Manuscript Discoveries Research Articles

Dating the manuscript of De Jure Praedae (1604–1608): What watermarks, foliation and quire divisions can tell us about Hugo Grotius’ development as a natural rights and natural law theorist

Following the manuscript's discovery in 1864, scholars have widely assumed that De Jure Praedae (Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty) was written by the Dutch lawyer Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) in the period 1604–1606. Yet the conventional dating fails to consider the materiality of Ms. BPL 917 in Leiden University Library. By analyzing paper supplies, this article throws new light on the date and manner of the manuscript's composition. The watermarks in the paper, the quire divisions and foliation are considered in combination with relevant textual evidence, such as manuscript references to historical events and any allusions to Ms. BPL 917 in Grotius’ letters and other archival sources. This approach has yielded unforeseen results. Yes, Grotius wrote out the original text in 1604/05, as a fair copy of a previously existing work. Yet he did not stop there. Entire folio-pages were crossed out in Ms. BPL 917 and new ones inserted in the following sequence: - in, or shortly before, January 1607, Grotius deleted f. 63v and 67r and inserted f. 64–66 - between January 1607 and Nov–Dec. 1608, he deleted f. 7v, 19r, 38v, and 43r-v and inserted f. 8–9, 18, and 39–42 - in November–December 1608, he deleted f. 119r–122r and inserted f. 117–118. These revisions were a direct response to the challenges faced by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in this period. Its growing empire in Southeast Asia was under threat from the peace and truce negotiations between the States General and Philip III of Spain and Portugal. Grotius’ revisions of Ms. BPL 917, along with chapter twelve's appearance as Mare Liberum in April 1609, justified the continuation of Dutch empire-building in the East Indies, the Twelve Years’ Truce (1609–1621) notwithstanding. Grotius’ rights and contract theories made it perfectly acceptable to conclude a peace or truce in (Western) Europe, yet persist in colonial warfare beyond the Line (i.e. the Tropic of Cancer). In this respect – the (implicit) differentiation between ‘the West and the rest’ in international relations – Grotius’ legacy is still with us today.

Early Bach

This is the first instalment of a two-volume survey that aims to cover all Bach's works. It therefore overlaps with other surveys. Christoph Wolff's Johann Sebastian Bach: the learned musician (reviewed Early Music, xxix (2001), pp.128–30) is a monumental account of Bach's life and environment, but is light on analysis of the music. David Schulenberg's The keyboard music of J. S. Bach (the original 1993 version was reviewed in Early Music, xxii (1994), pp.137–9, the revised version of 2006 is too recent for Jones to have used, as is the recent discovery of Bach's earliest keyboard manuscripts), while roughly chronological in layout, is not so much concerned to trace lines of development as to provide commentaries on individual pieces. The same goes for Peter Williams's The organ music of J. S. Bach (1980; 2/2003) which is non-chronological in layout, being organized according to bwv numbers. Alfred Dürr's The cantatas of J. S. Bach (German edn 6/1995, English trans. Richard Jones 2005) is organized according to the liturgical calendar. Dürr in any case deals mainly with liturgical context, text and sources, while Jones deals much more with musical substance. For Jones the biography is secondary, setting the scene for what is really important and interesting, Bach's creative journey from highly talented if rather wild youth to being a supreme exemplar of organization and control.

The Dead Sea Scrolls Electronic Library

This is a new and comprehensive electronic reference work on Dead Sea Scrolls. It is prepared by the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) probably represent the most significant manuscript discovery in recent history. These ancient texts have revolutionized the field of biblical and Judaic studies, and they have become an indispensable source for scholars and students alike. Although most of the texts have been published in some form or other, scholars have now only begun to grasp the true meaning and relevance of the scrolls for our understanding of ancient Judaism, the transmission of the biblical texts, and the origins of Christianity. This third volume of the DSS CD-ROM gives a more complete coverage of all of the published DSS materials, including scrolls published in 2004 and 2005. Anyone using the CD-ROM will be able to access texts, images and reference materials quickly and efficiently. The combination of a powerful text search engine and sophisticated image-manipulating software will enable scholars and students unparalleled research possibilities. A major new feature is the addition of morphological analysis to all of the texts. This data gives glosses and part of speech analysis for each word in the database. The database is powered by version 7 of WordCruncher[registered]. This version is fully Unicode compatible, meaning that you can cut and paste from the database into Microsoft Word etc. The software makes full accommodation of the features of the Hebrew language, by allowing users to search for Hebrew words according to their root forms. The database has an improved image set. Many images have been replaced with higher resolution copies, additional images have been included, and each fragment or scroll image is individually labelled.

Beethoven in the Auction Market: A Twenty-Year Review

Beethoven in the Auction Market: A Twenty-Year Review Patricia Stroh In memory of Ira F. Brilliant (1922–2006) In November 1827, Beethoven's estate containing music autographs, books, furniture, and other personal items sold at auction on behalf of the beneficiary, his nephew Karl. The estate inventory of 252 lots listed seventy sketches and "notebooks" and about 120 other music autographs, none appraised at more than ten florins. The following April, The Harmonicon printed a report on the results of the estate auction with comments on the "uncommon interest" on the part of buyers, some of whom paid "astonishing" prices. However, the lots that excited greatest demand might surprise today's auctioneers. For example, Beethoven's autograph score for the Fifth Symphony sold for only one florin more than its appraised value of five florins. His original score for the Septet, op. 20, however—a work so astoundingly popular during his lifetime that an exasperated Beethoven eventually proclaimed that "I wish it were burned"1 —sold for eighteen florins, or six times its appraisal value. Tobias Haslinger bought the notebooks containing Beethoven's counterpoint studies, appraised at ten florins, for seventy-four florins, by far the highest price paid for any other autograph.2 Thus began an active and sometimes erratic trade in Beethoven manuscripts and other treasures that, in spite of dwindling supplies, continues today. The purpose of this article is to review auction sales of biographical and musical manuscripts, first and early editions, and other Beethoven-related documents and artifacts over a twenty year period (1985–2005). An introductory summary highlights changes in values, repeated sales of the same documents, and discoveries of manuscripts thought to be long missing. Although the major auction houses (Christie's, Sotheby's, and J. A. Stargardt) are the primary vendors of Beethoven rarities, several of the smaller venues are also represented. The appended index of auction sales supplements the list published as "A Ten-Year Review of the [End Page 533] Beethoven Auction Market (1985–1995)" in The Beethoven Journal (vol. 11, no. 1 [Spring 1996]: 26-31). The intention is for libraries and dealers to use these lists to help them assess the rarity and value of their Beethoven collections. Because many manuscripts are in private hands and thus still eligible for future auction sales, these lists do not identify the current location of the materials. When possible, this information is recorded in the Beethoven Auction Database recently mounted on the Web site of the Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies ( http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/beethoven [accessed 22 November 2006]). This searchable database is to be updated biannually to keep track of recent sales and identify locations when known. Supply and Demand Throughout the nineteenth century, most Beethoven manuscripts were the property of private collectors who exchanged them through dealers rather than auction. By midcentury some of the major European libraries and archives began building Beethoven collections through donations and purchases. The Royal Library at Berlin took the first step in 1846 by acquiring the collection of Beethoven's notorious secretary, Anton Schindler, who claimed many Beethoven documents prior to the estate sale, including the conversation books. Many of the sketchbooks purchased by Domenico Artaria and other dealers who were present at the estate auction eventually ended up in the Berlin library, mostly through acquisition from private collectors such as Ludwig Landsberg (acquired 1861), Friedrich August Grasnick (1879), and Ernst von Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (1908). A large collection of letters accumulated by H. C. Bodmer are now in the Beethoven-Haus in Bonn. The Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Vienna became a repository of several major music autographs, some gifts of prominent members such as Johannes Brahms. Other manuscripts are scattered throughout the western world, with significant collections in the national libraries of Great Britain and France, and the Library of Congress in the United States. Still, a large number of Beethoven treasures remain in private hands. The number is difficult to estimate. According to Sieghard Brandenburg, editor of Beethoven...

Kinship: the canon law and the common law in thirteenth-century England

England's common law is stereotypically insular and immune to influence from the learned laws. However, manuscript discoveries reveal that in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries some common lawyers turned to the canon law to illustrate and ornament their own kinship system. Canon law kinship treatises, aimed at beginners, occur in some common law manuscripts, as do arbores consanguinitatis (trees that illustrate the structures of the canon law kinship system). Some were adapted by common lawyers and the influence of this material was to extend even into common law courts.

The Nature of Documentary Materials in Africa and the Challenges to Preserving Them

Africa has a rich and diverse culture that has been documented in many different ways, some of which are not as conventional as the western ways. Documentation methods in Africa range from word of mouth (oral history) to the modern electronic systems. Leaves, skins, tree bark, stones, clay, rocks, string are some of the traditional ways in which information was documented. The notion that Africa is a continent of song and dance must be revisited and corrected. The discovery of the Islamic manuscripts going back to the 12th Century AD in North and West Africa is a clear proof that scholarly work has been going on for centuries in Africa. The challenge to us is how to preserve these diverse materials considering that the world is advancing at a very fast rate with worrying issues such as the depletion of the ozone layer and ravaging poverty. Governments are faced with different challenges that tend to push heritage preservation to the bottom of the list of priorities for justifiable reasons. ESARBICA Journal Vol.23 2004: 62-67

New Light On Holst and Friends: Manuscript Discoveries at St Paul's Girls' School

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Discovery of the hidden manuscripts

Slavic manuscripts present unique problems to the librarian, curator and scholar. Slavic works are marginalized in Western library institutions and educational curricula due to misconceptions about their intellectual value, the difficulties of studying them in Soviet and then post-Soviet Eastern Europe, and their lack of documentation, preservation and conservation. Cross-disciplinary interest, however, has expanded research beyond geographical and temporal boundaries to incorporate the technologies and viewpoints of literary criticism, historiography and even information architecture and hypertext theory. This article describes the author’s discovery of Slavic medieval manuscripts and her efforts to preserve, catalog, digitize, study and popularize them in a West that views the Middle Ages through the clouded lens of contemporary popular culture.

1607 POSTER Cancer patients' informational needs about sexuality related issues

Following the manuscript's discovery in 1864, scholars have widely assumed that De Jure Praedae (Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty) was written by the Dutch lawyer Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) in the period 1604–1606. Yet the conventional dating fails to consider the materiality of Ms. BPL 917 in Leiden University Library. By analyzing paper supplies, this article throws new light on the date and manner of the manuscript's composition. The watermarks in the paper, the quire divisions and foliation are considered in combination with relevant textual evidence, such as manuscript references to historical events and any allusions to Ms. BPL 917 in Grotius’ letters and other archival sources. This approach has yielded unforeseen results. Yes, Grotius wrote out the original text in 1604/05, as a fair copy of a previously existing work. Yet he did not stop there. Entire folio-pages were crossed out in Ms. BPL 917 and new ones inserted in the following sequence:-in, or shortly before, January 1607, Grotius deleted f. 63v and 67r and inserted f. 64–66-between January 1607 and Nov–Dec. 1608, he deleted f. 7v, 19r, 38v, and 43r-v and inserted f. 8–9, 18, and 39–42-in November–December 1608, he deleted f. 119r–122r and inserted f. 117–118.These revisions were a direct response to the challenges faced by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in this period. Its growing empire in Southeast Asia was under threat from the peace and truce negotiations between the States General and Philip III of Spain and Portugal. Grotius’ revisions of Ms. BPL 917, along with chapter twelve's appearance as Mare Liberum in April 1609, justified the continuation of Dutch empire-building in the East Indies, the Twelve Years’ Truce (1609–1621) notwithstanding. Grotius’ rights and contract theories made it perfectly acceptable to conclude a peace or truce in (Western) Europe, yet persist in colonial warfare beyond the Line (i.e. the Tropic of Cancer). In this respect – the (implicit) differentiation between ‘the West and the rest’ in international relations – Grotius’ legacy is still with us today.

An Example from the Diaspora of the Italian Evangelicals: Galeazzo Caracciolo and His Biographies

This article consists of an up-to-date history of the biographies of Galeazzo Caracciolo (1517-86), preceded by reference to the importance of Italian exile communities in early modern Europe and a summary of Caracciolo's life, complete with recent manuscript discoveries. Caracciolo, of a noble family of Naples, was an Italian evangelical who left Italy and settled in Geneva, Switzerland, because of his religious convictions. Befriending John Calvin, he took up a leadership role and became renowned in the Reformed world for his sacrifices. A year after his death, a biography of Caracciolo appeared that has been reprinted in every century up to the twentieth, particularly at times when his life could serve as an example to be emulated. There were more editions of Nicolao Balbani's biography of Caracciolo published in England in the seventeenth century than in any other country in any other century. These editions were an English version of the biography translated by William Crashaw from a Latin edition of Balbani's original Italian. This biography and the story therein of Caracciolo's life and of his divorce influenced the marital laws and religious narratives of other early modern Protestant countries, including England and Scotland.

Olympia Morata. The Complete Writings of an an Italian Heretic (review)

Reviewed by: Olympia Morata. The Complete Writings of an Italian Heretic John Tedeschi Olympia Morata. The Complete Writings of an Italian Heretic. Edited and Translated by Holt N. Parker. [The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe.] (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. 2003. Pp. xxxiii, 275. $22.50 paperback.) The short life of Olympia Morata, the literary prodigy who died in Heidelberg late in 1555, not yet twenty-nine years of age, far from the court of Ferrara, where she was raised and educated, has never ceased to amaze. It caught the imagination of contemporaries and continues to spark the interest of modern scholars. Olympia, a member of the entourage of the sometime Calvinist Duchess Renée, the French wife of Duke Ercole II Este, became deeply steeped in classical languages and culture thanks to the instruction she received from her father, Fulvio Pellegrino Morato, an admired humanist teacher in Ferrara, Mantua, and Vicenza, and his learned friends, Celio Calcagnini and Celio Secondo Curione, among others. But from her father and from Curione Olympia also imbibed Erasmian ideals and the doctrines of the Reformation. After her marriage to a young medical student at Ferrara, Andreas Grunthler, she returned with him to his native Germany. In Schweinfurt, his hometown, they experienced a siege by imperial forces where the young couple lost all their belongings, including Olympia's few writings, mostly poetry and translations. Olympia died in October, 1555, in Heidelberg, where Grunthler had obtained a post in the university. Curione, who himself had preceded Morata into exile because of his evangelical beliefs and had settled in Basel, where he combined a life of teaching and editing classical and humanist texts with writing tracts against the Church of Rome, set about collecting what literary remains and letters of Olympia's he could retrieve from their mutual friends and admirers. A few verse compositions which Olympia reconstructed from memory on her deathbed were forwarded to Curione by her husband. Curione published what he had managed to gather up in four successive editions of her writings, appearing with slightly differing titles between 1558 and 1570 in Basel through the presses of his friend and fellow exile, Pietro Perna (a letter or two from Morata to Curione had been published by the latter in an edition of his own correspondence appearing two years before her death, in 1553). The volume under review, meticulously edited and beautifully translated into English by a classical scholar whose training is revealed on every page, contains the materials from the Basel editions of Olympia's writings along with complementary pieces gleaned from Lanfranco Caretti's modern Italian, and Rainer Kössling's and Gertrud Weiss-Stählin's German editions of her works, as well as an occasional manuscript discovery. The collection consists of "documents," contemporary or near-contemporary letters serving as testimonies to Olympia's piety and learning; the dedications by Curione to his editions of her Opera;"juvenilia" (poems, orations, dialogues, translations) that she wrote between ages 12 and 14; letters from the Italian and German phases of her life; poetry and psalm translations into classical Greek, concluding with poems, tributes, and [End Page 552] epitaphs by the many men of letters who had admired her, written during her lifetime as well as after her death. The volume closes with a full bibliography of the primary and secondary literature, marred somewhat by several typographical slips. Although most are easily recognizable, the entry for Capori (p. 233) may prevent the reader from identifying the true author of a study on Fulvio Morato, Giuseppe Campori. And, curiously, the name of Olympia's friend and patron, Celio Secondo Curione, here always given in the Latin form, Caelius Secundus Curio, inexplicably turns up as "Caius Secundus Curio" in the entries where Curione appears as editor of Morata's Opera (p. 230). The contribution of the present edition might have been even greater if Morata's life and contributions had been put in a larger context. In her move to northern Europe religionis causa and her cultivation of the muses, she was not an isolated figure but an integral participant in a great scholarly migration. Italian evangelical exiles, many of whom...

Unbestimmte Rhetorik: Friedrich Schlegel und die Redekunst um 1800 by Peter D. Krause (review)

1044 Reviews good grace others' only more-or-less well-informed co-authorial manipulation of his texts during his lifetime). As a result, the history of the reception and influence of Hardenberg-Novalis's works is to an unusual degree coextensive with the chequered history of editions which merely purported to be (but were not) adequate renditions of Novalis: Schriften. Not for the first time, then, we are treated here to opulent documentation and analysis of the myth- and legend-making industry of Friedrich Schlegel, Tieck, and Eduard von Biilow (and their collaborators Maassen, Minor, and Kammnitzer). Nor is it the firsttime that the extraordinary achievements ofthe irreplaceable Hans-Joachim Mahl (who died on 13 March 2001) and Gerhard Schulz in restoringthe Fichte-Studien, Das allgemeine Brouillon, and many other texts to their pre-manipulated state have been recognized, even if scholarship outside the narrow compass of specialist Romantic studies sometimes has yet to register the hermeneutic effectof this textual earthquake on its rusty cognitive seismograph. More significant, however, are Rommel's and Ira Kasperowski's justifications of previously maligned editors such as Sophie von Hardenberg and Ernst Heilborn. Both of these are shown to have acted on something resembling today's editorial principles, and it is they, rather than the bigger names just mentioned, who are commemorated as the true grandparents of today's epoch-making historical-critical edition. This revisionary achievement is nicely complemented by other material. Rommel edits many minor primary documents forthe firsttime, including a draftlyric by Hardenberg's younger brother Anton and letters to him by Sidonie von Dieskau. Jorg Briickner definitively identifies Ferdinand von der Lippe, instead of Hardenberg, as the author of the rather dry Harzreise journal (15-19 April 1793) still included in the modern edition (what a pity he never saw a Biicherrad after all). And, in the only literary essay in the volume, Ludwig Stockinger shows what it means now that 'Kenne dich selbst', thanks to a manuscript discovery of 1990, must henceforth be read as 'Kenne dich Selbst'. But this volume, rightly,is to be seen as a celebration of editorial achievement, and it is well rounded out by reproductions of manuscripts, in particular the Astralis manuscript found by Sophie Vietor not long since in the British Library. Recently, Helmut Krausser wrote an alas only partially successful postmodernist novel Thanatos: Das schwarze Buch (Neuwied: Luchterhand, 1996), which is set in a fictional Berlin Institut furDeutsche Romantik, centrally features the sensational (and successful) forgeryofthe lost manuscript ofHeinrich von Ofterdingen Part 11by a drug-crazed archivist, and (yet again) perpetuates the myth of Romanti? cism as a school of death-obsessed wan young Erotomanen. Had he dug a little deeper into the editorial history of Novalis: Schriften, we would have been spared that, and it is earnestly to be wished that Rommel's catalogue finds readers everywhere. University of Liverpool Nicholas Saul UnbestimmteRhetorik: Friedrich Schlegel und die Redekunst um 1800. By Peter D. Krause. (Rhetorik-Forschungen, 14) Tubingen: Niemeyer. 2001. vi + 4i8pp. ?78. ISBN 3-484-68014-8 (pbk). By foregrounding 'indeterminacy' in his suitably paradoxical title, Peter Krause fo? cuses attention on an aim Friedrich Schlegel failed to achieve: liberating rhetoric from the determinacy of persuasive intent. Rhetoric was resistant and consequently never gained more than marginal importance for Schlegel's Romantic project. The extensive first part of this revised dissertation from the University of Oldenburg deals mainly with the concept of rhetoric in Schlegel's early writings, which reveal the process ofhis reading the classical authors largely as an autodidact. Krause's detailed discussion of Schlegel's eclectic reception ofthe classics and scattered and un- MLR, 98.4, 2003 1045 systematic comments on rhetoric negotiates shifting terminology and complex inter? play between a wide variety of sources and Schlegel'sexperimental ideas. His finding that Schlegel's concept of rhetoric remained ambiguous and in essence 'unrhetorical' is convincing, and Schlegel's work thus appears to support the generally accepted view that 1800 marks the death of rhetoric proper not only in German literature. The second part is curiously disconnected from the first,since Schlegel, while implicitly acting as the sole representative of Romanticism, now recedes from view. Al? though Krause...

Menaechmi and the Renaissance of Comedy

If The Comedy of Errors remains, for English speakers, the supreme instance of the Menaechmi contribution to drama, that play deserves to be seen as part of a larger picture of European, including English, comedy. Consider, for example, that watershed in the history of European theater occurring at Ferrara on 25 January 1486, with Duke Ercole I's carnival entertainments honoring Francesco Gonzaga, betrothed to Isabella d'Este. Thousands witnessed, with fireworks and other holiday events, the staging of Plautus's Menaechmi. The first publicly performed play in Ferrara, this lively comedy of twins and mistaken identity appears, more significantly, to have been the first classical comedy so presented in vernacular translation. (1) A contemporary chronicler, describing the play as beletissima e piacevole reports that the production showed the traveling Menaechmus arriving in a galley with a sail, while the resident brother's city was realistically represented and painted in the background. (2) Enthusiasm sparked another performance of this play at the festivities for the marriage of young Alfonso d'Este and Anna Sforza, daughter of the duke of Milan, as one of three plays on successive February nights of 1491. Ercole d'Este's Ferrara, in fact, took a lead in the staging of Roman comedy. In all, between 1486 and 1505 Ercole had an active role in presenting at least fourteen different plays by Plautus and Terence. In 1493 he took three productions to the Sforza court in Lomhardy, an event which, as Thomas Tuohy observes, suggests the preeminence of the d'Este theatre at that date. (3) We may find it difficult to believe that some ten thousand spectators saw Ferrara's first Menaechmi performance. (4) Certainly one reason for choosing Menaechmi for this occasion--both celebrating the Este-Gonzaga union and inaugurating a theatrical venture--would have been its relative unfamiliarity, being part of the manuscript discovery by Nicholas of Cusa, about 1428, of twelve hitherto unknown comedies by Plautus. The plays did not become widely available until the first printed edition of the comedies in 1472, though manuscript copies had circulated. Few would have read the play, much less witnessed it, at school. How and why this comedy, among the twelve--or twenty in all--acquired such widespread favor during the sixteenth century has not as yet formed the subject of comparative inquiry. The Ferrara entertainment of 1486 also helped initiate a new theatrical wave in the Renaissance. Its audience included, among the entourage of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, the boy Ludovico Ariosto, who would himself later translate Menaechmi, though his version is lost. Menaechmi thus figures prominently in the backgrounds that led to Ariosto's writing the first widely recognized commedia erudita (vernacular comedy based on Roman models), La Cassaria, acted at Ferrara on a March evening in 1508. Once again, if indirectly, Plautus contributed to Ferrara carnival festivities, as vernacular Plautine imitations would continue to do for generations following this play. Meanwhile, surely influenced by the Este precedent, vernacular performances of Menaechmi met with applause at Bologna (where influence of the Ferrara court was especially strong) (5) in 1491, at Cesena in 1492, at Milan in 1493, and at both Mantua and Rome in 1502 for the second marriage of Alfonso d'Este, this time to Lucrezia Borgia. The Venetian diarist Marin Sanudo mentions seeing the comedy in 1508 (bellisima) and 1526 (non molta bella). (6) Carrying on an Este family tradition, in 1528, Menaechmi celebrated the union of Ercole II with the daughter of Louis XII, Renata or Renee. (7) In this era royal patronage could lift the reputation even of ancient authors. Latin productions of the comedy played at Rome, where Pomponius Laetus presided over the staging of many Plautine comedies before his death in 1498. In addition to the 1502 performance there, Pope Julius II had the play acted in honor of his hostage Federico Gonzaga in 1511. …

THE GREAT ONE, WATER, AND THE LAOZI: NEW LIGHT FROM GUODIAN

In 1993, when Chinese archaeologists excavated a Warring States Period (475-222 B.C.) tomb atJingmen Guodian jr[9Jin Hubei Province, they discovered a cache of philosophical texts written on some 800 bamboo slips. In 1998, transcriptions of these texts prepared under the auspices of the Jingmen City Museum by Peng Hao ~A , Liu Zuxin glrJiL and Wang Chuanfu TE{IW, with additional notes by Qiu Xigui iSf, were published under the title Guodian Chu mu zhujian l -J~X3tTfM' together with high-quality photographs of the original bamboo slips.' In Chinese history, discoveries of ancient manuscripts were rare events. The most notable examples were the ancient script texts said to have been discovered in the walls of Confucius' house and the Bamboo Annals found in the third century A.D. in a late Warring States tomb. In the last three decades, however, Chinese archaeologists have excavated dozens of ancient tombs containing manuscripts written on silk or bamboo slips. Even in this context, however, the Guodian tomb-given the number one by its excavatorshas a special significance because it contained manuscripts of philo-

Discovery of Old Manuscripts and Manuscript Brokers

Discovery of Old Manuscripts and Manuscript Brokers

Discovery of manuscripts on Gramineae and Cyperaceae by C. G. Nees von Esenbeck

..

Learning to Be James Joyce's Contemporary? Richard Ellmann's Discovery and Transformation of Joyce's Letters and Manuscripts

Learning to Be James Joyce's Contemporary? Richard Ellmann's Discovery and Transformation of Joyce's Letters and Manuscripts

De Doctrina Christiana (review)

Reviewed by: De Doctrina Christiana Roland J. Teske S.J. Augustine. De Doctrina Christiana. Edited and translated by R. P. H. Green. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Pp. xxvi + 293. $85.00. Students of the thought of Augustine of Hippo will welcome the quite readable, eminently clear, and cleverly turned language of R. P. H. Green’s new translation of the De doctrina christiana. The De doctrina christiana is a work that has had an immense influence upon the Latin West and clearly deserves a new translation of such excellence. The influence of the work is well documented by the two volumes of the papers presented at a conference at the University of Notre Dame [End Page 460] in 1991. The one edited by D. W. H. Arnold and P. Bright is entitled: De Doctrina Christiana: A Classic of Western Culture (JECS 4 [1996]: 538–39); the other edited by E. English bears the title: Reading and Wisdom: The De Doctrina Christiana in the Middle Ages. Along with his translation, R. P. H. Green, Professor of Humanities at Glascow University, presents on the facing pages the accepted Latin text established in the early 1960s by W. M. Green in CSEL 80 and J. Martin in CCSL 32. The translator used in the text and translation of the newer numbering of the CSEL edition, though he has wisely retained in the margin of the Latin text the older numbering system with the division of books into chapters and paragraphs. Green has occasionally emended the text, as he indicates in the notes, at times making use of the suggestions of C. Schaüblein in his article, “Zum Text von Augustine, De Doctrina Christiana,” Weiner Studien 8 (1974): 173–81. All told, the textual emendations to the critical text are few in number and seldom significantly alter the sense. I counted approximately a dozen places where Green suggests a reading other than what is found in the received text. A sampling of these are: reading vel instead of vitam at I, viii, 8; the addition of aut minus diligat quod amplius diligendum est in I, xxvii, 28; the addition of cum in II, xii, 17; the retention of artifices instead of artes and the addition of et in II, xiii, 36; the addition of longam in II, xxxviii, 56; the addition of estote in III, xxv, 36; and reading singula instead of singulae in III, xxv, 37. The translation itself reads smoothly; it is a model of both accuracy and readability. I kept a list of expressions that I thought less than perfectly felicitous, but decided that they were generally too minor to mention, though I do have a problem in speaking of “the original versions” of the scriptures especially as a translation of “exemplaria praecedentia” in II, xi, 16. So too, I find “racial differences” as an odd version of “gentili diversitate” in III, xiv, 22. What really brought home to me the excellence of the translation was the fact that I could read it without feeling the constant urge to check it against the Latin, which is my normal experience with most translations. The introduction to the Latin text and translation is quite brief, referring the reader to various items in a select bibliography or in the notes to the text rather than providing a detailed commentary on the work. In fact the introduction is limited in scope to three topics: one, a discussion of the aims of the author and the circumstances of the work’s composition, two, a brief summary of the contents of the work and some comments on its significance, and three, an even briefer discussion of the oldest manuscript of the first two books of the work, which possibly dates from fifth-century Africa, along with some notes about the discovery of numerous other manuscripts which the two editors of the CSEL and CCSL editions did not have available for their editions made over thirty years ago. Despite the brevity of the introduction, I frequently found Green’s comments most insightful and helpful. For instance, he sees Augustine’s use of “doctrina christiana” as reflecting the use of “doctrina” in the Pastoral Epistles...

Dewey's hegelianism reconsidered: Reclaiming the lost soul of psychology

The consensus among Dewey scholars is that the philosopher G. W. F. Hegel had a formative but transient influence on John Dewey's intellectual development. They contend that by the turn of the century Dewey discarded further pursuit of dialectical metaphysics and instead developed a non-idealist, materialist and even relativist conception of human experience. However, discovery of Dewey's manuscripts on Hegel, and his collaboration with infant experimentalist Myrtle McGraw in the 1930s suggest that Dewey persisted in his efforts to find non-reductionist psychological equivalents for mind, soul, and consciousness. Dewey believed that the consciousness of difference, uncertainty of direction, and contingency of order, made inhibition and judgment indispensable to the development of mind and soul, by enabling the dialectical growth and transformation of human experience.

Behind the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Sons of Zadok, the Priests and Their Priestly Ideology

The manuscript discoveries in the caves overlooking Qumran on the shores of the Dead Sea are of interest to all sorts and conditions of people. Those who know little about the Bible, or the writings of the rabbis and Church Fathers, are very often the keenest to know more about the Dead Sea Scrolls. Books about the manuscripts and the people who wrote them are as popular with publishers as they are with readers: the books sell. From the very outset, the Dead Sea Scrolls have offered mystery and romance in almost equal measure. The story of their discovery remains something of a puzzle; and recent suggestions that delayed publication of the documents was the result of a kind of conspiracy have contrived to perpetuate the mystique which seems destined to surround them for years to come.