Plastic Manufacturing Research Articles

Bisphenol S reduces locomotor performance and modifies muscle protein levels but not mitochondrial bioenergetics in adult zebrafish

Human activity has now introduced novel chemicals into most aquatic ecosystems. Endocrine-disrupting compounds originating from plastic pollution and manufacture can have pronounced biological effects by disrupting hormone-mediated processes. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most commonly produced endocrine-disrupting compounds, which interferes with signalling by a broad range of hormones. In recognition of its potentially harmful effects, BPA is being replaced by substitutes such as bisphenol S (BPS). However, toxicological studies revealed that BPS too can bind to hormone receptors and disrupt signalling, particularly of thyroid hormone. The aim of this study was to test whether BPS exposure impacts locomotor performance and muscle function in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Locomotor performance depends on thyroid hormone signalling, and it is closely related to fitness so that its disruption can have negative ecological and evolutionary consequences. BPS exposure of 15 μg l−1 [∼60 nM] and 30 μg l−1 (but not 60 μg l−1) decreased sustained swimming performance (Ucrit), but not sprint speed. In a fully factorial design, we show that living in flowing water increased Ucrit compared to a still water control, and that BPS reduced Ucrit under both conditions but did not eliminate the training effect. In a second factorial experiment, we show that BPS did not affect mitochondrial bioenergetics in skeletal muscle (state 3 and 4 rates, respiratory control ratios, ROS production), but that induced hypothyroidism decreased state 3 and 4 rates of respiration. However, both hypothyroidism and BPS exposure decreased activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK:total AMPK) but increased protein levels of myocyte enhancer factor 2, and slow and fast myosin heavy chains. Our data indicate that BPS is not a safe alternative for BPA and that exposure to BPS can have ecological consequences, which are likely to be at least partly mediated via thyroid hormone disruption.

A three dimensional frictional flow study of Williamson fluid with chemical reaction

This analysis deals with the incompressible, steady, three-dimensional (3D) viscously dissipated Williamson fluid flow near an irregular surface. It has many applications such as synthesis of polymer solutions, plastic manufacturing, food processing, paper production, adhesives, exotic lubricants, suspension solutions etc. The phenomenon is examined in semi-infinite domain and the flow is produced by means of non-linear stretching. An irreversible process is taken by means of fluid particles stress which converts the energy into heat. The most noticeable procedure of this process is the internal friction between the layers of fluid particles which causes heat generation. The governing equations are initially reformed into ODES by applying applicable variables and then numerical solutions are computed via the shooting technique. Newly characteristics of dimensionless variables are illustrated by means of graphs and tables. The detail analysis anticipates that velocity declines by the elevation of Weissenberg number and wall thickness parameters. Further, the temperature enhances with the increase of Eckert number and heat generation parameter and behaved oppositely analogous to development in Prandtl number.

Innovative concept of severe plastic deformation manufacturing system to enhance classic equal channel angular drawing method: a preliminary study for flexible manufacturing systems looking to Industry 4.0

Equal channel angular drawing (ECAD) represents the most successful severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique for continuous industrial manufacturing of longer wires, with a constant cross section, characterized by smaller diameters and better mechanical properties (i.e. high strains and hardness) mainly attributed to the grain size refinement. In this paper an advanced innovative concept to impose SPD, on commercial 1370 pure aluminium wires (Al 99.7%), is proposed to improve the flexibility of the classic manufacturing method of ECAD by controlling and regulating process parameters in real time to obtain several combinations of mechanical properties and to increase manufacture productivity. This paper provides a preliminary analysis of mechanical and microstructural changes occurring during ECAD process and, preserving the principle of the ECAD method, describes an innovative concept of plastic deformation showing the potential improvements to practice. The proposed manufacturing system has been validated by finite element analysis (FEA) implementing a flow stress empirical model that includes the influence of the grain size change, for the material behaviour and two customized user-subroutines for predicting grain refinement and hardness variation. The study demonstrates the possibility to renew the classic industrial techniques within an Industry 4.0 ecosystem.

Surface Nanoarchitectonics of Boron Nitride Nanosheets for Highly Efficient and Sustainable ipso-Hydroxylation of Arylboronic Acids.

One of the important industrial processes commonly employed in the pharmaceutical, explosive, and plastic manufacturing industries is ipso-hydroxylation of arylboronic acids. In this work, a straightforward, metal-free methodology for the synthesis of phenols from arylboronic acids has been demonstrated using hydroxyl functionalized boron nitride (BN-OH) nanosheets. The functionalized hydroxyl groups on the BN nanosheets act as the active sites for the hydroxylation reaction to take place. The detailed optimization of reaction parameters was done in order to attain high catalytic efficiency, and the reactions were conducted in water, which eliminates the use of toxic solvents. The as-synthesized catalysts exhibited excellent recyclability and reusability in addition to high product yields and good turnover numbers. The green metrics parameters were also evaluated for the model reaction to examine the sustainable nature of the developed protocol. The use of BN-OH catalysts for the ipso-hydroxylation reactions under base-free and metal-free conditions using environmentally benign solvents is utmost desired for industrial processes and can pave a way toward sustainable organic catalysis.

Exposure to occupational risk factors is associated with the severity and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) results from a complex interaction between genes and the environment, and occupational exposures are an underappreciated risk factor. Until now, little research attention has been paid to the potential impact of occupational risk factor exposure on the COPD in China. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the role of occupational risk factor exposure on the severity and progression of COPD for exploring new prevention strategies for this disease. This study adopted a random cluster-sampling method. Five grade-A tertiary hospitals that met the inclusion criteria were selected as the survey sites, and patients with COPD hospitalized in these hospitals from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019, were selected as the research subjects. Data of the patients diagnosed with COPD met the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (2019) criteria and were collected from the computerized medical record databases. Among 4082 investigated COPD patients, 1063 (26%) were found to have occupational risk factor exposure history. The top 3 industries with a large COPD case number and a history of occupational risk factor exposure ranked in the order of agriculture (including farming, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery), manufacturing, and mining. Further multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that when setting a low exposure level as a reference, medium and high exposure levels were correlated with the severity of COPD (odds ratio values were 2.837 and 6.201, respectively, P < .05). Linear regression analysis showed that cumulative exposure to occupational risk factors was negatively correlated with the forced expiratory volume in 1-second percentage of COPD patients, with a correlation coefficient of 0.68. Our results indicated that occupational risk factor exposure levels were related to the severity of COPD significantly. The incubation period of COPD in the exposure group was significantly shorter than that in the non-exposure group. To prevent worked-related COPD, special attention and control efforts should be taken to reduce the level of occupational risk factors such as organic dust, irritating chemicals, etc in the work environments, especially in the industries of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, manufacturing, and mining.

Impact of DEHP Toxicity on Testis of Rat Leading to Disruption of Testis Histology

Di (2-ethyl hexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) is one of the plasticizers widely used in the manufacturing of plastics to make it flexible and durable. Present study is focussed to observe the deleterious effects of DEHP on male reproductive system of animals. For this, 1000 mg/kg body wt. of DEHP was administered to different groups of male Wistar rat for 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. After each interval, rats were sacrificed and histological alterations in testis of rats were observed. On hormonal assay, testosterone level decreased significantly in DEHP exposed groups. The histological structure of the testis was also observed to be disrupted significantly with increasing duration of DEHP exposure. Organisation of seminiferous tubule was found distorted and disoriented showing large gaps between them along with degenerated epithelium. Evident changes in morphology of spermatozoa were seen with gradual loss of head and tail structure. Decrease in the number of Leydig cells and sertoli cells were also found suggesting DEHP as a potent toxicant for male reproductive system.

Designing the Layout of Fibreglass Production Facilities Using the ARC (Activity Relationship Chart) and ARD (Activity Relationship Diagram) Methods at PT. XYZ

PT. XYZ is a plastic material and product manufacturing company founded in Riau in 1997. This company produces fibreglass (FRP) goods and accepts design requests according to consumer demand. In addition, PT. XYZ also has water tanks made of Polyethylene (HDPE) and stainless steel. In practice, some inefficiencies and inefficiencies make it difficult for operators to find tools such as grinders. This study uses the ARC (Activity Relationship Chart) and ARD (Activity Relationship Diagram) and redesigns the layout of the fibreglass production facility. The results of the study show changes and rotations in the 90º room operator, the transfer of measurements and cuts close to the base material mixture workstation located in the fibreglass production division room, and the addition of 4 workstations because it utilizes an empty floor. Keywords: ARC, ARD, Fiberglass, Layout

Plastic Unlimited: How Corporations Are Fueling the Ecological Crisis and What We Can Do About It by Alice Mah

<i>Plastic Unlimited: How Corporations Are Fueling the Ecological Crisis and What We Can Do About It</i> by Alice Mah

Effect of Capital Structure on the Profitability of Plastic and Packaging Companies Listed in Vietnam

Purpose: The study aimed to analyse the impact of capital structure on the profitability of plastic and packaging companies listed on the Vietnam Stock Exchange - VNX (HNX, HoSE and Upcom). Theoretical framework: The study inherits previous studies on the relationship between capital structure and profitability to determine the capital structure that affects profitability. Design/methodology/approach: Using Qualitative Research (Synthetic Methods; Statistical methods, description; Inductive and interpretive methods) and quantitative research methods (linear regression methods). Findings: The author has identified two independent variables that represent a capital structure that strongly affects the profitability of enterprises, including: (1) Short-term debt ratio (STD); (2) Long-term debt ratio (LTL). Research, practical and social implications: Based on the research results, the author offers several discussions and assessments on the critical role of adjusting the optimal capital structure for plastic and packaging companies, in addition to financial solution recommendations aimed at improving profitability for companies. Originality/value: Through a study of 30 plastic and packaging manufacturing companies, corresponding to 360 observations in the period of 2010 – 2021.

Emotional Intelligence, Intellectual Intelligence, and Competence on Work Commitment Through Employee Job Satisfaction in Companies Engaged in Plastic Manufacturing

This study aims to determine the effect of emotional intelligence, intellectual intelligence and competence on work commitment through employee job satisfaction at PT Santoso Jawi Abadi. This study uses quantitative research with hypothesis testing. The sample used in this study were 100 employees at PT Santoso Jawi Abadi. The analytical tool used in this study uses SPSS statistical software version 25.0. The main data in this study came from questionnaires. The results of this study prove that (1) there is a direct influence of emotional intelligence (X1) on job satisfaction (M) on employees, (2) there is a direct influence of intellectual intelligence (X2) on job satisfaction (M) on employees (3) there is a direct influence of competence (X3) on job satisfaction (M) on employees, (4) there is a direct effect of job satisfaction (M) on work commitment (Y), (5) emotional intelligence, intellectual intelligence, competence and job satisfaction have an effect on directly on work commitment, (6) indirectly emotional intelligence (X1) through job satisfaction (M) has a significant effect on work commitment (Y), the value of direct influence is smaller than the value of indirect influence, (7) indirectly intellectual intelligence (X2) through job satisfaction (M) has a significant effect on work commitment (Y) because the value of direct influence is smaller than the value of indirect influence, (8) indirectly competence (X3) through job satisfaction (M) has a significant effect on work commitment (Y) because the value of the indirect effect is greater than the value of the direct influence.

Regulatory Significance of Plastic Manufacturing Air Pollution Discharged into Terrestrial Environments and Real-Time Sensing Challenges.

Cured-in-place-pipe (CIPP) is an onsite plastic manufacturing technology used in the U.S. and has not been evaluated for regulatory compliance with federal air pollution laws. The practice involves the discharge of manufacturing waste into the environment. The study goal was to estimate the magnitude of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) discharged into the atmosphere for styrene and nonstyrene composite manufacture and examine low-cost air monitoring sensor reliability. Time-resolved emission analysis revealed that VOC emission was not only isolated to the thermal curing period but also occurred before and after curing. In addition to the styrene monomer, other gas-phase hazardous air pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act were also emitted. Based on typical CIPP installations, 0.9 to 16.6 U.S. tons of emitted VOCs were estimated for styrene CIPPs, and 0.09 to 1.6 U.S. tons of emitted VOCs were estimated for nonstyrene CIPPs. Because the number and size of CIPPs manufactured in a single community can vary, the total air pollution burden will significantly differ across communities. Low-cost VOC sensors commonly utilized near CIPP manufacturing activities did not accurately quantify styrene and should not be relied upon for that purpose. Up to several thousand-fold detection differences were observed. Regulatory evaluation of CIPP air pollution and PID sensor reliability assessments are recommended.

A review of the endocrine disrupting effects of micro and nano plastic and their associated chemicals in mammals.

Over the years, the vaste expansion of plastic manufacturing has dramatically increased the environmental impact of microplastics [MPs] and nanoplastics [NPs], making them a threat to marine and terrestrial biota because they contain endocrine disrupting chemicals [EDCs] and other harmful compounds. MPs and NPs have deleteriouse impacts on mammalian endocrine components such as hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, testes, and ovaries. MPs and NPs absorb and act as a transport medium for harmful chemicals such as bisphenols, phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ether, polychlorinated biphenyl ether, organotin, perfluorinated compounds, dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organic contaminants, and heavy metals, which are commonly used as additives in plastic production. As the EDCs are not covalently bonded to plastics, they can easily leach into milk, water, and other liquids affecting the endocrine system of mammals upon exposure. The toxicity induced by MPs and NPs is size-dependent, as smaller particles have better absorption capacity and larger surface area, releasing more EDC and toxic chemicals. Various EDCs contained or carried by MPs and NPs share structural similarities with specific hormone receptors; hence they interfere with normal hormone receptors, altering the hormonal action of the endocrine glands. This review demonstrates size-dependent MPs' bioaccumulation, distribution, and translocation with potential hazards to the endocrine gland. We reviewed that MPs and NPs disrupt hypothalamic-pituitary axes, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid/adrenal/testicular/ovarian axis leading to oxidative stress, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, developmental abnormalities, decreased sperm quality, and immunotoxicity. The direct consequences of MPs and NPs on the thyroid, testis, and ovaries are documented. Still, studies need to be carried out to identify the direct effects of MPs and NPs on the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands.

The pollution characteristics, source identification and health risks of multiple classes atmospheric SVOCs with complex emission sources of the petrochemical plant and other industries

SVOCs are ubiquitous air contaminants, whilst little was known about their environmental fates and sources in atmosphere in ambient areas around petrochemical and other industries. Herein, the levels of typical SVOCs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), phthalate acid esters (PAEs), and alternative plasticizers (APs), were investigated in atmosphere of residential areas around a petrochemical industry plant. The plant is bordering a developing metropolis, with highly developed modern industries and transportations. PAEs (128.7 ± 72.2 ng/m3) were found with the highest levels in atmosphere, followed by APs (19.1 ± 14.6 ng/m3), PAHs (13.6 ± 5.01 ng/m3), OPRs (3.89 ± 1.85 ng/m3), and PBDEs (0.08 ± 0.06 ng/m3). Seasonal variation was observed for SVOCs in the particulate and gaseous phases (p < 0.05), with higher concentrations of PAEs, APs, and OPFRs in summer than winter, whereas the opposite for PAHs. Chemical properties of compounds will influence the G-P partitioning of SVOC in the atmosphere. The sources of SVOCs in the study area are complex, and mainly from plastics manufacturing (20.9%), chemical additive application (46.5%), and petroleum combustion (32.9%). The estimated lifetime lung cancer risk of PAHs was moderate in the residential areas, and was higher in winter than summer. In contrast, the incremental lifetime cancer risk for di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate inhalation was below the acceptable level. The petrochemical plant was one of the primary sources of PAHs in the investigated area, posing a nonnegligible risk to the surrounding residents. This study enhanced our understanding of the environmental fates and health risks of multiple classes of SVOCs in atmosphere with complex emission sources near the petrochemical plant and other industries.

In situ microplastic ingestion by neritic zooplankton of the central Mexican Pacific

Microplastics (MPs) are present across the global ocean and can be encountered by many species, including zooplankton. Although they fall within the size range of zooplankton prey, there are few studies on MPs ingestion carried out in situ. In this study, we analyzed MPs ingestion during two seasons (rainy and dry) of organisms from 5 taxonomic groups of zooplankton from two bays of the Mexican central Pacific: Manzanillo and Navidad. In total, 2643 individuals were analyzed, and of those 23 individuals contained MPs. The ingestion rate by taxonomic group was 1 MP/36 copepods (0.02), 1 MP/30 decapods–mysis (0.03), 1 MP/29 decapods–megalopa (0.03), and 1 MP/200 fish larvae (0.005). No plastics were found in chaetognaths, amphipods, or decapods–zoea. The average length of the ingested particles was 468.1 ± 113.8 μm, with a minimum of 15.6 and a maximum of 647.6 μm. All MPs >300 μm were fibers, with diameters <50 μm. Fragments were the most abundant MPs (54.2%), followed by fibers (34.2%) and spheres (11.4%). Statistical analyses showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the bays or seasons. Using RAMAN spectroscopy, it was possible to identify 6 different types of polymers, with poly (ethylene:propylene) being the most abundant (42.8%). This polymer is commonly used to manufacture plastic bags, ropes and fishing nets. The results confirm that certain zooplankton groups are consuming MPs and suggest that omnivorous species are more likely to ingest MPs, possibly due to their capacity for foraging flexibility and opportunistic feeding strategies. However, the ingestion of MPs cannot be attributed to a single factor; it is necessary to consider variables such as the sampling area, feeding strategy, size, and seasonality to understand the dynamics of MPs ingestion by zooplankton groups.

Intelligent energy-based product quality control in the injection molding process

Energy is a critical resource for powering modern society, supporting economic growth, and meeting basic human needs. In fact, energy efficiency is an important factor for companies looking to remain competitive in the market. This need is particularly more important in energy-intensive industries, such as plastics manufacturing by process injection molding, where energy costs can account for a significant portion of the overall operating costs. By investing in smart energy-efficient technologies based on artificial intelligence tools and on good practices manufacturing, companies can reduce their energy consumption, improve their environmental performance, and enhance their sustainability. In this paper, an artificial neural network, trained on experimental dataset, has been used for modelling the relationships between energy consumption, product quality, and process setting parameters. Then, an energy control system has been building in Matlab Simulink to simulate the behaviour of real production process of polypropylene product and to identify the optimal process settings that achieve the desired level of product quality while controlling energy consumption. The proposed system demonstrated its effectiveness in the case study adopted and then can be used in others similar plastics production. Moreover, its approach can be used to develop the smart control systems for others industrial processes.

On the Potential for Optical Detection of Microplastics in the Ocean

Since the advent of industrial manufacturing of petroleum-based plastics, their use in everyday products has become ubiquitous due to their durability, moldability, low weight, and affordability. Consequently, plastics have quickly become one of the largest components of solid waste pollution on the planet and can now be found in marine sediment, coastal waters, surface waters of oceanic gyres, and marine organisms. However, the extent of this problem has yet to be fully understood, in part due to the challenges associated with discrete water sampling in the vast global ocean. Optical detection of microplastics is one promising approach with the potential to circumnavigate the temporal and spatial limitations of discrete water sampling, though methodological techniques are still in their infancy and libraries of inherent optical properties (IOPs) of microplastics are sparse.

Ecotoxicological significance of bio-corona formation on micro/nanoplastics in aquatic organisms.

The unsustainable manufacturing, utilization and inadequate handling of plastics have led to a surge in global plastic pollution. In recent times, there has been increasing concern about the plausible hazards associated with exposure to micro/nanoplastics (M/NPs). As aquatic systems are considered to be the likely sink for M/NPs, it is crucial to comprehend their environmental behavior. The bioavailability, toxicity and fate of M/NPs in the environment are predominantly dictated by their surface characteristics. In the aquatic environment, M/NPs are prone to be internalized by aquatic organisms. This may facilitate their interaction with a diverse array of biomolecules within the organism, resulting in the formation of a biocorona (BC). The development of BC causes modifications in the physicochemical attributes of the M/NPs including changes to their size, stability, surface charge and other properties. This review details the concept of BC formation and its underlying mechanism. It provides insight on the analytical techniques employed for characterizing BC formation and addresses the associated challenges. Further, the eco-toxicological implications of M/NPs and the role of BC in modifying their potential toxicity on aquatic organisms is specified. The impact of BC formation on the fate and transport of M/NPs is discussed. A concise outlook on the future perspectives is also presented.

State of Knowledge on Starch as an Alternative Solution to Petrochemical Resources—A Review

The use of plastics from petrochemical resources poses environmental impacts, and one of the alternative solutions is the use of starch. The objective of this present work has been to present the literature on starch, and to highlight the debate in the development of composite films. The approach adopted was to present the state of the art on starch and thermoplastic starch matrix composites. The work shows that starch is available worldwide and can be used in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics; the debate remains on the reinforcement of thermoplastic starch to improve its physical and mechanical properties poor; then researchers must diversify the reinforcements to see the impact on the properties of thermoplastic starch.

Significance of heat transfer for second-grade fuzzy hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching/shrinking Riga wedge

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;This investigation presents the fuzzy nanoparticle volume fraction on heat transfer of second-grade hybrid $ {\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{ + Cu/EO}} $ nanofluid over a stretching/shrinking Riga wedge under the contribution of heat source, stagnation point, and nonlinear thermal radiation. Also, this inquiry includes flow simulations using modified Hartmann number, boundary wall slip and heat convective boundary condition. Engine oil is used as the host fluid and two distinct nanomaterials ($ {\text{Cu}} $ and $ {\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}} $) are used as nanoparticles. The associated nonlinear governing PDEs are intended to be reduced into ODEs using suitable transformations. After that 'bvp4c, ' a MATLAB technique is used to compute the solution of said problem. For validation, the current findings are consistent with those previously published. The temperature of the hybrid nanofluid rises significantly more quickly than the temperature of the second-grade fluid, for larger values of the wedge angle parameter, the volume percentage of nanomaterials. For improvements to the wedge angle and Hartmann parameter, the skin friction factor improves. Also, for the comparison of nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids through membership function (MF), the nanoparticle volume fraction is taken as a triangular fuzzy number (TFN) in this work. Membership function and $ \sigma {\text{ - cut}} $ are controlled TFN which ranges from 0 to 1. According to the fuzzy analysis, the hybrid nanofluid gives a more heat transfer rate as compared to nanofluids. Heat transfer and boundary layer flow at wedges have recently received a lot of attention due to several metallurgical and engineering physical applications such as continuous casting, metal extrusion, wire drawing, plastic, hot rolling, crystal growing, fibreglass and paper manufacturing.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Modelling the barriers to sustainable waste management in the plastic-manufacturing industry: An emerging economy perspective

Sustainable waste management (SWM) is an important goal for the plastic manufacturing industry, which is aiming toward enhancing its economic, environmental, and social sustainability in recent years. However, plastic manufacturing industries in developing countries like Bangladesh are yet to establish efficient SWM systems despite the amount of solid plastic waste continually rising across all sectors. This paper investigates the underexplored barriers to implementing SWM in the Bangladeshi plastic industry. First, it employs the Delphi method to identify the 16 most relevant barriers to SWM through a literature review and expert feedback. Then, using an integrated grey theory and decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method-based framework, it evaluates these 16 barriers to examine their interrelationships in the context of emerging economies. The findings show that the five most significant barriers are as follows: lack of awareness of and knowledge about plastic waste disposal, lack of compliant waste management, lack of a sense of environmental responsibility on the part of manufacturers, lack of systematic waste collection and effective dumping-ground utilization and lack of proper environmental policies, legislations, and regulations. This study presents valuable insights that can deeply contribute to the literature on SWM, enabling scholars, policymakers, and industrial managers to practice sustainability more effectively in the plastic manufacturing industry.