Map Of Annual Rainfall Research Articles

Improvement of Interpolation Using Information From Rainfall Stations and Comparison of Hydroclimate Changes (1913-1938)/(1986-2016)

The primary objective of this study is to use a better method for rainfall mapping in areas with low density rain gauge networks. Secondly, to identify and study hydro-climatic change in the semi-arid high plains of eastern Algeria on the basis of a comparative mapping approach. The latter concerns the annual rainfall map produced by the authors of this paper for the period studied (1986/2016) and the annual rainfall map for the period 1913/1938, prepared by Chaumont and Paquin (1971). The results of this analysis show that isohyets between 300 mm and 350 mm cover a large part of the study area, they occupy an area of 14444 Km², followed by isohyets between 200 mm and 300 mm with an area of 5298 Km². In addition, the comparative analysis between the periods showed that hydro-climatic change was clear for the 200 mm, 300 mm and 400 mm isohyets, whereas there are no major changes for the 500 mm and above isohyets. Data processing based on a combination of statistical and geostatistical analysis (multiple linear regression and kriging) has once again shown the value of taking into account other parameters in the design of rainfall maps, such as geomorphological and geographical parameters.

Spatial\u2013temporal characterization of rainfall in Pakistan during the past half-century (1961\u20132020)

Spatial–temporal rainfall assessments are integral to climate/hydrological modeling, agricultural studies, and water resource planning and management. Herein, we evaluate spatial–temporal rainfall trends and patterns in Pakistan for 1961–2020 using nationwide data from 82 rainfall stations. To assess optimal spatial distribution and rainfall characterization, twenty-seven interpolation techniques from geo-statistical and deterministic categories were systematically compared, revealing that the empirical Bayesian kriging regression prediction (EBKRP) technique was best. Hence, EBKRP was used to produce and utilize the first normal annual rainfall map of Pakistan for evaluating spatial rainfall patterns. While the largest under-prediction was estimated for Hunza (− 51%), the highest and lowest rainfalls were estimated for Malam Jaba in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (~ 1700 mm), and Nok-kundi in Balochistan province (~ 50 mm), respectively. A gradual south-to-north increase in rainfall was spatially evident with an areal average of 455 mm, while long-term temporal rainfall evaluation showed a statistically significant (p = 0.05) downward trend for Sindh province. Additionally, downward inter-decadal regime shifts were detected for the Punjab and Sindh provinces (90% confidence). These results are expected to help inform environmental planning in Pakistan; moreover, the rainfall data produced using the optimal method has further implications in several aforementioned fields.

Geomatics for Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zones in Northern Part of the United Arab Emiratis - Sharjah City

Abstract. In United Arab Emirates (UAE) domestic water consumption has increased rapidly over the last decade. The increased demand for high-quality water, create an urgent need to evaluate the groundwater production of aquifers. The development of a reasonable model for groundwater potential is therefore crucial for future systematic developments, efficient management, and sustainable use of groundwater resources. The objective of this study is to map the groundwater potential zones in northern part of UAE and assess the contributing factors for exploration of potential groundwater resources. Remote sensing data and geographic information system will be used to locate potential zones for groundwater. Various maps (i.e., base, soil, geological, Hydro-geological, Geomorphologic Map, structural, drainage, slope, land use/land cover and average annual rainfall map) will be prepared based on geospatial techniques. The groundwater availability of the basin will qualitatively classified into different classes based on its hydro-geo-morphological conditions. The land use/land cover map will be also prepared for the different seasons using a digital classification technique with a ground truth based on field investigation.

Spatial Distribution of Rainfall in Indian Himalayas – A Case Study of Uttarakhand Region

Continuous rainfall data in grid format are required to run models for hydrological and agricultural research as well as water resources planning and management. The present work attempts to prepare a normal annual rainfall map in Himalayan region of India lying in Uttarakhand state at 1 km spatial resolution which currently is not available. In the region, India Meteorological Department maintains observatories/raingauge stations and data from 44 stations were used in this study. A comparative analysis of interpolation techniques like Inverse Distance Weighted, Polynomial, Splines, Ordinary Kriging and Universal Kriging shows that Universal Kriging with hole-effect model and natural logarithmic transformation with constant trend having Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 328.7 is the best choice. This is followed by Ordinary Kriging (RMSE 329.1), Splines (RMSE 392.4), Inverse Distance Weighted (RMSE 409.8) and Polynomial Interpolation (RMSE 418.5). Cross validation of the results shows the largest over prediction at Tehri rainfall station (62.5%) and largest under prediction at Nainital station (−36.5%). Physiographic zone wise, the least errors occur in the plains and the largest in the Great Himalayas. The spatial average rainfalls are 1,472 mm for Terai/Bhabar, 1,782 mm for the Shivalik ranges, 1,591 mm for the Lesser Himalayas and 1,635 mm for the Great Himalayan region. The mean areal rainfall in the region is 1,608 mm.

LOCATION DEPENDENT VARIABILITY OF MONSOON RAINFALL IN A TROPICAL REGION

ABSTRACT An analysis of rainfall variability in Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka State, was made using historical monthly rainfall data of 31 raingauge stations. For the 25 year period considered, annual and monsoon rainfall totals of individual stations did not deviate much from their mean values, but considerable spatial variations were observed. Analysis of the dependence of spatial variability on station elevation indicated that this factor alone could explain only 55% of the observed variations in annual rainfall. Considering other location dependent parameters, stepwise regression analysis was used to establish relationships between these and rainfall related variables. The regression models so developed were subjected to a validation test and found to comply fairly well. The applicability of the proposed models has been demonstrated by generating an isohyetal map of annual rainfall for the District, using topographical inputs. This map compared fairly well with the isohyetal map drawn using rainfall data.

Rainfall Distribution over Central and Southern Israel Induced by Large-Scale Moisture Flux

Abstract A map of annual rainfall in Israel was obtained from the real-time calculation of the net condensation in large-scale moisture transport through the eastern Mediterranean, sea surface evaporation, and orographic condensation above the Judean mountain range. The averaged rainfall efficiency of condensation over the rainy season is assumed to be a function of the vertically and time-averaged temperature. The calculated rainfall map correlates well with statistical annual rainfall distribution, correlation coefficient 0.9, and allows the effect of the three sources of precipitation mentioned above to be estimated. The condensation within large-scale moisture transport, the main source of precipitation in the Israel region, yields approximately two-thirds of the bulk rainfall in the Mediterranean Sea shore region. The rest results from the contribution of the sea surface evaporation. Orographic condensation starts near the Mediterranean Sea shore and increases in the direction of the Judean mountains...

The spatial distribution of annual rainfall in Israel ? a review

This paper summarizes relevant studies dealing with the analysis of the annual rainfall map of Israel. With the aid of multiple regression analysis it was possible to quantify the contribution of each of the five geographical factors determining the annual rainfall map. Although the variance of the north-south component on the rainfall map looks most impressive, the orographic factor seems to be the more important contributor. The contribution of the spatially discrete urban factor has to be isolated from the deliberated cloud seeding augmentation. The statistical tools, spatial regression model and distance correlation matrix technique, were applied for the Central Coastal Plain and the Haifa area downwind, respectively. By applying sophisticated remote sensing methods, it was possible to classify and determine the rainfall yields of the variety of cloud formations appearing in the cold air mass following the cold front.

A New Map of World Rainfall

AINFALL probably conditions man's use of the earth quite as much as any element in his environment. Topography, except in its broad features of flat country and rough country, has much less effect than is usually supposed. How, then, is the rainfall distributed over the earth? What map shall we consult in 1926? Not Herbertson's map of I898 nor Bartholomew's Atlas of Meteorology of I899, for since then the annual precipitations of Europe and Africa have been worked up as wholes and the delineation for North and South America greatly improved in detail. Reger worked over the European data in I903,1 and Kincer those for Africa in I923.2 For North America there is Kincer's admirable map of annual rainfall in the United States in the Department of Agriculture's Atlas of American Agriculture, of 1917; Moctezuma's rainfall map of Mexico published in I9243; and the rainfall of Alaska by the U. S. Weather Bureau for I925,4 to which R. F. Stupart, the distinguished director of the Canadian Meteorological Service, has kindly added a manuscript map with the results of Canadian observations, 1925. SOUTH AMERICAN RAINFALL

Rainfall of Rhodesia and Australia

TO the Proceedings of the Rhodesia Scientific Association (vol. viii., part iii., 1909) the Rev. E. Goetz, S.J., contributes a very valuable discussion of the rainfall of Rhodesia, based upon observations at sixty-three stations. Fifty of these are in southern Rhodesia; the conclusions therefore apply more particularly to the country between the Zambezi and the Limpopo (long. 27°–33° E.). The tables contain monthly and yearly amounts from the actual observations. The longest series is for Hopefountain (nineteen years), and the averages at most of the other stations have also been reduced to this normal by the usual method. An annual rainfall map shows clearly that the amounts near the Portuguese territory vary from 45 to 30 inches, and decrease westwards to 20 inches; but to the north-west (north of the Zambezi) the unreduced averages increase to 30 inches and above. There are some closed areas of high rainfall in southern Rhodesia which, the author assumes, will probably disappear with the returns of a larger number of stations. The rainfall for seasons, and for short periods at some selected stations, is dealt with in considerable detail. There is also an interesting discussion of rain and drought cycles; the nineteen-year cycle, based on the periodic movement of the high-pressure belt, recently proposed by Colonel H. E. Rawson, seems (the author thinks) to promise good results.