Base Map Research Articles

Parametrization of the Hungarian Stereographic Map Sheets

Abstract. A topographic map series of Northern Transylvania was drawn in the 1940s. Georeferencing them needs information about their coordinate systems. These maps used two reference systems known as the Budapest and the Marosvásárhely Stereographic projections. The datum transformation parameters of the former had already been determined in previous studies, but they had to be adjusted slightly to use a common Ferro–Greenwich difference for both systems. Parameters of the Marosvásárhely system were only available as a Molodenskiy transformation determined with insufficient accuracy. In this study, we recalculate the Molodenskiy parameters with higher accuracy and determine six parameters from the usual 7-parameter Helmert (aka. Burša–Wolf) transformation. The ideas given in this paper can be useful in other similar cases when the information about base point coordinates on the old system is very limited: We had access only to the ellipsoidal coordinates of the origin and the projected coordinates of one single point. The accuracy of the resulting transformation was evaluated by aligning the old map sheets with recent base maps.

Study urban expansion in Mosul city using remote sensing data

Mosul city considered as the second largest city in Iraq after the capital, Baghdad, in terms of population and urban areas (residential neighborhoods) in terms of number and high population density, which requires the need to monitor the changes that occur in the city as a result of random expansion, unplanned construction in large areas. Knowing about these changes is importance to the authorities in planning and providing services for the city. The current research deals with the study of urban expansion of Mosul city using Landsat 8 satellite data for the three different years 2009, 2014, 2019, respectively. Digital processing and image classification were used to prepare and draw three urban maps to track urban growth patterns for the three different time periods, using remote sensing software. Where the results showed that significant changes occurred in the structure of the city, represented in a significant increase in residential areas at the expense of a significant decline in agricultural lands and forest lands, as the residential areas reached 96.30 km2 in 2009 and according to the study became 166.42 km2 in 2019, an increase of 70.12 km2 within ten years. This warns the authorities to take legal and planning measures to preparation to this increase and try to provide the necessary services and infrastructure for this increase rate, in addition to preventing encroachments on agricultural areas. Government departments and local authorities can benefit from this research in developing service strategies and future infrastructure projects and updating the city's base map based on the expansion rates derived from the research results.

DETERMINATION OF URBAN SPRAWL PHENOMENON IN PEKALONGAN CITY AND ITS SURROUNDING

Urbanization defines as a spatial and socio-economic transformation process from rural to urban areas. While urban sprawl is the process of propagation of the appearance of urban physical characteristics from the inner city toward the urban fringe area. Pekalongan City has grown from a small town to a medium-sized city with a population of 300,000 people. This study aims to identify the phenomenon of urban sprawl in Pekalongan City and its surroundings (Pekalongan and Batang Regency) and identify the urban environment quality based on the condition of the public services availability in these urban areas. The data used in this study were the 2019 Village Potential (PODES) from the Central Agency on Statistics (BPS) and a digital base map from the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG). The urban-rural classification scoring from the BPS was used to identify urban areas as the method in this study. The results showed that 111 out of 285 villages in Pekalongan Regency and 63 out of 248 villages in Batang Regency could already be classified as urban areas and formed an urban agglomeration with Pekalongan City. This study also showed that the environmental quality in urban areas with urban sprawl phenomenon has met the standards and criteria for urban public services compared to other areas.

CitySim: A Drone-Based Vehicle Trajectory Dataset for Safety-Oriented Research and Digital Twins

The development of safety-oriented research and applications requires fine-grain vehicle trajectories that not only have high accuracy, but also capture substantial safety-critical events. However, it would be challenging to satisfy both these requirements using the available vehicle trajectory datasets do not have the capacity to satisfy both. This paper introduces the CitySim dataset that has the core objective of facilitating safety-oriented research and applications. CitySim has vehicle trajectories extracted from 1,140-min of drone videos recorded at 12 locations. It covers a variety of road geometries including freeway basic segments, weaving segments, expressway merge/diverge segments, signalized intersections, stop-controlled intersections, and control-free intersections. CitySim was generated through a five-step procedure that ensured trajectory accuracy. The five-step procedure included video stabilization, object filtering, multivideo stitching, object detection and tracking, and enhanced error filtering. Furthermore, CitySim provides the rotated bounding box information of a vehicle, which was demonstrated to improve safety evaluations. Compared with other video-based trajectory datasets, CitySim had significantly more safety-critical events, including cut-in, merge, and diverge events, which were validated by distributions of both minimum time-to-collision and minimum post encroachment time. In addition, CitySim had the capability to facilitate digital-twin-related research by providing relevant assets, such as the recording locations’ three-dimensional base maps and signal timings.

The development of a global LAI and FAPAR product using GCOM-C/SGLI data

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched the Global Change Observation Mission - Climate (GCOM-C) satellite on December 23rd, 2017. As a part of the standard products of JAXA’s GCOM-C satellite, we developed the Leaf Area Index (LAI) and the Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) product. In comparison to other global LAI and FAPAR products by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS), our products have the following advantageous features: high spatial and temporal resolution (250 m and daily); the retrieval algorithm (look-up-table) is based on “the Forest Light Environmental Simulator” (FLiES) which is a full 3-D canopy radiative transfer model as well as a vegetation landscape model and a global forest landscape map created for this study. The algorithm and ancillary data sets are completely independent of the existing products that are more or less influenced by the MODIS LAI/FAPAR, providing an alternate and independent source of LAI and FAPAR. The dataset has been created since April 2018 and is freely available on JAXA’s G-Portal site (https://gportal.jaxa.jp/gpr). As a result of accuracy assessment with in-situ data, the Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) for total LAI and FAPAR were 0.776 and 0.112, respectively. We also compared our LAI and FAPAR estimates with three existing global datasets (PROBA-V/OLCI, MODIS and VIIRS product). The spatial distribution of LAI and FAPAR showed different characteristics among the datasets although their temporal trends were similar. The differences in estimation results among datasets due to differences in the retrieval algorithms, base map (or land cover data) and input data need to be evaluated in the future.

Estimation of Runoff in Data Scare Watershed of Middle Gujarat, India Using HEC-HMS Model

The accurate estimation of the hydrologic response in water resources planning and development is crucial. In this study, the rainfall-runoff relationship and hydrologic response of the Devgadh Baria watershed in the Panam river catchment were investigated. Due to limited availability and accuracy of runoff data, Clark UH, and SCS UH models were explored for runoff estimation. Remote sensing and GIS techniques were integrated to assess the ungauged watershed in the Middle Gujarat region.
 Rainfall and discharge data, Sentinel-2 data, 12.5m ALOS PALSAR DEM, base maps, and soil maps were collected from various sources. The study area's five different events were randomly selected, and a Thiessen map was prepared to calculate weighted rainfall. Geomorphological parameters and Horton's ratios were estimated using remote sensing and GIS software ILWIS.
 The composite curve number (CN) for the watershed was found to be 77.69. Excess-rainfall hyetographs were separated using the SCS-loss method, and the time to peak estimated by the models matched well with observed data, except for a one-day delay in the HEC-HMS based Clark UH model.
 Four performance indices, namely NSE, PBIAS, RMSE, and d, were used to compare model performance. The SCS UH model demonstrated the highest NSE value (-0.28) for event-1, while the HEC-HMS based SCS UH model showed the lowest NSE value (-0.28) for event-1. The SCS model outperformed the other models based on performance indicators NSE, RMSE, and d. Overall, the SCS UH approach provided the best estimation of peak discharge and time to peak discharge. The direct surface runoff hydrographs estimated using.

Development of convolutional neural network algorithm on ships detection in Natuna Islands-Indonesia using land look satellite imagery

Indonesia's vast waters require much time and energy to monitor illegal fishing. Utilizing remote sensing technology is the right solution for monitoring, controlling, and surveying (MCS) systems. The phenomenon of particular concern to the ship detection process using a remote sensing system is the form of images with various positions due to the ship's rectangular and narrow dimensions and the high viewing angle from space. This condition differs if the shooting is carried out close to objects on the earth's surface. Considering the situation of recording data from a very far position, refining the convolutional neural network (CNN) method for processing remote sensing image data continues to be developed, primarily related to detecting ships. The latest development of the CNN algorithm shows its ability to see vessels by taking into account the orientation factor of objects at sea level with almost perfect accuracy. The problem is that the system needs to be able to detect in detail the movements and types of ships recorded by remote sensing satellite sensors. Therefore, an automatic ship detection instrument is needed based on Land look USGS base map high-resolution image data to maintain maritime sovereignty in Indonesia. Image data were acquired from the waters of the Natuna islands and taken at a scale of 1: 2000. The data obtained from the acquisition are five high-resolution image data 1680 × 840 pixels, in which there are 32 ship image data and 3100 non-ship image data 80 × 80 pixels. The ship image data is then processed by color and geometry augmentation to produce 1440 new data. The image processing stage afterward is reading and splitting the dataset, creating a CNN, and training and testing the CNN model. Based on the results of the ship and non-ship objects detection with the CNN model, the accuracy results are 99.78% and 99.24%, respectively.

Struggling for Life and Livelihood: Tribal Household’s Economic Activities in the Rarh Region of West Bengal, India

Studies on economic activity at the household level to understand the tribal economy today that are based on primary data are limited. This article’s aim is to look into the household economic activities of tribal people in West Bengal’s Rarh region. Most of the source materials were collected from primary surveys. A single base map was compiled and made from a secondary source. By means of a well-structured questionnaire, the primary information is collected. Totally, 150 households located in four regions were surveyed. Around 28 villages and a total of 17 Community Development (CD) blocks have been included in 150 tribal household sample surveys. The size of the landholding (large, medium and small) has been addressed during respondent selection. A stratified purposive random sampling procedure is adopted to achieve the goals and objectives of the research. The study reveals that in regions with high degrees of livelihood resources, household economic activity is strong overall and gradually deteriorates towards regions with very low levels of livelihood resources. Distance migration is a common event in areas with little or no resources for a living. Increasing infrastructure is essential to increasing both farm and non-farm income sources. To help impoverished families diversify their sources of income, agricultural and forest-based industrial units should be promoted, and required skill development initiatives should be put in place.

ESTIMASI CADANGAN KARBON BAWAH PERMUKAAN LAHAN GAMBUT DI DESA CATUR RAHAYU KECAMATAN DENDANG KABUPATEN TANJUNG JABUNG TIMUR

One of the functions of peatlands is as a hydrological function and plays an important role in the biosphere system as a carbon source controlling CO2 circulation and has a major influence on the balance of carbon in the earth's atmosphere. This study aimed to predict the magnitude of subsurface carbon stocks in peatlands in Catur Rahayu Village, Dendang District, East Tanjung Jabung Regency, Jambi Province. This study was carried out using a survey method with a map scale of 1: 25,000. Determination of sampling was in a grid that was made perpendicular to the drainage channel. The grid was made with a distance of 500 m x 250 m. Parameters observed as the main data included field measurements, namely land area (base map), peat thickness (drilling), peat decomposition level (van post method), C-organic (loss on ignition method), and bulk density (ring sample). Calculation of carbon stocks was carried out at a depth of each layer of peat decomposition level with calculations based on geographic information system (GIS) spatial modeling. The results of measuring carbon stocks in the soil in this study were related to using a combination of direct measurements in the field, laboratory results, and GIS spatial modeling-based calculations. The estimation of carbon stocks community land research in Catur Rahayu Village, the total carbon stock stored is 1,514.495.57 t, equivalent to 1,552.53 t ha-1.

DURHAM AND NORTHUMBERLAND ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS WILLIAM SMITH USED AS MANUSCRIPT MAPS IN THE FIELD AND ON HIS PUBLISHED MAPS

ABSTRACT William Smith (1769–1839) chose large scale topographic manuscript maps for recording his field observations. Those for the northeastern counties of Durham and Northumberland were at one inch to the mile. They were made by Andrew Armstrong, and published in 1768 and 1769, respectively. The copies acquired by Smith, and colored and annotated by him, are the only early large–scale manuscript maps to have survived. They offer a rare insight into how he carried out fieldwork in counties that were unfamiliar to him, as he began work on what would become his celebrated map of England and Wales with Part of Scotland, first published in 1815. The Durham map has a near complete delineation of the strata, but the Northumberland map has little more than an outline. The stratum Millstone Grit was added on both maps, and the ‘stratum’ Whinstone on the Northumberland map. These were omitted from Smith's 1815 map. On each map, Armstrong plotted lead mines and coal mines then operating. Smith made use of these, particularly on the Northumberland manuscript map. Armstrong gave names to several features on his Northumberland map, which hinted at some mining activity there. This did not escape Smith’s notice. In 1821 Smith, and his nephew John Phillips, began a fresh survey of northern England for the county maps that would form part VI of Smith’s New Geological Atlas. Some information was carried over from the early manuscript maps to later manuscript maps, for which the topographic county maps by John Cary were the base maps. This included some of the geological information that Armstrong had printed.

Land use and cover in subtropical East Asia and Southeast Asia from 1700 to 2018

Land-use/cover change (LUCC) has severely disturbed the terrestrial carbon balance in subtropical East Asia and Southeast Asia (SEASA). High-precision, long-term historical land cover (LC) data, and LC spatiotemporal patterns and transitions, exhibit high levels of uncertainty. This study constructed base and potential map containing 18 LC categories by integrating multisource high-resolution remote sensing datasets in 2014; then collected official reports, FAOSTAT, and long-term historical datasets, and used the correction coefficient method to obtain the area time series of forest, cropland, and urban at the provincial scale from 1700 to 2018; Finally, the fraction map of 18 LCs in SEASA at 1 km resolution during 1700–2018 was reconstructed based on a pixel level area calibration method, and the spatiotemporal patterns and transitions of LUCC were analyzed. Over the past 300 years, SEASA forest area decreased by 145.22 million ha, most rapidly from 1950 to 1980 (sevenfold that of the preceding 250 years). The loss of tropical forest, mainly in Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand, accounting for >80% of this decline. Subtropical forest areas increased significantly in China. Cropland and urban areas increased greatly, by 86.55 and 7.97 million ha, respectively, with the largest increases in China, Thailand, Myanmar, Japan, and Indonesia. Other natural land types closely related to human activity declined more, becoming cropland and urban areas, with greater variability. Conversion of forest to other LC types accounted for >70% of the total LC transition from 1700 to 2018. The main sources of cropland were forest (mainly in Thailand, central Myanmar, and southern Vietnam) and other nonforest natural land. Urban growth was mainly via encroachment on forest and other natural land. This study elucidates the spatiotemporal evolution of LUCC in SEASA from 1700 to 2018, and provides historical spatiotemporal data for large-scale bamboo forests, along with high-precision LUCC data for studying terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change in the SEASA.

Reconstructing Long‐Term Forest Age of China by Combining Forest Inventories, Satellite‐Based Forest Age and Forest Cover Data Sets

AbstractForest age is one of the most important ecosystem characters for accurately estimating the magnitude and potential of carbon sink in forest ecosystems. During the past 40 years, national ecological restoration projects have led to the near doubling of the forest cover area in China, which has also substantially affected the dynamics of forest age. Therefore, there is an urgent need to generate long‐term forest age maps for China. This study reconstructed China forest age datasets (CFAD) from 1980 to 2015 at five year intervals at a 1 km spatial resolution by merging a satellite‐based forest age map in 2010 and forest cover dynamic maps from 1980 to 2015. The random forest method was used to reconstruct the forest age where forest age could not be inferred from the forest age base map in 2010 directly. CFAD showed a good agreement with the province‐level mean forest age derived from the several national forest inventories (R2 ranged from 0.66 to 0.86). In general, the younger forests are mainly distributed in southern and eastern China. The older forests are mainly distributed in the mountain areas of northeast, northwest and southwest China. The average age of China's forests increased from 18.2 to 44.0 years old from 1980 to 2015. Based on the current forest age and future afforestation planning, the average forest age in China is predicted to reach 71.6 years old in 2060. The CFAD provides an alternative data set to obtain improved estimates of local and national forest carbon sinks in China.

DESIGN AND SYSEM OF A BOARDING HOUSE MAPPING LOCATION

<p>Lack of facilities to obtain information<br />about boarding houses is one of the problems often faced<br />by immigrants. The majority who occupy the boarding<br />house are students or workers who come from outside<br />the area, so to determine the ideal boarding house,<br />considerations about apart from facilities and price, the<br />distance from the boarding house to the location is also<br />one of the considerations for choosing a boarding house.<br />Therefore, a web-based Info Boarding application was<br />made using the google maps API. The process of making<br />this web using the PHP programming language, using<br />XAMPP (PHPMyAdmin) for database creation, using<br />the google maps API to display google maps on the<br />website as a base map. information about boarding<br />features, booking features, and filter features to<br />predetermined locations. With this website-based<br />application, it is hoped that it will make it easier for<br />people to find boarding houses according to user needs</p>

A spectral approach to quenched linear and higher-order response for partially hyperbolic dynamics

AbstractFor smooth random dynamical systems we consider the quenched linear and higher-order response of equivariant physical measures to perturbations of the random dynamics. We show that the spectral perturbation theory of Gouëzel, Keller and Liverani [28, 33], which has been applied to deterministic systems with great success, may be adapted to study random systems that possess good mixing properties. As a consequence, we obtain general linear and higher-order response results, as well as the differentiability of the variance in quenched central limit theorems (CLTs), for random dynamical systems (RDSs) that we then apply to random Anosov diffeomorphisms and random U(1) extensions of expanding maps. We emphasize that our results apply to random dynamical systems over a general ergodic base map, and are obtained without resorting to infinite-dimensional multiplicative ergodic theory.

Exploring MapSwipe as a Crowdsourcing Tool for (Rapid) Damage Assessment: The Case of the 2021 Haiti Earthquake

Abstract. Fast and reliable geographic information is vital in disaster management. In the late 2000s, crowdsourcing emerged as a powerful method to provide this information. Base mapping through crowdsourcing is already well-established in relief workflows. However, crowdsourced post-disaster damage assessment is researched but not yet institutionalized. Based on MapSwipe, an established mobile application for crowdsourced base mapping, a damage assessment approach was developed and tested for a case study after the 2021 Haiti earthquake. First, MapSwipe’s damage mapping results are assessed for quality by using a reference dataset in regard to different aggregation methods. Then, the MapSwipe data was compared to an already established rapid damage assessment method by the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS). Crowdsourced building damage mapping achieved a maximum F1-score of 0.63 in comparison to the reference data set. MapSwipe and CEMS data showed only slight agreement with Cohen’s Kappa values reaching a maximum of 0.16. The results highlight the potential of crowdsourcing damage assessment as well as the importance for a scientific evaluation of the quality of CEMS data. Next steps for further integrating the presented workflow into MapSwipe are discussed.

Mapping Irrigated Areas Based on Remotely Sensed Crop Phenology and Soil Moisture

Artificial irrigation is critical for improving soil moisture conditions and ensuring crop growth. Its irrational deployment can lead to ecological and environmental issues. Mapping and understanding the changes in irrigated areas are vital to effectively managing limited water. However, most researchers map irrigated areas with a single data resource, which makes it hard to detect irrigated signals in complex situations. The case study area for this paper was China’s winter wheat region, and an irrigated area map was generated by analyzing the effects of artificial irrigation on crop phenological characteristics and soil moisture time series. The mapping process involved three steps: (1) generating a basic irrigated map by employing the ISODATA classification method on the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test irrigation signals from the microwave remote sensing data and reanalysis data; (2) creating the other map with the maximum likelihood ratio classification and zoning scheme on the phenological parameters extracted from the NDVI time series; and (3) fusing these two maps at the decision level to obtain the final map with a higher spatial resolution of 1 km. The map was evaluated against existing irrigated area data and was highly compatible with GMIA 5.0. The overall accuracy (OA) was 73.49%.

High-accuracy lunar global brightness-temperature mapping using third-order Fourier fitting and co-kriging interpolation

The use of microwave radiation data collected by lunar orbiters to infer the lunar brightness-temperature (TB) distribution is of great importance to lunar scientific exploration. The TB data acquired by China's Chang'E-2 passive microwave radiometer (MRM) is one of the basic materials for lunar temperature mapping. Core issues of lunar microwave TB mapping include data fitting at different latitudes, outlier removal, and integrated spatial interpolation considering influencing factors. We applied a third-order Fourier function to fit the lunar TB data, which effectively removes outliers considering the fitting characteristic and three-sigma rule (FCTSR). Because the lunar surface temperature is influenced by a variety of factors such as topography and albedo, we then built a multi-factor co-kriging interpolation method to perform lunar TB mapping accurately. The cross-validation shows that, in terms of the mean-absolute-error and root-mean-square-error, the multi-factor co-kriging interpolation improves the mapping accuracy by 30%–60% compared to inverse distance interpolation and ordinary kriging interpolation. The analysis shows that topography and albedo are the most important factors influencing the lunar TB, and the TB maps at 37 GHz reveal cold spots that can be considered as younger craters. It is concluded that the proposed data fitting, denoising and spatial interpolation methods significantly improve the lunar TB mapping. The results and scientific data can also provide a basic energy map for lunar roving path planning and subsequent lunar exploration.

Industrial tourism as an effective direction of urban regeneration (analysis of Kryvyi Rih practice)

Formulation of the problem. The world is constantly moving towards the post-industrial phase of development of society, and if the majority of civilized Western countries have decided on their place and role, the cities of Ukraine are just beginning to outline their future landmarks. This is especially true for the future of single-industry cities, the number of which in Ukraine is quite large. Kryvyi Rih is the largest city with exclusively industrial specialization, performing administrative functions only at the local level and having a scientific sector almost completely focused on the needs of the industrial complex. For the last 10 years, managers and scientists have been actively thinking about the problem of diversifying the city's economy and changing its image, and this is reflected in the Marketing Strategy for the city development. Industrial tourism is one of the key tasks of the Strategy. The promising character of the chosen direction of activities is confirmed by the practice of European countries, which are guidelines for development for us. This is due to the fact that not only individual cities, but also entire regions of Great Britain, Germany, France, Poland, the Czech Republic have a wide experience in regeneration of former industrial territories and further popularization of successful practices through industrial tourism. Methods. The research is based on the system approach and the dialectical method of cognition. The key scientific results are obtained using a complex of general scientific methods, namely: analysis and synthesis, abstraction, theoretical generalization. The historical method enables determining significant moments for development of this tourist destination. With the help of these methods, industrial tourism is considered in its internal and external relations entirety. The simulation method enables presenting the organizational model of this tourist destination at the local level. Comparative-geographical and statistical analysis methods allow assessment of the state and dynamics of tourism development in Kryvorizhzhia (Kryvyi Rih region). Based on the method of observation and analysis, the most visited objects of industrial tourism in Kryvyi Rih are systematized and their base map is created. The study aims to analyze best practices of implementing theoretical developments concerning establishment of industrial tourism in Kryvorizhzhia so that Ukrainian cities with similar resources can factor in all positive areas and minimize shortcomings. Results. The theoretical foundations of industrial tourism establishment are analyzed and this definition is outlined. The practice of Kryvyi Rih concerning integrated development of industrial tourism as a direction of further regeneration of the city, which is pioneering for our country, is revealed, the results obtained are analyzed and available shortcomings are identified. Scientific novelty and practical significance. An organizational model of industrial tourism has been developed, which demonstrates the relationship between the resource of the territory and the management mechanism for introducing tourist activities in order to create a tourist product and bring it to the tourist.

Monitoring mass movements using Network-RTK measurement technique and producing potential rockfall scenarios in a paleo-landslide area

Abstract Mass movements resulting from landslides cause significant losses in terms of lives and property. Periodic observations of these movements using geodetic measurement techniques help to prevent these losses. Network-RTK measurement technique produces real-time location with centimeter accuracy, based on phase observations using a network of reference stations. In this study, the paleo-landslide area in the Işıklar location of Trabzon province, Esiroğlu district, Turkey, was chosen as the application area. This study aims to measure the application area between 2019 and 2021, using the Network-RTK technique to determine the mass movements. Additionally, there is a rock block in an area with a steep slope. The possible movement of this rock block is a threat to infrastructure facilities, residential areas, agricultural areas, and life safety if the mass movement continues. Within this scope, the potential movement scenarios of the block were produced using RocPro3D software and UAV photogrammetry. Scenarios following an ongoing mass movements in the region triggering another mass movement are discussed. In the light of the results obtained, mass movements in the vertical direction of up to 28 cm were detected in the area where the rock block is located in the last 2 years. The periodic continuation of mass movements in the study area, declared a disaster-prone area, confirms the importance of the rock block in the region. In another phase of the study, possible movement scenarios of the rock block were examined using a rockfall analysis. In this context, with the help of an unmanned aerial vehicle, a digital elevation model and orthophoto map of the region where the rock block is likely to move was produced and a base map to be used in rockfall analysis was obtained. As a result of the rockfall analysis, maps showing the speed, energy, spread, possible impacts, and stopping points were produced. With the examination of these maps, it has been determined that residential areas, agricultural areas, and infrastructure facilities in the study area may be significantly damaged.

Explicit conditions for the CLT and related results for non-uniformly partially expanding random dynamical systems via effective RPF rates

The purpose of this paper is to provide a first class of explicit sufficient conditions for the central limit theorem and related results in the setup of non-uniformly (partially) expanding non iid random transformations, considered as stochastic processes together with some random Gibbs measure. More precisely, we prove a central limit theorem (CLT), an almost sure invariance principle, a moderate deviations principle, Berry-Esseen type estimates and a moderate local central limit theorem for random Birkhoff sums generated by a non-uniformly partially expanding dynamical systems Tω and a random Gibbs measure μω, corresponding to a random potential ϕω with a sufficiently regular variation. In the partially expanding case the maps we consider are similar to the ones in [44], with the exception that the amount of expansion dominates the amount of contraction fiberwise and not only on the average, and with an additional regularity condition on a certain type of local variation of ϕω along inverse branches of Tω. A notable example when the maps are truly partially-expanding is the case when ϕω≡0 which corresponds to random measures of maximal entropy μω, but any potential with a sufficiently small (fiberwise) variation can be considered. Our results in the partially expanding case are new even in the uniformly random case, where all the random variables describing the maps are uniformly controlled. For properly expanding maps (as in [42,33]), the above local regularity condition allows applications also in the smooth case where the Gibbs measure is absolutely continuous with respect to the underlying volume measure and ϕω=−ln⁡JTω. For instance, we can consider certain fiberwise piecewise C2-perturbations of piecewise linear or affine maps. All of the above is achieved by first proving random, real and complex, Ruelle-Perron-Frobenius (RPF) theorems with rates that can be expressed analytically by means of certain random parameters that describe the maps (such rates will be referred to as “effective”). Using these effective rates, our conditions for the limit theorems involve some weak type of upper mixing conditions on the driving system (base map) and some integrability conditions on the norm of the random function generating the Birkhoff sums. A big part of the proof of the moderate deviations, the Berry-Esseen type estimates and the local CLT is to show how Rugh's theory [43] of complex cones contractions applies to the cones considered in [16] (and their random versions in [44]), which is new even for deterministic dynamical systems T, and in that case it yields explicit estimates on the spectral gap of appropriate deterministic complex perturbations of the transfer operator of T, as well as explicit constants in the corresponding Berry-Esseen theorem for deterministic partially expanding dynamical systems.