Manufacturing Output Research Articles

Production planning and process optimization of a cell finishing process in battery cell manufacturing

In the layout of battery cell manufacturing, the formation process is a cost and area intensive process step. Different process parameters significantly influence the machine utilization, the energy flow, and the output of the cell manufacturing. This usually leads to non-optimally sized and operated formation lines. Therefore, a basic and optimal layout, as well as an optimized production flow, is presented here. The process optimizations of the cell finishing process are carried out using discrete event simulation. In addition to the process parameters, the process costs, the process energy, as well as regulatory framework conditions are also considered. This approach promotes transparency and reliability in the planning and operation of future formation processes in battery cell manufacturing.

Analytical Quality by Design, Life Cycle Management, and Method Control

Analytical methods are utilized throughout the biopharmaceutical and vaccines industries to conduct research and development, and to help control manufacturing inputs and outputs. These analytical methods should continuously provide quality data to support decisions while managing the remaining of risk and uncertainty. Analytical quality by design (AQbD) can provide a systematic framework to achieve a continuously validated, robust assay as well as life cycle management. AQbD is rooted in ICH guidelines Q8 and Q9 that were translated to the analytical space through several white papers as well as upcoming USP 1220 and ICH Q14. In this white paper, we expand on the previously published concepts of AQbD by providing additional context for implementation in relation to ICH Q14. Using illustrative examples, we describe the AQbD workflow, its relation to traditional approaches, and potential pathways for ongoing, real-time verification. We will also discuss challenges with respect to implementation and regulatory strategies.

Per Capita Manufacturing Output From 1970 On: The United States, Britain, Germany and Japan

Per Capita Manufacturing Output From 1970 On: The United States, Britain, Germany and Japan

Identifying efficiency and flexibility measures for energy-oriented factory management

Recent efforts in climate politics increase the ecological pressure of manufacturing companies in terms of intelligent and efficient usage of resources during operations. Rising energy prices lead to further economic pressure. Especially companies with a high share of energy cost on total costs are forced to continuously improve processes regarding the energy usage. Existing guidelines and methodologies are usually concerned with either of the two dimensions energy efficiency (EnEff), or energy flexibility (EnFlex). While EnEff addresses the reduction of the energy consumption for a defined manufacturing output, EnFlex addresses the advantageous shift, increase, and decrease of energy demand. Although both dimensions address the total reduction of cost, they are usually considered separately in literature. Here, we examine both dimensions while focusing on the provision and usage of electric energy due to its manifold conversion and usability opportunities in factory processes. Therefore, we developed an overview of measures of both dimensions as well as their application characteristics within the factory. To identify EnEff and EnFlex measures, a practicable methodology is introduced. This aims to enable especially companies with few experiences in EnEff and EnFlex measure application to improve energy aware operations. We illustrate our examination by means of an industrial application example.

The role of government policy and entrepreneurship development programs in micro, small & medium sized enterprises in India: An overview

For the development and growth of the country, the government must actively promote the development of the organisation. Small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) among for-profit companies deserve special attention. SMEs are small investment companies with enormous stakes. The sector contributes over 28% of the GDP and almost 45% to the manufacturing output. The most common organisational model in many countries, the Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), is crucial to developing a market economy. It employs almost 111 million people. The sector acts as the instrument of inclusive growth, empowering the most vulnerable and marginalised groups. There are around 6.3 crore MSME units in the country, with over 99% categorised as small units (as per the original definition). The choice depends on many factors, including public attitudes toward entrepreneurs—human structure, Size and role of Current government, level of entrepreneurial activity and prevalence of existing MSMEs. The present study evaluates government policies for MSME and how these companies work under these policies and support. This paper aims to review government policies and SME development in India 2020-21 and measure performance and business engagement. The article used the approach of secondary data with an analytical approach. To fulfil the study’s objectives.

'What Do the Numbers Actually Say?': American Per Capita Manufacturing Output 1947-2018, the Consumer Price Index, and the Question of Deindustrialization

'What Do the Numbers Actually Say?': American Per Capita Manufacturing Output 1947-2018, the Consumer Price Index, and the Question of Deindustrialization

Empirical Analysis on Promoting Industrial Transformation and Upgrading in Zhejiang Province by Enhancing Intellectual Property Protection

This paper aims to reveal the relationship between intellectual property protection (IPP) and industrial transformation and upgrading (T&U) in southeastern China’s Zhejiang Province. Taking five representative industries as objects, the shift-share analysis was adopted to measure the T&U level of each industry, with the total output in 2004–2019 as the basis. The results show that wholesale and retail, lodging and catering, finance, and real estate are the four advantageous industries. Further, the authors calculated Pearson’s correlation coefficients between IPP intensity and the T&U levels of the four industries. By the coefficients, the four industries can be ranked in descending order as lodging and catering (0.8743), real estate (0.6908), wholesale and retail (0.5891), and finance (0.5468). In addition, the IPP was found to be positively correlated with total manufacturing output (0.8027). Hence, the IPP can significantly promote the development of these five industries.

Exploring the limits of conventional small-scale CHO fed-batch for accelerated on demand monoclonal antibody production

In the field of therapeutic antibody production, diversification of fed-batch strategies is flourishing in response to the market demand. All manufacturing approaches tend to follow the generally accepted dogma of increasing titer since it directly increases manufacturing output. While titer is influenced by the biomass (expressed as IVCD), the culture time and the cell-specific productivity (qP), we changed independently each of these parameters to tune our process strategy towards adapted solutions to individual manufacturing needs. To do so, we worked separately on the increase of the IVCD as high seeding fed-batch capacity. Yet, as intensified fed-batch may not always be possible due to limited facility operational mode, we also separately increased the qP with the addition of specific media additives. Both strategies improved titer by 100% in 14 days relative to the standard fed-batch process with moderate and acceptable changes in product quality attributes. Since intensified fed-batch could rival the cell-specific productivity of a conventional fed-batch, we developed novel hybrid strategies to either allow for acceptable seeding densities without compromising productivity, or alternatively, to push the productivity the furthest in order to reduce timelines.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Global Value Chain of the Manufacturing Industry

This paper adopts the GDYN model to estimate the dynamic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global manufacturing industry and the value chain. Our simulation finds that (1) In the short run, the low-tech manufacturing industries will suffer greater shocks, with a decline of output growth in 2021 by 6.0%. The growth rate of the high-tech manufacturing industry showed an increasing trend of 3.7% in 2021. (2) In the post-epidemic period, the total manufacturing output will return to the baseline level, from which the growth rate of low-tech manufacturing will rebound, demonstrating a V-shaped development trajectory. (3) From the perspective of Global Value Chain (GVC), the participation in GVCs of manufacturers in countries along the Belt and Road, the European Union and the United States will weaken, while China’s manufacturing industry has witnessed an obvious improvement in export competitiveness. The import added value of China has decreased, which shows that its ability to meet domestic demand has been improving. This indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic is providing a crucial opportunity for China to upgrade its manufacturing value chain, which contributes to the accelerated construction of a new dual-cycle development pattern.

An integrated Delphi-MCDM-Bayesian Network framework for production system selection

Several attempts are needed to choose the most compatible production system for achieving the desired manufacturing outputs. The significant role of manufacturing strategy deployment is selecting the production system best suited for a manufacturing firm. The appropriately chosen production system (strategic process choice) facilitates a firm to produce “order winning” outputs and provides a production competence to achieve business success. This research presents a novel framework to determine the compatible production system for a manufacturing firm. An integrated three-stage Delphi-MCDM-Bayesian Network (BN) framework has been proposed. The process choice criteria (PCC) considered for deciding production systems are identified through an in-depth literature review and then validated by experts through a Delphi method in the first stage. It resulted in the determination of twenty-six PCC. In the second stage, the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) based voting analytical hierarchy process (VAHP) method is adopted to determine each criterion's relative importance for a firm. The relative weights obtained are then used as input for the machine learning (ML) technique- Bayesian network (BN) in the third stage. The BN model quantifies the selection probability of production systems. The proposed Delphi-MCDM-BN framework is demonstrated using a real-life case of a “hydraulic and pneumatic valve” manufacturing firm to select a suitable production system. The three-stage framework is a novel contribution to the literature, which can be used by researchers, practitioners, and manufacturing strategists to choose an appropriate production system for any manufacturing firm.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Output Sektor Industri Pengolahan di Provinsi Jawa Tengah

Industrial manufacturing sektor has the biggest contribution to regional economic development of Central Java Province but in the last few years the output of industrial sector experienced a slowing down growth. This industrial manufacturing sector is influenced by many variables. This study identified the effect of macroeconomic variables on industrial manufacturing sector performance in Central Java Province. Macroeconomic variables used in this study were export, import, domestic investment, foreign direct investment, province minimum wage, labour, road and electricity infrastructure, inflation and dummy regional outonom. The methods used to analyze this study were vector error correction model (VECM). A forecast error variance decomposotion (FEVD) test also were used to show the contributions of each macroeconomic variables to the output of manufacture sector. The result of VECM equation shows that in the long-term both domestic investment (PMDN) and foreign investment (PMA) significantly influenced industrial manufacture output. Meanwhile FEVD test shows export, output growth, foreign investment and labour has the bigest composition on explaining manufacturing fluctuations in long-term.

Decomposition of air pollution emissions from Swedish manufacturing

Starting from the ’90s, Swedish manufacturing output has been constantly growing, while emissions of some major air pollutants have been declining. This paper decomposes manufacturing pollution emissions to identify the forces associated with the abatement. It uses a newly available dataset on actual annual emissions from Swedish manufacturing and creates an index of emission intensities for the major local air pollutants to directly estimate the technique effect for the period 2007–2017. The results suggest that the main driver of the clean-up was improvements in emission intensities, while the composition of output actually moved towards more pollution-intensive goods. In the absence of changes in scale and technique, manufacturing pollution emissions would have increased in a range between 3 (particulate matter) and 20% (non-methane volatile compounds) between 2007 and 2017.

Adoption of digital technologies and backshoring decisions: is there a link?

The present paper assesses whether the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies can be related to backshoring. It does so by -firstly- investigating the implementation of such technologies by industrial firms with foreign production plants, the experiences and intentions of these firms regarding the location of production activities, and -secondly- by analyzing backshoring cases among them.It finds that backshoring is a rare phenomenon, and it is questionable whether there is a correlation, left alone causality, between the adoption of digital technologies in home-based manufacturing sites and backshoring hitherto. And while the future may hold more backshoring movements in store, they may not be primarily due to the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies at home-based plants. Instead, other (foreign) location-specific factors seem to have greater weight in the decision-making processes around backshoring operations. I.e., deteriorating sales forecasts in offshore places where firms have production activities, increases in institutional uncertainty in such places, rationalization of global production apparatuses, and/or a lack of possibilities to deploy foreign manufacturing activities and output for third markets. Also against the backdrop of events like the outbreak of Covid19 and the uncertainty-raising effect it has on international business, the trade-off between producing off-shore or bringing manufacturing activities back home is not likely to depend on technology adoption levels at home and abroad either.

Building and Cost Analysis of an Industrial Automation System using Industrial Robots and PLC Integration

Technology rapidly advances on a daily basis and the resulting changes can provide numerousbenefits for manufacturing methods and machines. Manufacturers who are able to swiftly embrace thesedevelopments can increase their manufacturing output, thereby boosting profitability and gainingcompetitive advantages over their rivals. However, the cost savings which result from new innovationscan vary, depending on the manufacturing model. Consequently, manufacturers need to conduct accurateanalyses for appropriate manufacturing methods in order to ensure that new changes are cost-effective.Nowadays, the use of industrial automation systems is gaining popularity as a method of increasingprofitability for mass production, and these systems utilize control systems, such as industrial robots andprogrammable logic controllers. The use of these elements in the manufacturing process not onlyprovides quality and flexible production methods, which are indispensable considerations, but alsoconserves human effort. The aim of this study was to minimize the cost of a factory-installed industrialautomation system, which produced globe valves with side couplings, through the combined use ofindustrial robots and programmable logic controllers. While calculating returns from the installed system,the differential evolution algorithm was used to predict future unit prices of electricity, and it wasdetermined that the cost of investment would be recovered after a maximum of 2.5 years and that currentyearly production would increase fourfold.

Nexus between household energy consumption and economic growth in Bangladesh (1975–2018)

Bangladesh, a climate-vulnerable country, has taken initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The country's most significant challenge to achieving that goal is keeping economic growth even after ensuring commercial and residential energy for its people, primarily dependent on fossil fuel. This research investigates the residential electricity and gas consumption and its effect on Bangladesh's economic growth with the data period 1975–2018. Household energy consumption is one of the critical factors for sustainable economic growth, although it is not directly converted to the country's manufacturing output. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing approach has been used due to the robust and better performance in this study with the smaller size of the sample. The country's labor-intensive economy has been found with a unidirectional relationship from household electricity consumption and population growth, which stresses the significance of ensuring electricity for all. Therefore, the country cannot take the energy conservation policy right now as it could obstruct its growth. However, energy sources might be replaced with renewable energies to meet the country's residential energy demand.

Examining persistent effects of extractive institutions in the United States

AbstractThis paper estimates the medium‐ to long‐run effects of slavery in the United States in a spatial regression discontinuity design. Using the boundary between free and slave states immediately antebellum, we find that legal slavery decreased per capita manufacturing output by as much as 30% in the decades following the Civil War. Perhaps surprisingly, agricultural output and farm values were only briefly depressed in former slave states after the war. Although emancipation ended slavery, political forces kept the institution from being completely disintegrated, and we explore channels through which this was possible. We show that slavery affected the structure of the economy in a given region—specifically through agricultural production decisions—and that these structures persisted long after passage of the 13th Amendment. However, sharecropping played a relatively small role in this region. Our results support mounting evidence in recent literature of the significant and lasting effects of institutions on economic development.

A Comparative Time-Series Investigation of China and U.S. Manufacturing Industries’ Global Supply-Chain-Linked Economic, Mid and End-Point Environmental Impacts

Manufacturing activities of China and the U.S. account for a substantial portion of the global manufacturing output and environmental sustainability impacts. The two countries’ economies account for one third of the global economic output. Their supply chains are critically linked with and serve most of the production and service industries across the globe. Recent global trends in manufacturing necessitate a study that comparatively analyzes the two countries’ manufacturing industries from an economic and environmental perspective. In this paper, U.S. and China manufacturing industries were investigated to analyze the economic and mid and endpoint environmental impacts over a 20-year study period. The literature is abundant with single period and single country focused works, and this study contributes to the state-of-art by extending the temporal dimension to 20 years and spatial focus to the global economy (40 countries and rest of the world). In terms of the methodology, Multi-region input-output (MRIO) models were built using the World Input-Output Database (WIOD) as the primary database, global input-output tables, environmental impact and economic output multipliers, and manufacturing industries’ final demand. Twenty MRIO models, each comprised of 40 major economies and the rest of the world (ROW), were built to cover the global trade linkages, which yielded the global supply chain linked cradle-to-gate life cycle inventory (LCI) of economic outputs and environmental impacts. The environmental LCI was extended to midpoint (Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)) and endpoint (human health and ecosystem) impact dimensions by ReCipe framework. Lastly, the relative impact of a unit change in Leontief inverse, final demand and Green House Gas (GHG) emission multipliers on the total economic output and environmental impacts were explored with structural decomposition analysis (SDA). Results indicated that both countries’ manufacturing industries experienced positive economic output growth, in which China was more dominant in recent years. Both countries’ manufacturing industries’ midpoint and endpoint impacts were found to be steeply rising despite the negative growth observed in emissions intensities. The amount of GHG emissions and related midpoint (global warming and ozone depletion) and endpoint (damage to ecosystems and human life) impacts seemed to be quickly worsening in China compared to the USA.

Impact of Bank Deposit on Manufacturing Sector Output: The Case of Nigeria

Manufacturing sector plays an important role in the development of modern economy all over the world, whether advance or developing country. In the light of this, this study investigated the impact of bank credit on manufacturing outputfor the period 1981-2019. The variables were tested for stationarity. Error correction mechanism was adopted for the estimation of the model. Based on the result of the study, it was observed that credit to the manufacturing output has direct relationship with manufacturing output and it is statistically significant. Total government expenditure has direct relationship with manufacturing output, but not statistically significant. The relationship between exchange rate and corruption on output of manufacturing were Binverse and were not statistically significant. The most important variable affecting output of manufacturing sector is credit to the manufacturing. Manufacturing output in Nigeria does not significantly respond to changes in interest rate and government expenditure. The study concluded that credit to the manufacturing output is significant to the growth of manufacturing sector output in Nigeria economy. The paper recommended a better and stronger credit facility to manufacturing sector, should be promoted and sustained; there should be strong and comprehensive legal framework that will continue to aid in monitoring the performance of credit of the commercial banks. The most important variable affecting manufacturing output is credit to the manufacturing sector; effort should be made towards encouraging more credit to the manufacturing sector in Nigeria.

Local banking and manufacturing growth: Evidence from India

This paper explores the relationship between local banking development and the growth of the manufacturing sector using district-level data from India. The results show that banking development at the local level is important for the growth of manufacturing in the region. We find that sector-specific credit, and not the total credit in the district, has a positive impact on local manufacturing output; suggesting that sector-specific lending technology is important. Further, we find that the constraints due to credit availability for manufacturing are lower in districts with higher literacy levels.

Corporate social responsibility in a supply chain and competition from a vertically integrated firm

This paper extends the analysis of the effects of corporate social responsibility in a bilateral monopoly to the case where a manufacturer and a retailer engaged in a supply chain face competition from a vertically integrated firm. The paper finds that when the manufacturer and the retailer non-cooperatively select their degrees of social concern, they choose to pursue pure profit maximization, irrespective of the order in which they make their choices. These choices put them at a disadvantage with respect to their vertically integrated competitor, who produces more output than they do and obtains higher profits than their joint profits. The paper then shows that when they cooperatively choose their degrees of social concern, they both choose positive degrees of social concern and, therefore, deviate from pure profit maximization. These choices give them a competitive edge over their vertically integrated rival: they produce a higher output and obtain higher joint profits than their competitor. In comparison with the non-cooperative outcome, the positive degrees of social concern cooperatively chosen by the manufacturer and the retailer imply higher output and profits for the retailer and the manufacturer and lower output and profits for their competitor. They also imply lower prices and higher consumer surplus and social welfare.