topography is presented. Most, but not all, of Australia's epeirogeny can be attributed to rapid northward motion of the Australian plate over a pre‐existing pattern of convective circulation.

Remote detection of grassland nutrient status for assessing ground layer vegetation condition and restoration potential of eucalypt grassy woodlands

Regional-scale native vegetation mapping in Australia has traditionally focussed on the detection of woody vegetation. However there is an increasing recognition that transformation of the native herbaceous ground layer to exotic species is an equally important element of vegetation loss. In grass-dominated vegetation, the ground layer contains most of the plant diversity and hence its condition is critical for maintaining the ecological function of grasslands and woodlands. However, decades of fertiliser use have transformed native pastures to exotic dominance and there is a need for regional-scale ground layer condition assessment. We used time-series Landsat 5 imagery, combined with rainfall and soil moisture data, and coupled with site-based soil phosphorus data to develop assessments of ground layer nutrient status from spectral indices. We found significant relationships between soil available phosphorus and NDVI seasonal change. A constraint in the exploration of this relationship is the need for active plant growth, and therefore sufficient rainfall for a signal to be detected. Similarly performing models were derived from two time periods and while they differed in their direction of response, both were able to predict sites with low P. Differences were due to the functional attributes of the dominant vegetation that were active at the time of image collection. Further refinement of the models should be achievable by designing plot sampling strategies more aligned to synoptic remote sensing needs, and incorporating plant composition data into the analysis.

Using knowledge discovery with data mining from the Australian Soil Resource Information System database to inform soil carbon mapping in Australia

We present a piecewise linear decision tree model for predicting percent of soil organic C (SOC) in the agricultural zones of Australia generated using a machine learning approach. The inputs for the model are a national database of soil data, national digital surfaces of climate, elevation, and terrain variables, Landsat multispectral scanner data, lithology, land use, and soil maps. The model and resulting map are evaluated, and insights into biogeological surficial processes are discussed. The decision tree splits the overall data set into more homogenous subsets, thus in this case, it identifies areas where SOC responds closely to climatic and other environmental variables. The spatial pattern of SOC corresponds well to maps of estimated primary productivity and bioclimatic zones. Topsoil organic C levels are highest in the high rainfall, temperate regions of Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia, along the coast of New South Wales and in the wet tropics of Queensland; and lowest in arid and semiarid inland regions. While this pattern broadly follows continental vegetation, soil moisture, and temperature patterns, it is governed by a spatially variable hierarchy of different climatic and other variables across bioregions of Australia. At the continental scale, soil moisture level, rather than temperature, seems most important in controlling SOC.