Map Location Research Articles

Building a Campus Tour Platform of Integrating Google Maps API and Panorama Technology

This paper proposed a web-based Google Map of the campus tour photo messaging system. When users use this system, the web page will show them information of the selected location in the map and photos, 360 degree panorama image, browse a message for the viewer further. The system uses digital camera to take photos, showing the location of the campus locations and display photos on the map in the Google Maps. Users can utilize the message board to leave comments or record message. This proposed application includes message boards, Google Maps API key and Dreamweaver web design application.

A Multitask Learning Framework for Broadband Source-Location Mapping Using Passive Sonar

Underwater source localization via passive sonar is a challenging task due to the dynamic and complex nature of the acoustic environment. Different from approaches based on matched-field processing, this work explores broadband underwater source localization within a multitask learning (MTL) framework. Here, each task refers to a robust signal approximation problem over a single frequency. MTL provides a natural framework for exchanging information across the narrowband signal-approximation problems and constructing an aggregate (across frequencies) source-localization map. Efficient algorithms based on block coordinate descent (BCD) are developed for solving the source-localization problem. Complex-valued predictor screening rules for reducing the computational complexity of the algorithm are also developed. These rules discard map locations from the set of possible source locations prior to using BCD. They reduce the computational complexity of the localization algorithm without compromising the localization results. Tests of these approaches on synthetic and real data for the SWellEX-3 environment compare the performance of the proposed algorithm to that of alternative methods.

Genetic dissection of earliness by analysis of a recombinant chromosome substitution double haploid mapping population of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in different geographic regions

The synchronization of flowering with the time of most favorable temperatures and light has substantial effects on grain yield and quality. In bread wheat, the major developmental genes determining vernalization requirement (Vrn-1) and photoperiod response are used in breeding cultivars adapted to different latitudes and climates. Fine regulation of flowering date is provided by minor genes whose allelic variation is not well studied. Although spring cultivars Saratovskaya 29 (S29) and Yanetzkis Probat (YP) carry the same two dominant Vrn-1 alleles, YP is several days later in flowering compared to S29. The aim of the current study was to establish the chromosomal and map locations of loci determining this difference. Inter-cultivar single chromosome substitution lines S29(YP) and a set of recombinant chromosome substitution double haploid lines grown at three contrasting climatic and geographic locations in Western Siberia and Europe. The substitution line S29(YP 4D*7A) carrying the entire donor chromosome 4D and an additional fragment of chromosome 7A showed the largest delay in flowering at all sites. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) between microsatellite markers Xgwm0089 and Xgwm4736 on chromosome 4D was detected only in Europe following substantially earlier sowing. It was manifested under increasing day length, and, therefore, was regarded as a photoperiod response locus. Another QTL associated with (TG)8 or 9-(CG)3 polymorphism of the TaFTA gene on chromosome 7A was effective under both long and short days thus representing an intrinsic earliness per se gene. This knowledge could aid the fine regulation of flowering in cultivars tailored for growing in specific agro-climatic conditions.

High-resolution characterization of sequence signatures due to non-random cleavage of cell-free DNA.

BackgroundHigh-throughput sequencing of cell-free DNA fragments found in human plasma has been used to non-invasively detect fetal aneuploidy, monitor organ transplants and investigate tumor DNA. However, many biological properties of this extracellular genetic material remain unknown. Research that further characterizes circulating DNA could substantially increase its diagnostic value by allowing the application of more sophisticated bioinformatics tools that lead to an improved signal to noise ratio in the sequencing data.MethodsIn this study, we investigate various features of cell-free DNA in plasma using deep-sequencing data from two pregnant women (>70X, >50X) and compare them with matched cellular DNA. We utilize a descriptive approach to examine how the biological cleavage of cell-free DNA affects different sequence signatures such as fragment lengths, sequence motifs at fragment ends and the distribution of cleavage sites along the genome.ResultsWe show that the size distributions of these cell-free DNA molecules are dependent on their autosomal and mitochondrial origin as well as the genomic location within chromosomes. DNA mapping to particular microsatellites and alpha repeat elements display unique size signatures. We show how cell-free fragments occur in clusters along the genome, localizing to nucleosomal arrays and are preferentially cleaved at linker regions by correlating the mapping locations of these fragments with ENCODE annotation of chromatin organization. Our work further demonstrates that cell-free autosomal DNA cleavage is sequence dependent. The region spanning up to 10 positions on either side of the DNA cleavage site show a consistent pattern of preference for specific nucleotides. This sequence motif is present in cleavage sites localized to nucleosomal cores and linker regions but is absent in nucleosome-free mitochondrial DNA.ConclusionsThese background signals in cell-free DNA sequencing data stem from the non-random biological cleavage of these fragments. This sequence structure can be harnessed to improve bioinformatics algorithms, in particular for CNV and structural variant detection. Descriptive measures for cell-free DNA features developed here could also be used in biomarker analysis to monitor the changes that occur during different pathological conditions.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12920-015-0107-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Reproducibility of transcranial magnetic stimulation metrics in the study of proximal upper limb muscles

Objective: Reproducibility of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) metrics is essential in accurately tracking recovery and disease. However, majority of evidence pertains to reproducibility of metrics for distal upper limb muscles. We investigate for the first time, reliability of corticospinal physiology for a large proximal muscle – the biceps brachii and relate how varying statistical analyses can influence interpretations. Methods: 14 young right-handed healthy participants completed two sessions assessing resting motor threshold (RMT), motor evoked potentials (MEPs), motor map and intra-cortical inhibition (ICI) from the left biceps brachii. Analyses included paired t-tests, Pearson’s, intra-class (ICC) and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) and Bland–Altman plots. Results: Unlike paired t-tests, ICC, CCC and Pearson’s were >0.6 indicating good reliability for RMTs, MEP intensities and locations of map; however values were <0.3 for MEP responses and ICI. Conclusions: Corticospinal physiology, defining excitability and output in terms of intensity of the TMS device, and spatial loci are the most reliable metrics for the biceps. MEPs and variables based on MEPs are less reliable since biceps receives fewer cortico-motor-neuronal projections. Statistical tests of agreement and associations are more powerful reliability indices than inferential tests. Significance: Reliable metrics of proximal muscles when translated to a larger number of participants would serve to sensitively track and prognosticate function in neurological disorders such as stroke where proximal recovery precedes distal.

BitMapper: an efficient all-mapper based on bit-vector computing.

BackgroundAs the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies producing hundreds of millions of reads every day, a tremendous computational challenge is to map NGS reads to a given reference genome efficiently. However, existing methods of all-mappers, which aim at finding all mapping locations of each read, are very time consuming. The majority of existing all-mappers consist of 2 main parts, filtration and verification. This work significantly reduces verification time, which is the dominant part of the running time.ResultsAn efficient all-mapper, BitMapper, is developed based on a new vectorized bit-vector algorithm, which simultaneously calculates the edit distance of one read to multiple locations in a given reference genome. Experimental results on both simulated and real data sets show that BitMapper is from several times to an order of magnitude faster than the current state-of-the-art all-mappers, while achieving higher sensitivity, i.e., better quality solutions.ConclusionsWe present BitMapper, which is designed to return all mapping locations of raw reads containing indels as well as mismatches. BitMapper is implemented in C under a GPL license. Binaries are freely available at http://home.ustc.edu.cn/%7Echhy.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0626-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

SU‐E‐J‐113: Effects of Deformable Registration On First‐Order Texture Maps Calculated From Thoracic Lung CT Scans

Purpose:To determine the stability of eight first‐order texture features following the deformable registration of serial computed tomography (CT) scans.Methods:CT scans at two different time points from 10 patients deemed to have no lung abnormalities by a radiologist were collected. Following lung segmentation using an in‐house program, texture maps were calculated from 32×32‐pixel regions of interest centered at every pixel in the lungs. The texture feature value of the ROI was assigned to the center pixel of the ROI in the corresponding location of the texture map. Pixels in the square ROI not contained within the segmented lung were not included in the calculation. To quantify the agreement between ROI texture features in corresponding pixels of the baseline and follow‐up texture maps, the Fraunhofer MEVIS EMPIRE10 deformable registration algorithm was used to register the baseline and follow‐up scans. Bland‐Altman analysis was used to compare registered scan pairs by computing normalized bias (nBias), defined as the feature value change normalized to the mean feature value, and normalized range of agreement (nRoA), defined as the range spanned by the 95% limits of agreement normalized to the mean feature value.Results:Each patient's scans contained between 6.8–15.4 million ROIs. All of the first‐order features investigated were found to have an nBias value less than 0.04% and an nRoA less than 19%, indicating that the variability introduced by deformable registration was low.Conclusion:The eight first‐order features investigated were found to be registration stable. Changes in CT texture maps could allow for temporal‐spatial evaluation of the evolution of lung abnormalities relating to a variety of diseases on a patient‐by‐patient basis.SGA and HA receives royalties and licensing fees through the University of Chicago for computer‐aided diagnosis technology. Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute Of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R25GM109439.

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Penelusuran Kehilangan Perangkat Mobile Berbasis Android

In this modern era, android based smart phone widely dominate the world market, especially Indonesia. Not only possessed by the premium class it also used by middle and lower class customer, though sometimes prone to be lost or misplaced somewhere. This study purposed to develop an application that is able to trace the missing android smart phone in order to avoid loss or being hidden unintentionally that possibly put the owner into a very difficult situation, especially if the smart phone or mobile device has moved away from the known missing position. Lost mobile device tracking application, used to trace and discover the position of a lost smart phone. It built using the Java programming language in the Eclipse IDE and the Android SDK software. It also designed using waterfall method, a method that shows a systematic and sequential approach through stages in SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) and software modeled using UML (Unified Modeling Language). The application active and works by using SMS commands and sent to a friend's phone number that already registered. SMS command 'siren' to ring the alarm, as well as SMS command 'where' to know the latitude and longitude coordinates using GPS assistance to get the map location and Google Maps API to get the route to the location. The entire available features menu in the lost mobile device tracking application has been tested and running normally. Work using SMS commands that ease the users to run the application as long as credits balance available. For further development, this application is expected to control the system remotely so the important data protected and cannot be accessed by the inventor.

Molecular mapping of five soybean genes involved in male-sterility, female-sterility.

In soybean, asynaptic and desynaptic mutants lead to abnormal meiosis and fertility reduction. Several male-sterile, female-sterile mutants have been identified and studied in soybean, however, some of these mutants have not been mapped to locations on soybean chromosomes. The objectives of this study were to molecularly map five male-sterile, female-sterile genes (st2, st4, st5, st6, and st7) in soybean and compare the map locations of these genes with already mapped sterility genes. Microsatellite markers were used in bulked segregant analyses to locate all five male-sterile, female-sterile genes to soybean chromosomes, and markers from the corresponding chromosomes were used on F2 populations to generate genetic linkage maps. The st2, st4, st5, st6, and st7 genes were located on molecular linkage group (MLG) B1 (chromosome 11), MLG D1a (chromosome 01), MLG F (chromosome 13), MLG B2 (chromosome 14), and D1b (chromosome 02), respectively. The st2, st4, st5, st6, and st7 genes were flanked to 10.3 (∼ 399 kb), 6.3 (∼ 164 kb), 3.9 (∼ 11.8 Mb), 11.0 (∼ 409 kb), and 5.3 cM (∼ 224 kb), and the flanked regions contained 57, 17, 362, 52, and 17 predicted genes, respectively. Future characterization of candidate genes should facilitate identification of the male- and female-fertility genes, which may provide vital insights on structure and function of genes involved in the reproductive pathway in soybean.

Molecular Mapping and Validation of SrND643: A New Wheat Gene for Resistance to the Stem Rust Pathogen Ug99 Race Group.

This study reports the identification of a new gene conferring resistance to the Ug99 lineage of races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Because the virulent races of stem rust pathogen continue to pose a serious threat in global wheat production, identification and molecular characterization of new resistance genes remains of utmost important to enhance resistance diversity and durability in wheat germplasm. Advanced wheat breeding line 'ND643/2*Weebill1' carries a stem rust resistance gene, temporarily designated as SrND643, effective against the Ug99 group of P. graminis f. sp. tritici races at both seedling and adult growth stages. This study was conducted to map the chromosomal location of SrND643 and identify closely linked molecular markers to allow its selection in breeding populations. In total, 123 recombinant inbred lines, developed by crossing ND643/2*Weebill1 with susceptible line 'Cacuke', were evaluated for stem rust response in field nurseries at Njoro, Kenya, during two growing seasons in 2010, and were genotyped with DNA markers, including Diversity Arrays Technology, simple sequence repeats (SSR), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Linkage mapping tagged SrND643 at the distal end of chromosome 4AL, showing close association with SSR markers Xgwm350 (0.5 centimorgans [cM]), Xwmc219 (4.1 cM), and Xwmc776 (2.9 cM). The race specificity of SrND643 is different from that of Sr7a and Sr7b, indicating that the resistance is conferred by a gene at a new locus or by a new allele of Sr7. The flanking markers Xgwm350 and Xwmc219 were predictive of the presence of SrND643 in advanced germplasm, thus validating the map location and their use in marker-assisted selection.

Characterisation of alleles of the sucrose phosphate synthase gene family in sugarcane and their association with sugar-related traits

Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) is a key enzyme in the production of sucrose. Five SPS gene families have been identified in monocotyledonous plants including sugarcane. Using SPS family-specific primers to four of the five families (we had previously characterised the fifth gene family), an approximately 400-nt region was amplified from the parents of a sugarcane mapping population, namely the cultivar Q165 and a S. officinarum line IJ76-514. Alignment of the sequences from both parents suggested from one to three genes per SPS gene family, with variable numbers of alleles per gene. Single-dose (SD) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in at least one allele from each SPS gene family and mapped in Q165. For gene families SPS I–IV, SNPs from different alleles in each gene family mapped to different linkage groups within the same homology group (HG), suggesting a single gene per gene family, or multiple genes at a single locus. These map locations were syntenic with SPS gene family locations in sorghum. Two SNPs from different alleles in gene family SPS V were mapped to two different HGs, suggesting two genes in this family; one of the map locations was syntenic with the location of SPS V in sorghum. QTL analysis for sugar-related traits was undertaken with the SD and double-dose SNP markers. SNPs from SPS gene family IV were strongly associated with sugar-related traits, while SNPs from other gene families were associated with agronomic traits, such as stalk weight, diameter, and number. This study provides insight into the evolution of this important polyploid crop as well as highlights the importance of this gene family to sugar production in sugarcane.

AMAS: Optimizing the Partition and Filtration of Adaptive Seeds to Speed up Read Mapping

Background: Identifying all possible mapping locations of next-generation sequencing (NGS) reads is highly essential in several applications such as prediction of genomic variants or protein binding motifs located in repeat regions, isoform expression quantification, metagenomics analysis, etc. However, this task is very time-consuming and majority of mapping tools only focus on one or a few best mapping locations. Results: We propose AMAS, an alignment tool specialized in identifying all possible mapping locations of NGS reads in a reference sequence. AMAS features an effective use of adaptive seeds to speed up read mapping while preserving sensitivity. Specifically, an index is designed to pre-store the locations of adaptive seeds in the reference sequence, efficiently reducing the time for seed matching and partitioning. An accurate filtration of adaptive seeds is further applied to substantially tighten the candidate alignment space. As a result, AMAS runs several times faster than other state-of-the-art read mappers while achieving similar accuracy. Conclusions: AMAS provides a valuable resource to speed up the important yet time-consuming task of identifying all mapping locations of NGS reads. AMAS is implemented in C++ based on the SeqAn library and is freely available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/ngsamas/. Keywords: next-generation sequencing, read mapping, sequence alignment, adaptive seeds, seed partition, filtration

Behavior of a modified Dissociation element in barley: a tool for genetic studies and for breeding transgenic barley

Maize-derived sequences from the transposable elements Activator (Ac) and Dissociation (Ds) have enabled studies of gene function via transposon tagging. The characteristics of modified, transgene-containing Ds elements constructed for some of these studies have demonstrated their ability to resolve complex loci, separate transgenes from marker genes and vector sequences, and to support high and heritable levels of transgene expression. To most efficiently design breeding schemes for developing transgenic populations via Ds-mediated transposition, detailed knowledge of the dynamics and characteristics of transposition in barley is necessary. Examination of a barley transposon tagging population (n = 4,954) derived from crosses of lines containing Ds-bar insertions to lines expressing Ac transposase showed that the frequencies of transposition from eight original Ds-bar loci ranged from 5 to 41 % among F2 individuals. Sequence analysis of Ds-bar terminal sequences and of flanking genomic sequences for 107 F2 and F3 individuals indicated precise integrations. Analysis of 173 flanking sequences derived from these populations and from previously produced populations, primarily using sequence-based methods, enabled the mapping of 159 to a specific chromosome and 136 to specific map locations. Of the 156 DsT loci that could be located to specific contigs, most were located in gene-rich areas and approximately 40 % were either in or near (within 1 kb) expressed sequences or predicted proteins. These data will enable the design of optimal breeding schemes for developing and using Ds-based systems for transposon tagging and for transgene delivery that are specific to barley.

Toward a true spatial model evaluation in distributed hydrological modeling: Kappa statistics, Fuzzy theory, and EOF‐analysis benchmarked by the human perception and evaluated against a modeling case study

AbstractThe hydrological modeling community is aware that the validation of distributed hydrological models has to move beyond aggregated performance measures, like hydrograph assessment by means of Nash‐Suitcliffe efficiency toward a true spatial model validation. Remote sensing facilitates continuous data and can be measured on a similar spatial scale as the predictive scale of the hydrological model thereby it can serve as suitable data for the spatial validation. The human perception is often described as a very reliable and well‐trained source for pattern comparison, which this study wants to exploit. A web‐based survey that is interpreted based on approximately 200 replies reflects the consensus of the human perception on map comparisons of a reference map and 12 synthetic perturbations. The resulting similarity ranking can be used as a reference to benchmark various spatial performance metrics. This study promotes Fuzzy theory as a suitable approach because it considers uncertainties related to both location and value in the simulated map. Additionally, an EOF‐analysis (Empirical Orthogonal Function) is conducted to decompose the map comparison into its similarities and dissimilarities. A modeling case study serves to further examine the metrics capability to assess the goodness of fit between simulated and observed land surface temperature maps. The EOF‐analysis unambiguously identifies a systematic depth to groundwater table‐related model deficiency. Kappa statistic extended by Fuzziness is a suitable and commonly applied measure for map comparison. However, its apparent bias sensitivity limits it's capability as a diagnostic tool to detect the distinct deficiency.

Locating Suitable Sites for Construction of Underground Dams

Abstract. Iran has been stated in dry and semidry area. Therefore development and storage of ground water by underground dams can be suitable. Pyrzal and Javrdh region has been placed in Khuzestan North east of Kohgiloye city , and according to DO Marthon classification is considered as semidry climate. In this study, Decision making tree is consisted of : Reservoir and economic criteria for reservoir , four minor criteria were considered : Decline, hydraulic conductivity , effective porosity and foundation permeability and for economical factors to location of dam and distance of dam from usage place were considered . To determine the exact location of dam axis in a point of route 27 primary locations were districted. Them regarding to location of the selected locations in map , site priorities of 15 locations were recognized . Finally storage rate of each of the suggested priorities were calculated.

MicromapST: Exploring and Communicating Geospatial Patterns in US State Data

The linked micromap graphical design uses color to link each geographic unit’s name with its statistical graphic elements and map location across columns in a single row. Perceptual grouping of these rows into smaller chunks of data facilitates local focus and visual queries. Sorting the geographic units (the rows) in different ways can reveal patterns in the statistics, in the maps, and in the association between them. This design supports both exploration and communication in a multivariate geospatial context. This paper describes micromapST, an R package that implements the linked micromap graphical design specifically formatted for US state data, a common geographic unit used to display geographic patterns of health and other factors within the US. This package creates a graphic for the 51 geographic units (50 states plus DC) that fits on a single page, with states comprising the rows and state names, graphs and maps the columns. The graphical element for each state/column combination may represent a single statistical value, e.g., by a dot or horizontal bar, with or without an uncertainty measure. The distribution of values within each state, e.g., for counties, may be displayed by a boxplot. Two values per state may be represented by an arrow indicating the change in values, e.g., between two time points, or a scatter plot of the paired data. Categorical counts may be displayed as horizontal stacked bars, with optional standardization to percents or centering of the bars. Layout options include specification of the sort order for the rows, the graph/map linking colors, a vertical reference line and others. Output may be directed to the screen but is best displayed on a printer (or as a print image saved to any file format supported by R). The availability of a pre-defined linked micromap layout specifically for the 51 US states with graphical displays of single values, data distributions, change between two values, scatter plots of paired values, time series data and categorical data, facilitates quick exploration and communication of US state data for most common data types.

A New Map Location of Gene Stb3 for Resistance to Septoria Tritici Blotch in Wheat.

Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola (synonym: Zymoseptoria tritici; asexual stage: Septoria tritici), is an important disease of wheat worldwide. Management of the disease usually is by host resistance or fungicides. However, M. graminicola has developed insensitivity to most commonly applied fungicides so there is a continuing need for well-characterized sources of host resistance to accelerate the development of improved wheat cultivars. Gene Stb3 has been a useful source of major resistance, but its mapping location has not been well characterized. Based on linkage to a single marker, a previous study assigned Stb3 to a location on the short arm of chromosome 6D. However, the results from the present study show that this reported location is incorrect. Instead, linkage analysis revealed that Stb3 is located on the short arm of wheat chromosome 7A, completely linked to microsatellite (SSR) locus Xwmc83 and flanked by loci Xcfa2028 (12.4 cM distal) and Xbarc222 (2.1 cM proximal). Linkage between Stb3 and Xwmc83 was validated in BC1F3 progeny of other crosses, and analyses of the flanking markers with deletion stocks showed that the gene is located on 7AS between fraction lengths 0.73 and 0.83. This revised location of Stb3 is different from those for other STB resistance genes previously mapped in hexaploid wheat but is approximately 20 cM proximal to an STB resistance gene mapped on the short arm of chromosome 7Am in Triticum monococcum. The markers described in this study are useful for accelerating the deployment of Stb3 in wheat breeding programs.

Mapping of two loci conferring resistance to wheat stem rust pathogen races TTKSK (Ug99) and TRTTF in the elite hard red spring wheat line SD4279

Since its identification in the late 1990s, the stem rust pathogen (Puccinia graminis. f. sp. tritici (Pgt)) strain Ug99 (race TTKSK) has represented a worldwide wheat production threat due to its ability to overcome most of the resistance genes present in commercial cultivars. In order to address this chal- lenge, resistance genes in wheat cultivars as well as in wild relatives have been identified. However, stem rust resistance breeding is facing a new challenge with the recent discovery in Ethiopia of a new race of Pgt (TRTTF) capable of defeating Sr13, SrTmp, and Sr1R Amigo genes that conferred resistance to the Ug99 race group. As part of an ongoing screening process at USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, SD4279, an elite line from the hard red spring wheat breeding program at South Dakota State University, was found to be resistant to both races TTKSK and TRTTF. The objectives posed in this research were (1) to characterize the genetics of resistance to stem rust in SD4279 and (2) to identify molecular markers linked to race TTKSK (Ug99) and TRTTF resistance in SD4279. A mapping population composed of 92 F2:3 families was evaluated for resistance to TTKSK and TRTTF. A single-gene conferring resistance to TTKSK, likely Sr9h, was mapped on chromosome arm 2BL. Also, a single gene was located on chromosome arm 6AS conferring resistance to TRTTF. Based on the type of reaction and map location, we postulate that the 6AS resistance gene is Sr8a which has not been mapped previously using DNA markers.

Human V4 and ventral occipital retinotopic maps.

The ventral surface of the human occipital lobe contains multiple retinotopic maps. The most posterior of these maps is considered a potential homolog of macaque V4, and referred to as human V4 ("hV4"). The location of the hV4 map, its retinotopic organization, its role in visual encoding, and the cortical areas it borders have been the subject of considerable investigation and debate over the last 25 years. We review the history of this map and adjacent maps in ventral occipital cortex, and consider the different hypotheses for how these ventral occipital maps are organized. Advances in neuroimaging, computational modeling, and characterization of the nearby anatomical landmarks and functional brain areas have improved our understanding of where human V4 is and what kind of visual representations it contains.

Acu Glass: Quantifying Acupuncture Therapy using Google Glass

Acupuncture is a therapeutic or preventative therapy through the stimulation on acupoints that located on the body surface across the anatomy to affect the functions of specific organs or soft tissues. During the acupuncture training process, mapping the acupuncture map to patients could be a challenging work since the trainees mainly rely on the instruction from experienced acupuncturists. In this study, a wearable acupuncture assistant system using augmented reality technology was introduced to record the whole treatment process with augmented information that quantified the traditional acupuncture practice. Through constructing a dynamic, personalized, and self-regulating map of virtual acupoints, the system quantified the coordinates of the acupoints to form a basic guideline to help the trainee to recall the type and location of acupuncture map. The experimental results show that the proposed system could record the coordinate of acupoints in real time and the augmented information also has the potential to be a visual guide during treatment.