Manufacturing Laboratory Research Articles

Establishment of the First National Reference Standard for Insulin Lispro: Report of a collaborative study

The present study was aimed to establish the First National Reference Standard (NRS) for Insulin lispro to allow stakeholders including manufacturer's laboratories, drug testing laboratories, drug regulatory authorities and academic institutions to demonstrate accuracy of the test results and to enable comparison and validation of analytical methods. The candidate standard for Insulin lispro was evaluated in a collaborative study to assign the vial content in order to serve it as NRS to support the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) monograph. The candidate standard was calibrated against the Ph. Eur. Insulin lispro reference standard by each of six participant laboratories in India using HPLC assay method as per the requirements of IP monograph. The results indicate that the candidate standard has an average content of 5.79 mg per vial with purity of 99.87%. Based on the study results the candidate standard was judged suitable to serve as the first NRS for Insulin lispro.

Powder and wire melting of titanium alloys by electron beam

This paper describes the influence of beam current on macro- and microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties of electron beam melted (EBM) Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Numerical simulation is implemented to evaluate thermal fields during electron beam melting of titanium powder and wire. Computed tomography, optical and electron microscopy and mechanical testing were used to study the macro- and microstructure and the mechanical properties of samples produced by layer-upon-layer technique. We studied samples made of titanium alloys produced by the selective electron beam melting technique on the laboratory setup, designed and developed in “Research and Manufacturing Laboratory "Modern Manufacturing Technologies" at Tomsk Polytechnic University. We have found out how the thermal conditions of the electron beam melting of powder and wire influence the macro- and microstructure and mechanical properties of the resulting samples. Based on a comparative analysis of the structure and properties of the manufactured samples, it is possible to suggest the appropriate conditions for additive manufacturing by selective electron beam melting of titanium alloys.

Use of open manufacturing laboratories (Fab Labs) as a new trend in engineering education

In last years, Digital Manufacturing has taken an increasingly important role in the Industry due to the possibilities and advantages that presents. New technologies such as 3D printing in its different modalities, or laser cutting, for example, are changing the way to extend manufacturing at all levels. Knowing these techniques is very important for the training of future graduates of the Higher Technical School of Engineering and Industrial Design, who represent the future and are beginning to replace traditional manufacturing methods. In this sense, a space within the University, where it is possible to access to this new equipment in an easy and inexpensive way, represents an advantage for students, where they can learn first-hand, manage and use different digital technologies to be able to carry out your projects and ideas. In this way, a teaching-learning based on the philosophy "Do It Yourself" and "Learning By Doing" will be developed in the student. In this sense, three years ago at the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial (ETSIDI) of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) an initiative to create a manufacturing laboratory known as FabLab, where all the digital manufacturing tools and software necessary to carry out any idea, project or invention are available, was developed. So, an open space for entrepreneurship, leadership and educational innovation where students can learn about new manufacturing technologies was created. In order to promote the real applicability and the use of the equipment, an initiative has been proposed as a result of several subjects where the students have the possibility of carrying out their work materializing them in a scale model improving the learning process. In this way, they come into contact with the real advantages and limitations when it comes to manufacturing, the possibilities of digital manufacturing and the evolution that is taking place in the equipment.

Global Availability of Antivenoms: The Relevance of Public Manufacturing Laboratories.

Snakebite envenoming is a serious global public health problem, and international initiatives, under the coordination of the World Health Organization and its regional offices, are being developed to reduce the impact of this neglected tropical disease. The global availability of safe and effective antivenoms is one of the key aspects in this global strategy. This review discusses the role of public antivenom manufacturing laboratories for ensuring the supply of antivenoms. The difficulties faced by public laboratories are discussed, together with some tasks that need to be implemented for strengthening them. In addition, the concept of ‘redundancy’ in the supply of antivenoms is emphasized, as a way to cope with the risks associated with the provision of antivenoms by few manufacturers. In general, the public sector should play a leading role, in antivenom availability and other aspects as well, within the global struggle to reduce the mortality and morbidity caused by snakebite envenoming.

МЕТРОЛОГIЧНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ВИПРОБУВАНЬ ЕЛЕКТРОННИХ РЕГУЛЯТОРIВ ГТД – СТЕНД-IМIТАТОР ДВИГУННИХ ДАТЧИКIВ

Testing of electronic control systems (further “regulators”) FADEC for gas turbine engines in the manufacturer laboratory conditions is described. The main attention is devoted to the control of the metrological characteristics of the regulator measuring channels. The results of constructively separated sensor imitators application, what interacts with the controller, including DBSCT and vibration sensor, are presented in this article. It is shown the expediency and results of the stand application, which united all the imitators necessary for testing of serial production. Data on verifying imitators and ensuring accuracy coefficients is given. In the framework of testing the electronic regulators of gas turbine engines, JSC Element experts developed, manufactured and certified all the necessary specialized stands that provide both a full-fledged inspection in the test-laboratory of monitoring and functions checking and additionally checking of the metrological characteristics of the regulators measuring channels. For reduced testing time in the serial production of the RDTs-450M regulator, in addition to the previously used structurally isolated sensors imitators, a stand was designed and manufactured combining all the imitators necessary for measuring channels testing. This new imitator provided usability and reduced testing time. The simulators used for test procedure. These simulators provide output signals of real sensors. These signals check by standardized measuring equipment. Systematic verification use certified stands, which create a normalized influence on the input signal of measuring (pressure, vibration acceleration, shaft rotation angle are also available). Further improvement of the test equipment will consist in automating of procedures for checking the metrological characteristics of the regulators channels by creating of programmatically controlled simulators. The replacement of individual simulators with a specialized stand markedly increased the productivity of work on the calibration and verification of the regulators measuring channels.

(Invited) Emerging Materials for Additive Manufacturing of Flexible Hybrid Sensors

Recent advances in the synthesis of 2-dimensional (2D) materials-based inks has increased the design space for additive manufacturing of flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) and sensors. Such systems stand to benefit from high performance flexible silicon IC’s for signal processing and amplification, while also leveraging the high surface area and unique physical properties of 2D materials as sensor electrodes. For example, previous work has elucidated the fundamental role of crystal defects in the sensing mechanisms of graphene chemiresistors, however, such sensors are yet to find widespread commercial application. Integration of graphene with flexible silicon ICs could help expedite the adoption of such sensors in industry, as sensor response to target analytes could be isolated from other environmental factors through rapid signal processing techniques. Furthermore, advances in additive manufacturing of such systems could further enable widespread adoption of FHE’s for applications requiring on-demand manufacturing and repair of sensors and systems. Towards this end, the Advanced Nanomaterials and Manufacturing Laboratory at Boise State University has undertaken several projects to help overcome obstacles facing the integration of 2D materials with FHE systems and sensors. This talk will highlight results of several ongoing studies on the integration of 2D materials with flexible silicon ICs including limiting factors of power dissipation in printed graphene electrodes, the electrochemical response of fully printed graphene electrochemical sensors, and the reliability of flexible silicon die attach strategies for FHE system integration.

Computer Aided Drafting and Manufacturing Lab Manual - CAD/CAM

Computer-aided design (CAD) involves creating computer models defined by geometrical parameters. These models typically appear on a computer monitor as a three-dimensional representation of a part or a system of parts, which can be readily altered by changing relevant parameters. CAD systems enable designers to view objects under a wide variety of representations and to test these objects by simulating real-world conditions. Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) uses geometrical design data to control automated machinery. CAM systems are associated with computer numerical control (CNC) or direct numerical control (DNC) systems. These systems differ from older forms of numerical control (NC) in that geometrical data are encoded mechanically. Since both CAD and CAM use computer-based methods for encoding geometrical data, it is possible for the processes of design and manufacture to be highly integrated. Computer-aided design and manufacturing systems are commonly referred to as CAD/CAM.

Developing a Decision Support System (DSS) for a Dental Manufacturing Production Line Based on Data Mining

In this study, an Industry 4.0 framework-based decision support system (DSS) was developed using a combination of wireless network and RFID identification technology to manage a production line in a traditional dental manufacturing lab. The motivation was to prevent mistakes from manual recording, to remotely monitor the working hours of employees in manufacturing processes via internet, and to evaluate the rationality of the employee’s working hours. In the DSS, four network nodes were established to track four important manufacturing processes of digital dentistry. In each of these processes, the time spent by the dental technician was recorded by scanning their ID cards. All information was simultaneously uploaded to a databank in the cloud and analyzed by the computer software MATLAB. These programs evaluated the rationality of employees’ working hours in each of the monitored processes, which can help managers to follow up or improve the process efficiency.

Detecting Transitions in Manual Tasks from Wearables: An Unsupervised Labeling Approach

Authoring protocols for manual tasks such as following recipes, manufacturing processes or laboratory experiments requires significant effort. This paper presents a system that estimates individual procedure transitions from the user’s physical movement and gestures recorded with inertial motion sensors. Combined with egocentric or external video recordings, this facilitates efficient review and annotation of video databases. We investigate different clustering algorithms on wearable inertial sensor data recorded on par with video data, to automatically create transition marks between task steps. The goal is to match these marks to the transitions given in a description of the workflow, thus creating navigation cues to browse video repositories of manual work. To evaluate the performance of unsupervised algorithms, the automatically-generated marks are compared to human expert-created labels on two publicly-available datasets. Additionally, we tested the approach on a novel dataset in a manufacturing lab environment, describing an existing sequential manufacturing process. The results from selected clustering methods are also compared to some supervised methods.

Design and development of injection moulding machine for manufacturing maboratory

This paper presented the design process and manufacturing of a benchtop and inexpensive injection moulding machine for use as learning and teaching equipment in a manufacturing laboratory. The design use a vertical plunger type of injection equipped with clamping system. The maximum volume of barrel is 290 cc combined with injection plunger 60 mm provides ideal capacity for lab. The design concept process and preliminary test result are discussed. The flow rate increases with increase of motor speed and the packing time decrease with increase of motor speed. At 2500rpm the flow rate is 0.42m/s and pack time is 15 second.

Development and Measurement of 5 kN -Forming Machine

The need of micro part become increasingly popular which make increase of the need of prodution technology with high accuracy, productivity, efficiency, and reliability.Metal forming technology offers the solution to answer the challenge. High produtivity, zero material losses, good mechanical properties of product, and tight tolerance is able to achieve by micro forming technology. This thing make metal-forming fit for mass production based on near net shape technology concept it offered.Miniaturized effect phenomena which was not simple on micro-scale manufacturing process, demand high accuracy level from all aspect of micro-manufacturing process, which are material, tool, machinery and process. Therefore, characteristic of micro-forming machine become important in defining reliability of micro-forming system. Micro-forming machine under investigation was 5 kN m-Forming Machine developed in Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia. Modification to the machine made changes on machine characteristic. Therefore, it need characterization of the machine by measuring its geometric measurement and linear movement. The research revealed that deviation caused by imperfection of geometry of assembled machine component shown good results. Testing of linear movement of machine in one cycle show the range of deviation was 0.024 mm with smallest deviation was -0.0135 mm while the biggest one was 0.0105 mm. The value of deviation was below etimated value which estimated from mathematical analisys of backlash. The results of machine linear movement also gave reccomendation of effective path of 5 kN m-Forming Machine, which is on path along 30 mm to 40 mm, from point A which had been decided before.

Database development for additive manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) of metallics is a technology that is poised to revolutionize the way the aerospace industry manufactures propulsion hardware. The additive manufacturing laboratory at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center increasingly uses AM as a manufacturing technique to support development of lower cost propulsion systems. In a typical AM build, witness test coupons are built alongside additively manufactured parts or are excised from the parts themselves to determine the mechanical properties of those parts for use in design. These coupons undergo mechanical testing, resulting in a wealth of data that have yet to be archived or analyzed in a coherent form. The AM community faces many challenges with regard to data management and sharing of data to accelerate materials development and inform material discovery. This paper is a case study of development of an AM database and the analysis of alternatives conducted as part of its formulation. Segregation and organization of existing additive manufacturing data using the NASA-developed materials informatics system MAPTIS (Materials and Processing Technical Information System) is explored. Within the NASA-developed AM database, data can be organized and filtered by material type, AM process, and build parameters as well as in terms of mechanical test data (tensile, fatigue, fracture, surface finish, etc.). This work can serve as a model for how other organizations and research entities might utilize informatics to organize AM data and facilitate comparison of properties across AM builds as well as against conventionally manufactured materials. The archiving of build data in a database format makes it easier to explore interactions and correlations between factors that are of critical interest to the additive manufacturing community. An informatics approach also makes it possible to assess repeatability and scalability of AM processes across vendors and parts. The informatics work in this field strongly complements the development of standards and baseline material properties for additively manufactured materials and a rational path to flight certification for vendors and parts.

Implantation of the Sorin Perceval® sutureless aortic valve: a step by step approach.

Since the introduction of the sutureless Perceval® (Sorin Group, Saluggia, Italy) in Europe after CE mark in 2012, the "sutureless approach" is becoming more and more popular. Sutureless implantation in general is easy, fast and safe, but bears several potential pitfalls. This might result in inferior functional results affecting also clinical outcomes. In our center, more than 300 implant procedures have been performed up to date by mainly two senior surgeons. The technique is in the process of spreading to all surgeons performing aortic valve procedures. Proctored activities are completed at our and other institutions, and wetlab activities are conducted in collaboration with the manufacturer's research and development laboratory. This article was written to give a step-by-step advice for surgeons who want to start a sutureless program or even have made limited experience with this approach wanting to reconfirm their technique. The focus is kept on surgical aspects regarding indication, access, intra-operative exposure and implantation of the prosthesis.

Decentralized Manufacture of TCR-Alpha/Beta and CD19 Depleted Haploidentical Stem Cell Grafts for Children within a Multicenter Phase I/II Clinical Trial

Several single center experiences have shown favorable outcomes using in-vitro depletion of T cell receptor (TCR)-alpha/beta cells and B cells.For the first time we show the manufacturing results of stem cell grafts from haploidentical family donors for 30 pediatric patients with various hematological and non-hematological malignancies and non-malignant diseases within a prospective, multi-center phase I/II clinical trial utilizing the CliniMACS plus System (Miltenyi Biotec, Germany) in combination with a reduced conditioning (www.clinicaltrialsregister.org; 2011-005562-38). The in-vitro T cell depletions of the grafts were performed by four different laboratories under fixed conditions. The grafts were sent to six treatment centers.Methods: Donors received G-CSF for mobilization of stem cells according to local hospital routine followed by leukaphereses that were depleted from TCRab+ and CD19+ cells according to manufacturer's instructions (CliniMACS plus System, Miltenyi Biotec) and as approved by local authorities. For quality purposes the sponsor performed regularly round robin tests to ensure provision of comparable results regarding the residual number of TCRab+ cells in the grafts.The transplants should be composed of a maximum of 7.5 x 108 nucleated cells/mL with targeted ≥ 4 x 106 CD34+ cells/kg, ≤ 25 x 103 TCRab+ cells/kg, ≤ 1 x 105 CD20+ cells/kg and a CD34+ cell viability of ≥ 95%. In case the targeted value for CD34+ cells/kg was not reached, the number of TCRab+ cells/kg was allowed to exceed by up to the four-fold until 4 x 106 CD34+ cells/kg per transplant have been isolated. One transplant could consist of up to three single aphereses depleted of TCRab+ and CD19+ cells. These products were to be infused directly after separation or following cryopreservation. Pooling of aphereses from a single donor was not allowed.Results: 30 pediatric patients, median age 7 years (range, 1 - 17 years) received a total of 43 TCRab/CD19 depleted haploidentical stem cell products. 17 patients got one infusion, 11 two and one patient three infusions. The stem cell products contained in median 9.46 x 106/kg (range, 1.35 - 54.9) CD34+ cells, 8.4 x 103/kg (range, 0.62 - 40.6) TCRab+ cells and 0.32 x 105/kg (range, 0.037 - 1.7) CD20+ cells. Log depletion for TCRab+ cells and B cells was 4.75 (range, 1.2 - 5.33) and 3.43 (range, 0 - 3.93), respectively. In addition significant numbers of NK and TCRgd+ cells/kg were preserved: 3.9 x 107 (median; range, 0.11 - 18.2), 0.67 x 107 (median; range, 0.05 - 4.0), respectively, summing up to a median number of 6.99 x 106(range, 0.42 - 39.7) total CD3+ cells/kg. Viability of CD34+ cells was 97.9% (median, range 91.5 - 100).All patients received transplants (consisting of up to three single consecutive products) with the targeted CD34+ cell dose - median 14.6 x 106 cells/kg (range, 4 - 54.9) and with less than the maximal allowed number of 1x105 TCRab+ cells/kg. Three single products exceeded targeted TCRab cell numbers but remained within the defined limit of the transplant of 1 x 105 cells/kg in order to meet the specification of ≥ 4 x 106 CD34+ cells/kg. In six single products the B cell numbers were above the specified targeted limit (max. 1.7 x 105/kg). Four products had a viability of CD34+ cells between 91.5 and 95%.Of 30 treated patients no patient experienced acute GVHD°III-IV. Only one patient had acute GVHD°II. The transplant of this patient fulfilled the targeted specifications for total CD34+, TCRab+ and CD20+ cells/kg.Round robin tests were performed prior to study start and during the enrollment period. The identified issues were addressed prior to study start and subsequent tests revealed a uniform performance of the manufacturing centers.Conclusion: 43 stem cell products were manufactured and released by 4 manufacturing laboratories for 30 pediatric patients in 6 hospitals within a clinical study investigating TCR alpha/beta and CD19 depleted haploidentical stem cell transplantation after reduced intensity conditioning. A highly effective depletion of TCRab + cells and B cells with comparable results was shown in all laboratories as controlled by frequent evaluation in round robin tests. Limited exceedances of the targeted release criteria of TCRa/b+ cells were acceptable to the physicians and had no clinical impact. DisclosuresBönig:Miltenyi Biotec: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Bader:Riemser: Research Funding; Neovii Biotech: Research Funding; Servier: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Medac: Consultancy, Research Funding. Aktas:Miltenyi Biotec: Employment. Dresing:Miltenyi Biotec: Employment. Karitzky:Miltenyi Biotec: Employment. Holtkamp:Miltenyi Biotec: Employment. Handgretinger:Miltenyi Biotec: Patents & Royalties: Co-Patentholder of TcRalpha/beta depletion technology.

A mobile augmented reality system to support machinery operations in scholar environments

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a mobile augmented reality (MAR) system aimed to support students in the use of a milling and lathe machines at a university manufacturing laboratory. The system incorporates 3D models of machinery and tools, text instructions, animations and videos with real processes to enrich the information obtained from the real world. The elements are shown when the user points the camera of a mobile device to specific parts of the machinery, where augmented reality (AR) markers are placed. The main goals of the project were (1) create an AR system that guides inexperienced users in machinery handling and (2) measure the acceptance rate and performance of the system in the school manufacturing laboratory. The guidance is provided by means of virtual information about how to operate the machinery when the trainer is not present. The system was implemented as a mobile app for Android devices and it was tested by 16 students and teachers at the university manufacturing laboratory through a survey. The results of this study revealed that students, laboratory technicians, and teachers had positive opinions and good acceptance about the use of the MAR system in the manufacturing laboratory. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:967–981, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21772

A service-oriented simulation integration platform for hierarchical manufacturing planning and control

In this paper, a coherent and comprehensive distributed simulation platform is proposed to support hierarchical manufacturing planning and control. This platform enables integration of various hardware and software components within and across supply chain members, such as manufacturing equipment, physics-based process simulators, system-dynamic, agent-based and discrete-event simulators (DESs), and databases via web services technology. At the shop level, a DES model may run in a stand-alone mode, or in conjunction with other simulators (e.g. process or agent-based simulators) and/or hardware (e.g. robots and machines). At the enterprise level, multiple shop floor simulators (each representing a factory) are integrated into a geographically dispersed environment. Exemplary models simulating aircraft drill and assembly on the shop floor are developed in widely used packages, such as Arena®, Simio®, Anylogic® and ESPRIT®, and then integrated. The proposed platform with the hardware-in-the-loop capability is successfully implemented and demonstrated for an automated manufacturing cell in the Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Simulation lab at the University of Arizona. Experiments are conducted using the proposed platform to test (1) reduction in estimated variance of part cycle time given variations in order arrival rate, effectiveness of materials processers and material handlers, and (2) computational time performance of web services. The experimental results reveal that the proposed platform is viable to enable both vertical (shop simulator to equipment level process simulators and/or equipment) as well as horizontal (e.g. multiple shop level simulators) integrations.

Noise Measurement in Electrical Power Distribution Transformers

This article has as objective point out the main sources of noise in the distribution transformers of 15kV class, describing the processes required to carry out the tests in the manufacturer's laboratory with all requirements set by the NBR 7277/2013. Through the implementation of an algorithm for simulation of noise levels considering its constructive aspects, showing their behavior by varying the magnetic flux density in the core sheet. It will also be conducted to compare the values found with the developed algorithm and the values measured in the manufacturer's laboratory, verifying their effectiveness, and whether they are in accordance with the NBR 5356-3 / 2014.

Reference Intervals of Routine Coagulation Assays During the Pregnancy and Puerperium Period.

Significant changes occur in the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems during pregnancy and puerperium in the plasma levels. However, reference ranges based on healthy people are not optimal for informing clinical decisions during the pregnancy and puerperium. Therefore, it is essential to explore coagulation assays' reference ranges during the pregnancy and puerperium. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen (Fib.), and D-dimer were all measured according to the manufacturer's specifications and laboratory standard operating procedure of the STA-R evolution coagulation analyzer. A total of 11,601 women were enrolled in this study. The reference ranges for PT, APTT, TT, Fib., and D-dimer in nonpregnancy period were 10.87-13.76 s, 29.22-44.61 s, 15.39-20.15 s, 1.59-3.97 g/l, and 0-0.56 mg/l, respectively. In early-pregnancy period, the ranges were 11.14-14.07 s, 29.97-44.69 s, 14.92-19.03 s, 1.98-4.13 g/l, and 0-1.67 mg/l, respectively. In midpregnancy period, the ranges were 9.98-12.84 s, 28.53-40.70 s, 13.51-19.82 s, 2.63-5.19 g/l, and 0-2.81 mg/l, respectively. In late-pregnancy period, the ranges were 9.48-12.58 s, 28.61-40.80 s, 14.10-19.61 s, 2.80-5.56 g/l, and 0-27.08 mg/l, respectively. In puerperium period, the ranges were 10.85-13.72 s, 30.51-43.02 s, 15.31-19.64 s, 1.14-5.07 g/l, and 1.27-4.85 mg/l, respectively. We presented reference intervals for coagulation assays from the nonpregnancy to puerperium period that can be adopted in other laboratories after further validation.

Assessment of readiness for learning and academic success on computer assisted learning: A study on computer integrated manufacturing with lathe

With the improvements in technology, computers are being used for assistance in learning and teaching in different fields. Therefore, Computer Assisted Learning is used for our study to teach operating computer numerical controlled lathe machine in computer integrated manufacturing lab. Our education is planned in major phases: traditional teaching and computer assisted learning. Before the education students took a questionnaire with different subscales to determine the level of readiness for learning. And after the education they took a test on operating the lathe machine to measure the success of the education. Then the students were asked to design a project. This education is a comprehensive one and it is not always possible to make all students use the lathe machine since there can be some issues on safety, time management and waste of products. So with this study it is intended to determine the effect of readiness for learning and academic success on the students and give this education accordingly. A dichotomous classification problem is constructed with the subscales of readiness for learning questionnaire and academic success as features and lathe test result as class labels. Consequently, a model that can determine whether a student would be successful in learning to operate the lathe machine with the subscales of the readiness for learning questionnaire (motivation, health – nutrition, learning, planned working, efficient reading, writing, listening, note taking, attending a course, preparation and attending an exam) and GPA is constructed with Support Vector Machines and leave-one-out cross validation.Keywords:

Pretreatment of ultra‐high concentration pharmaceutical wastewater by a combined Fenton And Electrolytic oxidation technologies: COD reduction, biodegradability improvement, and biotoxicity removal

The organic wastewater obtained from pharmaceutical manufacturing laboratory with ultra‐high COD value (>15,000 mg/L) was treated by Fenton and Electrolytic oxidation technology separately. Single factor experiments of Fenton process and Box‐bohnken design (BBD) method for Electrolytic oxidation technology were used to find their optimal conditions. BOD5 was measured to evaluate the biodegradability of the sample. Single pretreatment technology could improve the biodegradability of the organic wastewater a little, but not significantly. The combined sequence of the two technologies, Fenton‐EOT process (Fenton first then Electrolytic), EOT‐Fenton process (Electrolytic first then Fenton), F&E Process (Fenton and Electrolytic oxidation occurred simultaneity) was compared. The Fenton‐EOT process had the highest COD removal efficiency. All the combined processes used in this study could improve the biodegradability of the raw wastewater significantly. Luminous bacteria detection was conducted to measure the biotoxicity of the organic wastewater and the effluents. Fenton‐EOT was the optimal pretreatment process due to its advantages in decreasing the biotoxicity and improving degradability of the raw water. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 772–778, 2016