Many Sources Of Contamination Research Articles

Assessment of the Vulnerability of Groundwater to Biological Contamination in the Khartoum State, Sudan

This study aims to determine how vulnerable groundwater in Khartoum is to contamination. For this purpose, the DRASTIC Index idea was used. A descriptive cross-sectional analytical analysis is designed in this study. A total of 279 boreholes were sampled from a total of 1015 boreholes (27.5 percent). The following criteria were utilized to define the DRASTIC Index: depth, net recharge, aquifer media, soil texture, terrain, video media, and soil conductivity. Standard bacteriological test methodologies were used for groundwater. The biological data from the 279 boreholes revealed that total coliform, thermo-tolerant coliform, and E. coli were found in 34.4 percent, 18.6 percent, and 0.36 percent of the boreholes, respectively. Bacteriological contamination is common in Sharge Elnile, although only a few cases have been reported in Khartoum. According to the study, the bulk of boreholes in Khartoum State were built without any criteria. Many sources of contamination were discovered within a radius of less than 120 meters, which was deemed to violate Khartoum State’s Environmental Health Law of 2002. For this reason, bacteriological contamination is common in Sharge Elnile, although only a few cases have been reported in Khartoum.

Determination of Mercury Content in Surface Waters Using an Environmentally Non-Toxic Terminating Electrolyte

The paper presents results of the research on the dynamics of changes in the concentration of mercury in surface waters. The importance of mercury as an environmental pollutant results from specific properties of this metal, many sources of contamination, volatility, mobility, stability and high toxicity of its specific chemical forms. Samples of surface water collected from three rivers: the Bug, the Liwiec and the Muchawka were analysed. The Muchawka River flows into the Liwiec River, which in turn is a tributary of the Bug River. The technique of isotachophoresis was employed, using a solution of a biodegradable and environmentally non-toxic derivative of electrostatically stabilised silanates as the terminating electrolyte. The highest average mercury concentration of 0.89 μg/dm3 was determined in water samples collected from the Bug River in January, whereas the lowest concentration of 0.42 μg/dm3 was recorded in water collected from the Muchawka River in September.

Remote Video Auditing to Verify OR Cleaning: A Quality Improvement Project.

There are many sources of contamination in the perioperative environment. Patient experience can be negatively affected by the presence of environmental contamination, especially if it is the cause of a surgical site infection. Perioperative and environmental services staff members and leaders are tasked with ensuring a clean and safe environment for their patients while maintaining an awareness of time and budgetary constraints. In addition, leaders are responsible for the competency of their staff members and must address performance issues when needed. New technological advances designed to streamline monitoring and reporting processes related to OR cleanliness are available for use. This article describes the quality improvement project that one multifacility organization completed related to the use of remote video auditing and the positive effect it had on the organization's environmental contamination.

QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA UTILIZADA NA LIMPEZA DOS TANQUES DE GRANELIZAÇÃO DE LEITE CRU: IMPLANTAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DA CLORAÇÃO DA ÁGUA PARA GARANTIA DA QUALIDADE DO PRODUTO

A água, além de servir como bebida para os animais, é utilizada em atividades relacionadas à ordenha e armazenamento do leite. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da cloração da água utilizada em 18 propriedades localizadas na Zona da Mata do estado de Minas Gerais, sobre a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e de bactérias totais (CBT) do leite cru. Amostras de água e de leite cru foram coletadas para análise, sendo as amostras de água coletadas das mangueiras utilizadas para lavagem dos tanques individuais e coletivos e as amostras de leite cru diretamente dos tanques de expansão. A cloração da água não influenciou seus parâmetros físico-químicos. Amostras cloradas de água apresentaram resultados positivos quanto à redução do Número Mais Provável de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, entretanto, não foi observada redução significativa (p > 0,05) do número de bactérias heterotróficas. A composição do leite não foi alterada pela cloração da água e não houve redução significativa (p > 0,05) das contagens de CCS e CBT devido à cloração. Portanto, mesmo a água utilizada na limpeza dos tanques não apresentando boa qualidade, estando em desconformidade com a legislação, esta não influenciou a qualidade do leite cru refrigerado, que apresenta muitas fontes de contaminação na região estudada.

Selection of an appropriate management strategy for contaminated sediment: A case study at a shallow contaminated harbour in Quebec, Canada

Harbours, as strategic places in tourism and transportation, are exposed to many sources of contamination. Assessing the quality of harbours sediment by guidelines and regulations does not reflect the actual level of contamination and the risk posed to aquatic ecosystems. Selection of an appropriate management technique for contaminated sediments in those strategic locations is crucial for the aquatic environment. The purpose of this study is to show that insufficient information, provided by sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) to identify the actual contaminants, could lead to a destructive or potentially ineffective decision for risk reduction in contaminated harbours. A comprehensive evaluation on physicochemical characteristics of sediment and water samples of a shallow harbour in St. Lawrence River was performed. Results of trace metal fractionation and risk assessment indicated that Cd and Pb were the contaminants that could pose a threat to aquatic ecosystem, although the SQG outcomes implied that Cu and Zn may cause an adverse effect on the benthic organisms. The results of multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that the locations in the vicinity of the maintenance area contained the most contaminated sediment samples and require appropriate management. Antifouling paint particles and probably the runoff entering the harbour were the main sources of pollution. Among the diverse range of management strategies, the resuspension technique is suggested as a viable alternative in this specific case for shallow locations with contaminated sediments. A suitable management strategy could reduce the cost of remediation process by identifying the actual contaminated spots and also reduce the risk of remobilization of trace metals.

Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils

Mineral oil hydrocarbon contaminations can often be found in oilseeds, oils, and fats as these matrices are good keepers to accumulate them from all kind of sources along the production chain. In addition, seeds and vegetable oils contain naturally occurring hydrocarbons in various compositions. These naturally hydrocarbons can serve for a proof of authentication and they have to be taken into account for the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons as contaminants. In this review, the many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and reported data for contaminated vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, and palm oil and in addition raw materials and feed are focused on. This is of special importance for the food survey and for the production as it is a challenging task to survey the many routes of contamination along the production chain and during storage in order to improve the food quality. There is still discussion where to fix a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats, where levels are often very high compared to levels found for migration from packaging materials into low fat products. For the later ones draft limits have been discussed, but it will be a challenge to reduce mineral oil hydrocarbon contamination in oils and fats to a similar extend. In addition, the determination of low levels of hydrocarbon contamination is demanding and validation of sophisticated coupled LC–GC methods in collaborative trials is still in development.Practical applications: An overview about the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbon contaminations of oilseeds, oils, and fats is given. For seeds and vegetable oils also contain naturally occurring hydrocarbons in various compositions, reference data on these naturally hydrocarbons are provided. The many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, and palm oil and in addition raw materials and feed are focused on. The arguments for a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats are discussed.Analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbon contamination of oilseeds, oils, and fats is reviewed. Reference data on naturally hydrocarbons are provided, which occur in various compositions. The many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, palm oil, raw materials, and feed are focused on. The arguments for a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats are discussed.

Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils

Mineral oil hydrocarbon contaminations can often be found in oilseeds, oils, and fats as these matrices are good keepers to accumulate them from all kind of sources along the production chain. In addition, seeds and vegetable oils contain naturally occurring hydrocarbons in various compositions. These naturally hydrocarbons can serve for a proof of authentication and they have to be taken into account for the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons as contaminants. In this review, the many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and reported data for contaminated vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, and palm oil and in addition raw materials and feed are focused on. This is of special importance for the food survey and for the production as it is a challenging task to survey the many routes of contamination along the production chain and during storage in order to improve the food quality. There is still discussion where to fix a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats, where levels are often very high compared to levels found for migration from packaging materials into low fat products. For the later ones draft limits have been discussed, but it will be a challenge to reduce mineral oil hydrocarbon contamination in oils and fats to a similar extend. In addition, the determination of low levels of hydrocarbon contamination is demanding and validation of sophisticated coupled LC–GC methods in collaborative trials is still in development.Practical applications: An overview about the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbon contaminations of oilseeds, oils, and fats is given. For seeds and vegetable oils also contain naturally occurring hydrocarbons in various compositions, reference data on these naturally hydrocarbons are provided. The many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, and palm oil and in addition raw materials and feed are focused on. The arguments for a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats are discussed.Analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbon contamination of oilseeds, oils, and fats is reviewed. Reference data on naturally hydrocarbons are provided, which occur in various compositions. The many sources of contamination like environmental effects, production machinery, and packaging materials are referred to and vegetable oils like sunflower, olive, palm oil, raw materials, and feed are focused on. The arguments for a reasonable limit for such contaminants in oils and fats are discussed.

Distribution of serotypes and genotypes of Salmonella enterica species in French pig production

The population of Salmonella found at various stages of pig production in France was characterised to analyse the distribution and spread of Salmonella in the pig production chain. We serotyped...

Determination of trace elements in goat and ovine milk from Calabria (Italy) by ICP-AES

There are many sources of contamination to which milk could be exposed: grazing animals can ingest contaminants present in nature, such as lead in soil, or that have been deposited on grass, resulting from industrial emissions. Another possible route of contamination is represented by feed for animals, which may contain heavy and essential metals. The potential of high-resolution inductively coupled plasma spectrometry was evaluated to quantify reliably various toxic and essential elements (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Se, Cd) in 47 samples of goat and ovine milk from various farms in Calabria (southern Italy). The results showed that concentrations of cadmium were below the limit of detection. Lead levels were below the maximum limits as set by the EC in almost all samples tested. The highest values were those of Zn followed by Fe, Cu and Se.

Study Regarding Salmonella spp. as a Biomarker of Quality and Traceability on Poultry Department

The safety of food and poultry meat consists in not containing factors or elements of biological risk, which are physical and chemical harmful for the consumer and which could cause negative consequences after ingestion.
 In this direction leads this present work which has as target theme, the biomarker analysis of Salmonella spp. over the entire poultry department. The checking of each stage was difficult but in the same time necessary, because of the existence of so many sources of contamination, encountered during the entire process of chicken growth, a process that includes: breeding parents, the egg, the one day chicken, factors of environment from the warehouse of growth, transport, slaughter process and the storage and disposal poultry meat.
 The analyzed Biomarker has been present in some cases during study period, which requires rigorous control by regularly monitoring it in each segment.

Safe drinking water: the toxicologist's approach

The production of adequate and safe drinking water is a high priority issue for safeguarding the health and well-being of humans all over the world. Traditionally, microbiological quality of drinking water has been the main concern, but over the last decades the attention of the general public and health officials on the importance of chemical quality and the threat of chemical pollutants have increased with the increase of our knowledge on the hazards of chemical substances. There are many sources of contamination of drinking water. Broadly they can be divided into two categories: contaminants originating from surface and groundwater, and contaminants used or formed during the treatment and distribution of drinking water. Contaminants in surface and groundwater can range from natural substances such as arsenic and manganese leaching from soil, to contaminants introduced by human activities, such as run-off from agricultural activities, controlled discharge from sewage treatment works and industrial plants, and uncontrolled discharges or leakage from landfill sites and from chemical accidents. Disinfectants and disinfectant by-products are well known contaminants resulting from the processes used by the drinking water industry for the treatment and distribution of water. The basic question in the production of drinking water is how to rid drinking water of potentially dangerous microorganisms and chemicals without introducing new hazards that might pose new and different threats to human health. It is the responsibility of toxicologists to provide risk assessments for chemical pollutants and to derive guidelines or standards for drinking water quality below which no significant health risk is encountered, to assure consumers that drinking water is safe and can be consumed without any risk. This paper will focus on the toxicological procedures used by the World Health Organization to derive guideline values for chemical compounds in drinking water, and will touch upon some critical differences in the nature of guidelines and legally binding standards.

Trace metals in fluid-preserved museum fish specimens

This paper describes the effects of preservation on the trace metal levels in the larvae of four lamprey species, Petromyzon marinus, Ichthyomyzon fossor, I. unicuspis and Lampetra appendix, collected between 1946 and 1951 from three tributaries of the St. Lawrence River Basin, Québec. Contrary to most other studies on the subject, this study rejects the usefulness of using fluid-preserved museum fish specimens in retrospective monitoring of trace metal levels in the aquatic environment because the many sources of contamination cannot be accurately measured.

Laboratory contaminants in lipid chemistry: Detection by thin‐layer chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry and some procedures minimizing their occurrence

Many sources of contamination for lipid preparations exist in the laboratory. These contaminants can be detected using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and infrared spectroscopy. Numerous components that are potential contaminants and can lead to false analyses were demonstrated by TLC in laboratory soaps, cleaners, hand creams and lotions, hair tonics, laboratory greases, floor waxes, oil vapors, tobacco smoke, hydrocarbon phases for gas-liquid chromatography, etc. Procedures preventing introduction of contaminants are presented including descriptions of equipment and precautions to eliminate or minimize contamination. These are useful in isolation of pure polar and nonpolar lipids.