Manufacturing Hub Research Articles

西安市温室气体排放的动态分析及等级评估

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 西安市温室气体排放的动态分析及等级评估 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201305271199 作者: 作者单位: 陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 陕西省软科学研究计划项目(2012KRM48);国家社会科学基金项目(14XKS019);黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室基金(10501-1214) Dynamic analysis of greenhouse gas emission and evaluation of the extent of emissions in Xi'an City, China Author: Affiliation: College of Tourism and Environmental Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University,,,,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为了解西安市温室气体排放的动态规律和排放水平,基于全球标杆的温室气体排放等级评价方法,并采用国际公认的《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》和基于IPCC的《省级温室气体编制指南》推荐的方法对西安市的温室气体排放进行了动态分析和排放等级评估。结果表明,从1995年到2011年,西安市温室气体排放呈快速上升趋势,16年间温室气体排放量从1207.16×104t 上升为3934.17×104t,年均增高7.66%。增幅最高的是水泥温室气体(年均增高11.75%)、废弃物(8.77%)和能源(7.63%),农业年均降低1.74%,林业固碳年圴增加3.56%。从温室气体构成看,能源占80.13%-90.55%,水泥占1.75%-7.49%,农业占1.86%-8.01%,林业固碳占-2.58%—5.22%,废物处理占7.52%-16.38%。可见能源消费的增加是导致西安市温室气体排放增长的主要原因,林业碳汇能力有待提高。万元GDP温室气体排放不断降低,说明西安市碳减排方面的科技进步在不断提高。人均、单位面积温室气体排放量和排放指数增速很快,年均增幅分别达5.84%、7.66%和6.84%。西安市温室气体排放等级持续增高,16年间从较低等级(Ⅰc)上升为中下等级(Ⅱa),目前距应对气候变暖目标(Ⅰb)已高出两个亚级,温室气体排放增高的趋势不容忽视。 Abstract:Global warming caused by greenhouse gas emission may cause severe environmental and social problems. Greenhouse gas accounting has become a hotly debated research topic. Internationally, some research has been undertaken on greenhouse gas accounting and some progress has been made; however, there are many shortcomings in this field. The main problem is that current research is mainly focused on carbon emission, particularly carbon emission from fossil fuel combustion, and is less involved in carbon fixation and ways of assessing regional carbon emission levels. In addition, the actual emission figures for greenhouse gases nationally and regionally in China were unknown. Although much research relates to carbon emission, the results are difficult to compare owing to inconsistent research methods and standards. Xi'an City, a historical and cultural tourist city in China, lies in the radiation center of the Guan-Tian economic zone. It is the economic, cultural, education, manufacturing and high-tech industry hub of northwest China. Xi'an will be an international metropolis in China in the near future. However, research relating to the greenhouse gas footprint in Xi'an is scarce. In this paper, the author proposed an evaluation system for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission to the level of global benchmarking using the methods recommended by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the Chinese Guidelines for Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and using this a dynamic analysis of GHG emission and evaluation of the extent of GHG emission in Xi'an City was performed. The results showed that, from 1995 to 2011, GHG emission showed a rapidly rising trend in Xi'an City, increasing from 1207.16×104t to 3934.17×104t, which represented an average annual increase of 7.66%. The largest increase was for cement (an average annual increase of 11.75%), waste (8.77%) and energy (7.63%) GHG. Agricultural GHG emission showed an annual reduction of 1.74%, while forestry carbon sequestration showed an annual average increase of 3.56%. In a breakdown of emissions, energy GHG accounted for 80.13%-90.55%, cement GHG for 1.75%-7.49%, agricultural GHG for 1.86%-8.01%, forestry carbon sequestration for -2.58%—5.22%, and waste treatment GHG for 7.52%-16.38%. An increase in energy consumption is the main cause of the increase in GHG emission in Xi'an City, and forestry carbon sequestration capacity needs to be improved. In Xi'an City, the GHG emission per 10,000 Yuan GDP was constantly decreasing, and progress in the science and technology of carbon emission has continuously improved. The GHG emission per capita, per unit area and per carbon emission index has increased very quickly, showing an average annual increase of 5.84%, 7.66% and 6.84% respectively. The carbon emission state in Xi'an City has increased continually from a low level (Ⅰc) to a middle level (Ⅱa), which was an increase of two sub-grades and which was two grades higher than the target set for the control of global climate warming. The increasing trend in carbon emission cannot be ignored. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

高級衣料のグローバルな製造拠点

This paper reveals the transformation from a manufacturing base for military and school uniform into a manufacturing hub of the world for high quality casual clothing, and discusses this transformation from a stand point of urban sociology.

Modeling Soft Dimensions of FMS and Their Interrelationship Using ISM and MICMAC Analysis

India is emerging as a major manufacturing hub next to China for a large number of industrial products due to the availability of resources, large qualified workforce, emerging new markets, and low cost of production. The objective of the present study was to identify the interrelationship and links between soft dimensions of a flexible manufacturing system, whose richness plays a vital role in successful FMS implementation. Thorough literature review is presented on a flexible manufacturing system. Not only do the latest technologies involving automation and robotics in manufacturing drive operational excellence and improve productivity, but the role of human factors or soft dimensions is also crucial, and needs to be considered for the successful implementation of a flexible manufacturing system. Its implementation would enable any manufacturer to survive in this competitive environment where sustainability is achieved by adopting a flexible manufacturing system. A flexible manufacturing system reduces set up time, provides more flexibility, and leads to standardization of processes. An efficient manufacturing system rooted in sustainability is the key to improve profitability in this uncertain business environment. The present study employed ISM methodology and MICMAC analysis to identify the contextual interrelationships between soft dimensions of FMS. The dependent and independent factors identified from the study will help managers and decision makers in enhancing productivity and profitability.

Characterising spatial logistics employment clusters

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is twofold. First to identify economic activities and broader spatial logistics functions that characterise an urban setting, and second to delineate significant spatial logistics employment clusters to represent the underlying regional geography of the logistics landscape.Design/methodology/approach– Using the four-digit Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification, industries “explicitly” related to logistics were identified and aggregated with respect to employment. A principal component analysis was conducted to capture the functional interdependence of inter-related industries and measures of spatial autocorrelation were also applied to identify spatial logistics employment clusters.Findings– The results show that the logistics sector accounts for 3.57 per cent of total employment and that road freight, postal services, and air and space transport are major employers of logistics managers. The research shows significant spatial clustering of logistics employment in the western and southern corridors of Melbourne, associated spatially with manufacturing, service industry and retail hubs in those areas.Research limitations/implications– This research offers empirically informed insights into the composition of spatial logistics employment clusters to regions that lack a means of production that would otherwise support the economy. Inability to measure the size of the logistics sector due to overlaps with other sectors such as manufacturing is a limitation of the data used.Practical implications– The research offers policymakers and practitioners an empirically founded basis on which decisions about future infrastructure investment can be evaluated to support cluster development and achieve economies of agglomeration.Originality/value– The key value of this research is the quantification of spatial logistics employment clusters using spatial autocorrelation measures to empirically identify and spatially contextualize logistics hubs.

Malmo: A city in transition

The Swedish city of Malmö lies at the southern point of Sweden and is the gateway between Sweden and Denmark. Malmo dates back to the early 13th century, when under Danish rule it developed as a key commercial port for Europe. Malmo continued to grow with the introduction of the Kockums in 1840. From 1840 to the mid-1970s, Malmo’s growth continued to flourish. Like many Swedish cities, the manufacturing recession of the mid-1970s bought unemployment and population decline. Malmo transitioned from a manufacturing hub into a knowledge city with a strong focus on sustainable planning. Malmo has become a multicultural city with vibrant neighbourhoods and successful new developments such as the Western Harbour. The Øresund bridge has increased its linkages with Denmark and Europe providing easy access for employment and residential opportunities. The success of the city will be measured in its ability to adapt to its new found multiculturalism and continued sustainable and ecological development.

Pacific Alliance trade bloc eyes global role

Seeking to market themselves as a manufacturing and investment hub, strategically located between the Asia-Pacific and Europe, the four members of the Pacific Alliance are claiming a greater role for themselves in the global economy.

The Gender, Place and Culture Jan Monk Distinguished Annual Lecture: Gentrification, assassination and forgetting in Mexico: a feminist Marxist tale

In this article, I employ feminist and Marxist tools to expose the struggles over the constant plunder and expansion of global capitalism along Mexico's northern border, specifically in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. In particular, I examine how an official politics – promoted by the Mexican and US governments – for forgetting the economic and social devastation of a transcontinental drug war contributes to the mechanisms for further exploiting the working poor. By combining a feminist focus on the daily struggle of social reproduction with a Marxist emphasis on accumulation by dispossession, I show how this official ‘forgetting’ segues with an international gentrification plan in downtown Ciudad Juárez that seeks to expand the rent gap by denying place, legitimacy and legal status to the working women and their families who have made this border city famous as a hub of global manufacturing. As such, I argue that the social struggles against the official forgetting are struggles against a violent political economy that generates value via a devaluation of the spaces of the working poor, even of the spaces of their literal existence.

A Landscape of Ruin and Repair: Parks, Potatoes, and Detroit's Environmental Past, 1879–1900

The Michigan Historical Review 40:1 (Spring 2014): 49-72©2014 Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All Rights Reserved A Landscape of Ruin and Repair: Parks, Potatoes, and Detroit’s Environmental Past, 1879-1900 By Joseph Stanhope Cialdella During the last decades of the nineteenth century, Detroit was in a state of disarray. Air quality was poor, and the smells of the city were less than inviting. City reports and newspapers recorded numerous complaints, from the filthy conditions at the Eastern Market and the muddy streets, standing water, and sinkholes on the Eastside near Bloody Run Creek, to the unsanitary and abandoned buildings on Michigan Avenue and Fort Street.1 Most of the city’s effluence found its way to the Detroit River, because, as census worker J.C. Holmes noted in 1880, “The natural drainage of Detroit is not very good, and is by no means depended on for the drainage of the city.” 2 In addition to these environmental concerns, tensions between residents of the city festered as they tangled over issues of immigration, unemployment and population growth. In just ten years the city’s population nearly doubled from 116,000 in 1880 to 205,000 in 1890, with nearly a quarter of the residents (over 45,000) listed as “foreign-born.”3 Like many American cities during this period, Detroit was defined by the characteristic demographic, economic, and environmental transformations of a growing industrial center that created a landscape of seemingly perpetual ruin and repair.4 1 For example of complaints regarding environmental conditions in the city, see Journal of the Common Council of the City of Detroit, 1894-95 (Detroit: Allied Printing, 1895), 1300. The Detroit Evening News was dismayed to find abandoned and neglected buildings after a recent tour of the area. “Fort Street West,” Detroit Evening News, April 1, 1894. 2 U.S. Census Bureau, Tenth Census of the United States, 1880 (New York, NY: Norman Ross Publishing, 1991), 605-09. 3 Michigan Department of State, Census of the State of Michigan, 1894, Vol. I (Lansing, MI: R. Smith and Company, 1896), 216-227. 4 In his work, Another City (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), architectural historian Dell Upton refers to late eighteenth and nineteenth century American urban centers as “cities of perpetual ruin and repair” (pp. 19-40). In this essay, I use the terminology to think about the meaning of Detroit’s burgeoning industrial landscape. 50 The Michigan Historical Review Amidst this chaotic urban development, city leaders imagined ways they might transform Detroit into not just a manufacturing hub but also a place with the order and prestige of a great metropolis. There were many political, economic, and social ideas that individuals, civic organizations, and the municipal government employed to meet the challenges of reconciling human life with urban expansion. Among these choices, leaders in Detroit also wondered: Could parks and gardens serve as necessary tools to mend this broken landscape, achieve social cohesion, and meet their own expectations about Detroit’s future? Among the defining features of Detroit’s past, parks and gardens are generally not the first of these ideas that come to mind. Compelling histories of the automobile and other technological transformations, industrialization, race relations, and, more recently, a place and a people devastated by the policies of urban disinvestment, have instead come to define the city’s history. However, connected to these better-known stories of Detroit’s past is an urban environmental ethic where the role of parks and gardens helped make Detroit a modern city of national significance. The growing City Beautiful movement, with its ethos of visual order and neoclassical design, National Parks, and an environmentalism caught between notions of preservation and conservation, were spreading across the United States during this period; in Detroit, city and civic leaders, planners, and everyday residents increasingly recognized the value and power of the environment in which they lived. As they debated ways to reshape and reuse the city’s landscape, Detroiters developed strands of a nascent urban environmentalism, which they used to invent and test ideas about how human relationship with nature would function in an industrial setting. In particular, the development and construction of two...

Germ Warfare? Strategies for Reducing the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance

A growing body of literature describes how human pathogens in the environment acquire antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), a process potentially boosted by selection pressure from antibiotics. Contaminated water and soil may then maintain and spread these antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs. A review in this issue of EHP examines strategies for reducing environmental pollution with antibiotics, ARBs, and ARGs from various sources, including traditional agriculture, aquaculture, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), pharmaceutical manufacturers, and hospitals.1 “This information needs to reach a wider audience, especially in the medical and public health fields,” says coauthor Amy Pruden, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg. Limiting antibiotics in animal production is the most direct way to control environmental ARB and ARGs, according to the authors.1 After Denmark banned antibiotics as animal growth promoters in 1998, investigators found marked reductions of antibiotic resistance. During the period 1997–2000, erythromycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium fell from 76% to 13% in Danish broiler chickens and from 90% to 47% in pigs, suggesting that regulations can be useful in reversing antibiotic resistance in food animals.2 In the United States, 70% of antibiotics are given to farm animals, largely to promote growth, not treat disease. Good animal husbandry practices, such as low animal density and good nutrition, keep animals healthy and reduce the need for antibiotics.3 Immunizing farm animals and fish with inexpensive vaccines aimed at major animal pathogens would further limit the need for antibiotics.1 Adoption of salmon vaccines in Norway facilitated a 99% reduction in antimicrobial use between 1987 and 2007, and fish production soared from 350,000 to 850,000 metric tons during the same time.4 Overall, “there is a need for cheap and effective animal vaccines,” says coauthor Joakim Larsson, a professor of environmental pharmacology at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs from farm animals, households, hospitals, and drug manufacturers often end up at WWTPs. These facilities are designed primarily to remove solid organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus, although some also apply disinfectants to kill bacteria.1,5 WWTP processes secondarily remove some ARB and ARGs, although with some treatment methods ARGs have been shown to rebound during subsequent treatment.6 At least 56 antibiotics from 6 drug classes have been detected in treated sewage.7 WWTPs hold promise as a critical point for removing ARB and ARGs by biodegradation, adsorption, chemicals, and other effective and economical modifications. “More research is needed to identify which treatments are most effective to better design WWTP operations,” says Pruden. Bacteria acquire resistance by exchanging conjugative plasmids (circular units of DNA), by acquiring DNA released from dead cells, and by transferring resistance genes packaged in viruses. Certain drug manufacturing hubs have been identified as “hot spots” that release high levels of antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs into surface, ground, and drinking water.8 The authors write that “a range of treatment technologies” will be necessary to address industrial production. However, they add, it’s not all about identifying or developing technical solutions—it also is important to create incentives to apply these technical solutions. As an example, they cite Sweden’s implementation of new environmental criteria in the procurement and reimbursement systems hospitals use to purchase medicines.1 “All solutions must start with changes in local practices and then be implemented at a global scale, or we will get nowhere,” says coauthor David Graham, a professor of ecosystems engineering at Newcastle University, United Kingdom. The problem of antibiotic resistance “will only be reduced if we change our behavior at all fronts,” Graham says. “Greater control of the medical and agricultural uses of antibiotics must be coupled with greater control of our wastes.” Marilyn C. Roberts, a professor of environmental and occupational health sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle, commends the review authors for presenting “the big picture,” but she says providing specific details about what individuals can do would have been a valuable addition. For example, people could demand that food labels state whether food was grown with antibiotics and list the levels of antibiotic residues in a food. “This information would allow consumers to choose not to select products that use antibiotics and/or have measurable amounts of antibiotic residues,” Roberts says. Antibiotic resistance is now making an appearance on Capitol Hill. A bill titled Strategies to Address Antimicrobial Resistance (STAAR) was reintroduced to the U.S. House of Representatives in June 2013.9 STAAR was originally introduced in both chambers in 2007 but died in committee.10,11 The House bill was reintroduced in 2009 but once again failed. The legislation would establish an Office of Antimicrobial Resistance and strengthen funding for related research.

Economic Analysis of Carnegie Mellon University

Carnegie Mellon University is a private research institution of higher education that is housed in a city that has undergone, and is still undergoing, the change from a manufacturing hub to a center of knowledge enterprise. Although colleges and universities are part of a local oligopoly, CMU is a global institution which considers its peers to be among the elite institutions, including the University of Pennsylvania, Stanford University, and MIT. Amongst its peers, CMU is on the lower end of the undergraduate student demand spectrum, and it pays its professors significantly less than other great institutions. While CMU is not at risk of low student demand, it faces the same risk of faculty loss to other elite institutions as public institutions face losing their professors to CMU. As a global institution, CMU is affected by exchange rates, and the weak dollar makes a CMU education cheaper to foreign students. However, with the decrease in government funding, CMU, like other higher education institutions, has been forced to look elsewhere for revenue – primarily through tuition increases, private donors, and auxiliary services, to maintain its strong student body, elite faculty, and abundance of resources. While not entirely shielded from vulnerability, CMU appears to face a sustained future, as long as it is able to continue to adapt to the changing society and economic climate.

Effect of Clustering and Collaboration on Product Innovativeness: The Case of Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Kenya

The study aimed at determining the effect of clustering and collaboration on product innovativeness (PI) in the context of manufacturing SMEs in Kisumu, Kenya. To answer the questions this empirical study raised, a sample of 126 SMEs on the basis of the manufacturing hubs of Kisumu, Kenya. This study provided evidence in support of clustering and collaboration on product innovativeness. Further research is needed to confirm and extend the present results by replicating the principal features of this study with SMEs in other regions within Kenya. The conclusions drawn from this study could inform efforts in designing different supportive actions for different cluster manufacturing SMEs based on their product knowledge gaps within the wider innovation policy initiatives.

How Atmospheric Large Eddies Transport Domestic Cook Stove Emissions over Slums: A Chennai City Case Study

The remit of mechanical engineering extends well beyond machines. Mechanical engineering theories have diverse applications the transport and distribution of particulate matter into a turbulent boundary layer involves a systematic application of fluid mechanics. In this paper, we have used fluid mechanical models accompanied by experimental observations to study how turbulent eddies transport and distribute cook stove emissions over slums in the megacity Chennai - the Detroit of India. It is home to 8 million people and is a manufacturing hub with a propensity to release a variety of suspended particulate matter mixed with marine aerosols transported from the Bay of Bengal. Of these 8 million, about 2 million live in slums-these impoverished slum dwellers comprise of Chennais huge unskilled work force. Our study revealed that they primarily use cow dung cakes and unseasoned wood to cook, releasing a huge amount of particulate matter up to radii of 10 microns (PM10). A scanning electron micro-graphy ascertained the drop size distribution ensuring that the majority of these particles were small enough for them to be easily transported by boundary layer eddies the latter are simulated using the United Kingdom Met Office Large Eddy Simulation Model. It is observed that the large eddies are spread over alternating up and down draughts with maximum vertical velocity perturbations of the order of 1 ms-1, which is significantly higher than the Stokesian still air settling rates of suspended particles. Whilst remaining aloft, they act as cloud condensation nuclei and thence grow into cloud droplets. The large cloud covers over Chennai city can be linked to this latter effect. Chennais hot and humid atmosphere ensures that these droplets collide within the cloud topped turbulent boundary layer to trigger a process of stochastic coalescence and subsequent rain showers.

Development trajectories: Hong Kong vs. Shanghai

Over the past three decades, Shanghai and Hong Kong, leading cities in China's Yangzi River Delta and Pearl River Delta, respectively, have seen rapid economic development and institutional transformation. Shanghai has experienced a major breakthrough in its export‐driven economy and in industrial upgrading since the opening of the Pudong area in the 1990s. Shanghai has also ramped up its efforts to catch up with Hong Kong and has already become one of the world's foremost manufacturing and export hubs. At the same time, and particularly following the 1997 Asian economic crisis, Hong Kong has redoubled efforts to identify shortcomings in its economic architecture; and has explored plans to transcend its traditional role as a financial hub, to attract entrepreneurial hi‐tech talent, and to overcome inequitable income growth. This paper explores the development trajectories of these two cities and how they depart from the pre‐1978 development models. The paper also examines the extent to which the current trajectories are complementary or in competition.

Making India a Telecom Manufacturing Hub: Emerging Issues and Challenges

Making India a Telecom Manufacturing Hub: Emerging Issues and Challenges

Inventory Management in China: An Empirical Study

With the outsourcing of manufacturing activities from Western countries, China has gradually become the global manufacturing hub. In the presence of increased competition from both inside and outside of China, many Chinese manufacturers have turned to scientific management approaches and implemented various enterprise systems. In academia, there has been a growing interest in quantifying the impacts of such efforts on the corporate performance of Chinese firms, and research has been carried out in areas such as finance and accounting. However, due to limited visibility of operational decisions and data, there seems to be a lack of investigation into the impacts on the firms’ operational performance in the literature. In this article, we apply an empirical method to investigate the inventories of 1286 firms listed on the two stock exchanges in China, the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. We find that on average the inventory levels have declined over time and that the firm‐level data is consistent with several implications derived from classical inventory models.

Life Cycle Assessment of Smithy Training Processes

Sustainability has long been a part of social responsibility. Today sustainability is a part of the core business strategies. It is viewed with environmental and economic perspectives. India, being a manufacturing hub has to deal with the problem of environmental and social impacts of these manufacturing operations. Smithy operations have large adverse impact on the environment. Life-cycle analysis should be applied to alleviate and reflect environmental burdens of this process. This paper presents the basic concepts of sustainability and life cycle analysis. A study has been carried out in the context of smithy training process. Software tool Umberto 5.6 with eco-invent 2.2 database is used for analysis. The effect of smithy training in term of acidification potential, climate change, eutrophication potential, freshwater aquatic, eco-toxicity, marine aquatic eco- toxicity, human toxicity, ionizing radiation, land use, photochemical Ox (smog), and stratospheric ozone depletion.

India: A Fab-Less Wonder: Case of SMDP

From IPod to I Pad, millions of electronics goods have rolled out of China, the global manufacturing hub. India’s share of global electronic product market is less than 3%. Taiwan had $72 billion of investment in Fabs, where as India stands out as one the aspiring nation with no Fab. Yet, top 25 global semiconductor companies now have a presence in India through their captive centers, working in cutting edge technology nodes. Among the top twenty U.S. semiconductor companies, only two have not established a design center in India. While, Government of India is not successful in attracting manufacturing, appear to have made a significant contribution by focusing on talent supply. Department of Information Technology (DIT) implemented Special Manpower Development Programme in the area of VLSI design and related software (SMDP) and trained over 20,000 engineers. This paper is about SMDP as case study and is based on Impact Assessment of SMDP-II assigned by DIT on IIMA.

The Mobile Communications Services Industry in India: Has it led to India becoming a manufacturing hub for telecommunication equipment?

The growth performance of the Indian mobile communications services industry is now reasonably well recorded. It is one of the few industries in India which has travelled significantly from being a monopolistic and somnolent industry from the innovation point of view to an extremely competitive and technologically speaking dynamic industry. This is despite the fact that it’s very recent history has been punctuated by a few financial scams of sorts essentially due to the discretionary powers still wielded by the government in allocating the much needed spectrum and so on. Also notwithstanding the very recent distinction that is made between active users and the total number of subscribers (the former is only 70 per cent of the latter); the industry has witnessed a phenomenal increase in the length and indeed breadth of its coverage. There is also quantitative evidence to show that the extent of urban-rural divide too is on the decline. India now has one of the most competitive telecom services in the world and this has positive implications for its outsourcing industry where significant decline in communications costs is tremendously helpful for making this industry too remaining competitive when other factor prices have been showing an increasing trend. While all these augur well, questions had been raised about the ever rising trade balance in telecom equipments as the phenomenal growth of new subscribers that are added per month (in 2010 it averaged 18 million new subscribers per month) was met with equal amount of equipment imports. The increasing share of equipment imports was due to the weak manufacturing base that India possessed; ironic though as telecom equipment production was one of the first manufacturing industries that the Indian state had sought to develop through explicit state participation right after independence. Subsequently the state even attempted to craft a sectoral system of innovation in the telecom equipment industry. However none of these efforts resulted in India being successful in establishing a manufacturing hub. In the context the paper argues that the growth of market for telecom equipments precipitated by the growth of services has jump started an extremely dynamic manufacturing industry, especially over the last five years or so. The dynamism of the industry can be gauged from the fact that for the first time, India has a positive trade balance in mobile handsets facilitated by India emerging as a manufacturing and export base for cheaper handsets. Although the industry is dominated by MNCs, domestic firms have started making an entry into domestic manufacturing and indeed in innovations as well. However there is some evidence to show that most of the manufacturers are now more of assemblers of imported parts and components than manufacturers per se. This unique story of growth in services leading to the emergence of a manufacturing industry is the focus of attention and analysis in this paper. JEL Classification: L96;O25;O38

Pakistan’s Quest for a New Growth Vent: Lessons from History

This article argues that a new growth vent in Pakistan requires tapping into external lucrative markets in a manner that will create multiple entre-ports for growth. Such a growth vent will enable the country to achieve a sustained growth path that is not as susceptible to the political vicissitudes of one mega-growth node. This will be good for regional equity within the country and will also bring new energy to the Indus Basin market. Sustained welfare improvements in this type of regional hub can occur when it transitions from being a transportation hub for goods and energy into a manufacturing hub that creates high-productivity, high-wage jobs in multiple regional growth nodes.

Attrition Analysis in Pharmaceutical Industry of Gujarat

The Indian Pharma Industry is under a transition phase since the opening up of the country’s economy. After IT and BPO industry, the pharmaceutical industry is witnessing the highest level of attrition, as it is growing exponentially. Where skills are relatively scarce, where recruitment is costly or where it takes several weeks to fill a vacancy, attrition is likely to be problematic from a management point of view. This is especially true of situations in which you are losing staff to direct competitors or where customers have developed relationships with individual employees. Gujarat is one of the leading pharmaceutical manufacturing hub of India and thus it was felt to have some short of introspection of its manpower. Therefore this is a humble attempt to study the attrition scenario in the state and identify variables that affects it.