Manufacturer Datasheet Research Articles

Thermal–electrical model for energy estimation of a water cooled photovoltaic module

In this paper a theoretical model, which integrates both thermal and electrical aspects, has been developed in order to analyze an unglazed Photovoltaic (PV) module with water cooling. The coolant flow induces higher conversion efficiency due to lower temperatures. However, a non-uniform temperature field of solar cells arises with a consequent impact on their electrical parameters and the corresponding power losses are investigated. Outdoor experimental tests have been carried out to indirectly estimate the temperature of the solar cells at known conditions of irradiance and ambient temperature and to characterize the PV module at Standard Test Conditions (STC). In the outdoor characterization of commercial PV modules without cooling, the current–voltage curves are corrected to STC with a standard procedure, for comparing them with the manufacturer datasheets. In this paper, it is experimentally verified that the STC can be reasonably reproduced in the field in clear sky conditions thanks to a suitable cooling. Finally, by means of daily simulations, the performance improvement with variable coolant flow rates, for two reference sites at different climates, is investigated in details.

Long-Term Wide-Temperature Supercapacitor Ragone Plot Based on Manufacturer Datasheet

Methodology for obtaining realistic supercapacitor (SC) Ragone from manufacturer datasheet only is presented in this letter, allowing to predict long-term wide-temperature SC power and energy performance for given terminal voltage limits. Analytical derivations are based on the simplified RC equivalent SC model, connected to a constant power element, taking into account manufacturer provided age and temperature parameter dependences. The main goal of the proposed approach is to allow practical energy engineer to quickly design a SC pack according to the desired long-term performance without performing further tests or requesting additional data. Simulation and experimental results are presented in order to validate the suggested methodology.

Carrying Capacity Testing of Membrane Connection

This paper is focused on carrying capacity testing of five different types of membrane connections. Three reference samples for each type of connection were tested for tensile strength. Low measured peak force value and especially the way breakage outside of the join indicative of a wrong material, and not on the connection. The obtained values were compared with technical datasheet of the material manufacturer, which has been non-compliance. It confirms the assumption that the material was changed, which could harm to the user.

OLED Equivalent Circuit Model With Temperature Coefficient and Intrinsic Capacitor

This paper presents an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) equivalent circuit model with a temperature coefficient and an intrinsic capacitor. In order to precisely describe the OLED nonlinear $V\!\!{-}\!I$ characteristic at different ambient temperatures, four parameters, i.e., the maximum operating point, the rated operating point, the knee point, and the temperature coefficient, are obtained from a manufacturer's datasheet to establish an improved Taylor-series-based OLED equivalent circuit model. Furthermore, the proposed model can be used to generate a $V\!\!{-}\!I$ lookup table to build a voltage-controlled piecewise linear (VPWL) behavior model that is conveniently used for the time-domain and frequency-domain circuit simulations of OLED drivers. In addition, the intrinsic capacitor of the OLED is voltage dependent and can be modeled with a piecewise-linear model associated with the built VPWL behavior model for OLED circuit simulations. Finally, the proposed model is compared with the experimental results to confirm the mutual agreement.

Bacterial Foraging Algorithm Guided by Particle Swarm Optimization for Parameter Identification of Photovoltaic Modules

This paper presents an optimization-based solution to the problem of offline parameter identification in crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules. An objective function representing the difference between computed and targeted performance is minimized using global heuristic optimization algorithms. The targeted performance signifies the values of four characteristics at standard test conditions (STCs), as given in the manufacturer datasheet. The optimization problem is solved with three different algorithms, i.e., particle swarm optimization (PSO), bacterial foraging (BF), and PSO-guided BF. On an LDK PV test module, the PSO-guided BF algorithm gives the best objective function value. Parameters of the test module are also identified through measured performance. The good matching between experimental measurements and computed performance of the test PV module validates the proposed technique, and shows the accuracy of modeling.

A Simplified Behavioral MOSFET Model Based on Parameters Extraction for Circuit Simulations

This paper presents results on behavior modeling of a general purpose metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) for simulation of power electronics systems requiring accuracy both in steady state and in switching conditions. Methods of parameters extraction, including nonlinearity of parasitic capacitances and steady-state characteristics, are based on manufacturer datasheet and externally measurable characteristics. The MOSFET template is written in the MAST language and simulated in the SABER simulator. Experimental validation of the N-channel power MOSFET-type IRFP240 (Fairchild Semiconductor) rated at 20 A/200 V is performed in a dc/dc boost converter. The main features of the developed model have been compared with the properties of an analytical MOSFET model and a general MOSFET model embedded to a SABER simulator.

Modeling and Health Monitoring of DC Side of Photovoltaic Array

In this paper, a health monitoring method for photovoltaic (PV) systems based on probabilistic neural network (PNN) is proposed that detects and classifies short- and open-circuit faults in real time. To implement and validate the proposed method in computer programs, a new approach for modeling PV systems is proposed that only requires information from manufacturers datasheet reported under normal-operating cell temperature (NOCT) conditions and standard-operating test conditions (STCs). The proposed model precisely represents characteristics of PV systems at different temperatures, as the temperature dependency of parameters such as ideality factor, series resistance, and thermal voltage is considered in the proposed model. Although this model can be applied to a variety of applications, it is specifically used to test and validate the performance of the proposed fault detection and classification method.

Comparison between Parameter of Single Core Unarmoured Aluminium Conductor 6.35/11 kV Underground Cable for Partial Discharge Measurement Using EMTP-ATP Software

Partial Discharge (PD) is one of a symptom in the underground cable before the fault happens.This paper concerned with estimation and detection problems related to PD phenomena in buried underground cables. The Rogowski coil has been implemented to analyze this symptom. The various sizes of nominal cross-sectional area cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable with 6.35/11 KV single core unarmored aluminum conductors that follows Nexans manufacturer datasheet based on design standard IEC 60502 has been used in the simulation using Electromagnetic Transient Program-Alternative Transient Program (EMTP-ATP) software. The Lumped parameter is used for the Rogowski coil sensor model. Meanwhile, for Double-end measurement using J-Marti model is designed to evaluate the parameter changing in the measurement.Based on the measurement, the value of amplitude voltage and current is proportional increase depends on the size of cross-sectional area of conductor XLPE cable.

Investigation of the effects of homogeneous and heterogeneous solar irradiations on multicrystal PV module under various configurations

This research work investigates the power-voltage (P-V) and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of multicrystal photovoltaic (PV) module, connected in series, parallel and series-parallel configurations. The modular characteristics of PV module have been performed under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. The experimental and simulation results indicate that for a given number of PV modules, the array configurations affect the maximum available output power and more local maxima are found under partially shaded conditions. The analysis of bypass diodes effect has been carried out under partial shadings on the PV module strings. The obtained results reveal that, the presence of bypass diodes allow the unshaded modules of all the series assemblies to conduct their maximum currents at a given solar radiation and temperature. Moreover, the comparative analysis of PV module has been carried out for different configurations under the above disturbances. Maximum output power is obtained, when PV modules are configured parallelly, even under shading conditions. The specifications of the PV module have been obtained from the manufacturer datasheet (KC200GT) for these investigations.

Characterization of terahertz antennas using photoinduced coded‐aperture imaging

ABSTRACTWe report a novel approach for characterization of terahertz (THz) antennas using the photoinduced coded‐aperture imaging (PI‐CAI) technique. For a prototype demonstration, a WR‐1.5 (500–750 GHz) diagonal horn antenna has been fully characterized. The THz beam radiated from the antenna was imaged using the PI‐CAI technique at different distances from the antenna aperture. The measured beam profiles show near‐Gaussian shapes, with the expected propagation properties. The far‐field antenna radiation patterns were then extracted from the far‐field beam image and compared with conventional measurement results, theoretical calculation and full‐wave simulation. Finally, the antenna Gaussian coupling efficiency was calculated to be ∼83% based on the two‐dimensional (2‐D) beam mapping technique. Antenna radiation parameters obtained using the above approach show good agreement with published literature and manufacturer datasheets, demonstrating the potential of the PI‐CAI approach for fast and accurate characterization of THz antennas. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1180–1184, 2015

Dew point refrigeration systems: Normalized sensitivity analysis and impact of fouling

Compressed natural gas is transmitted through a network of pipelines after its production from oil-gas wells. This gas is then cooled below the dew-point to remove the condensate that may accumulate in the transmission line, causing erosion and deposits. In this paper, the dew-point refrigeration system used with a gas compression system is investigated. The design conditions are obtained from the manufacturer data sheets, which are validated with a computer program to study both the design and rating of such systems. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the system at the design condition is 2.81, while the effectiveness of condenser is 0.84 and that of evaporator is 0.91. The system COP sensitivity with regard to inlet single-phase temperatures, superheat temperature and conductance of heat exchangers (UA), is examined. It is found that the system is more sensitive under design conditions as compared to performance operations. The effect of fouling that degrades the UA value of the condenser and evaporator is also studied. It is found that condenser fouling has a significant impact on the performance of the system. The impact of alternate refrigerants at optimized intermediate pressure, is also investigated.

Analysis of Digital audio D-class Power Amplifiers Characteristics

The characteristics family and its analysis of experimental research of two digital Sigma-Delta digital-to-analog converter D-Class audio amplifiers (Panasonic SA-XR55 and Texas Instrument TAS5518-5261K2EVM) is presented. The presented characteristics could help to identify amplifiers qualitative and quantitative parameters. Tested: Output-level stability, Level-dependent logarithmic gain (deviation from perfect level linearity), Frequency response, Interchannel separation and Power efficiency. Measurements are made on the basis, but not limited to AES17 standard. Characteristic is compared not only among themselves but also with the manufacturer's documentation. Research results closely coincide with its. The significant characteristics of amplifiers, which is not disclosed in manufacturers datasheets, is established as well. Ill. 7, bibl. 5 (in English; summaries in English, Russian and Lithuanian).

Identification of Internal Parameters of a Mono-Crystalline Photovoltaic Cell Models and Experimental Ascertainment

This paper presents two mathematical models of mono-crystalline solar photovoltaic (PV) cells: (i) the ideal model, and (ii) the single resistance model. An identification algorithm of internal parameters of a photovoltaic cell using electrical characteristics provided by the manufacturer datasheet has been suggested. Several of these parameters are not always provided by the manufacturer. Moreover, influences and variation effects of the temperature and the effective irradiance level has been studied for the proposed models. Obtained simulations have been compared to those provided by JAC M5SF-2 cell’s datasheet. These models has been implemented on Matlab-Simulink and Simpower softwares. Then, the effectiveness of the proposed models has been validated against an experimentally tests under real operating conditions. The setup is based on some sensors: current, voltage, temperature and light sensors. Two Arduino Boards are used to acquire data from sensors and send them to the computer. These results show an acceptable correspondence with the data issued by the manufacturer. Identification algorithms, based on the rated data given by the manufacturer, can thus, be very useful for researchers or engineers to quickly and easily determine the internal parameters of any photovoltaic cell.

Characterisation of an Elastomer for Noise and Vibration Insulation in Lightweight Timber Buildings

Regulations regarding impact and airborne sound insulation for lightweight timber constructions have become increasingly stringent due in particular to complaints by inhabitants. Accordingly, some building techniques frequently use elastomers at junctions so as to reduce low frequency noise. Development of accurate predictive tools (involving exact material properties) by using numerical methods such as the finite element (FE) method is needed in tackling flanking transmission problems during the design phase of buildings. The present research concerns the characterisation of an elastomer, presenting an accurate method for extracting its material properties from the manufacturer's data sheet (properties there being often linked to such structural effects as shape factors and boundary conditions of samples and tests). The properties were extracted by comparing results obtained by analytical calculations, FE simulations, and mechanical testing, separating geometry and material dependence and ultimately serving as input to commercial FE software for setting up the aforementioned prediction tools.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ONE AND TWO DIODE MODEL OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

Modeling of solar cell is a very difficult task. This is because of the non linear behavior of the cell. Different types of modeling for solar cells are available in the literature. The theme of the modeling is based on the solar radiation and temperature of the system and environment. Determination of cell parameters like Iph, Is, Rs ,Rsh and ideality factor generally affects the performance of the solar cell. This paper will basically describe about the one diode model of the solar cell. The initial parameter are evaluated by generating some random number through a computer program and from the manufacturer data sheet provided by the manufacturer. The result of the simulation will describe about the performance of two types of model.

Black-Box Model, Identification Technique and Frequency Analysis for PEM Fuel Cell With Overshooted Transient Response

Fuel cells are one of the most promising energy sources, especially for onboard applications. However, fuel cells present several drawbacks, such as slow dynamic response, load-dependent voltage, and unidirectional power flow, which cause an inappropriate vehicle operation. So, secondary energy sources and power converters must be implemented in order to satisfy fast changes in the current load and to store the energy delivered by the load if regenerative braking is intended. Taking into account the number and nature of the power converters, loads, secondary energy sources, and the possibilities for the control strategies, the design of a power distribution architecture based on fuel cells for transport applications is a complex task. In order to address these architectures, modeling and simulation design tools at system level are essential. This paper proposes a complete fuel cell black-box model which reproduces the behavior of a commercial fuel cell with overshooted transient response. The identification technique applied to parameterize the model components, based on manufacturer's datasheets and a test based on load steps, is explained thoroughly. In addition, if only the fuel cell frequency response and manufacturer's datasheet are available, an alternative parameterization methodology based on the fuel cell frequency response is presented. The fuel cell black-box model is validated experimentally using a commercial proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Two different parameterizations are carried out with the aim of verifying the robustness of both the fuel cell model and the proposed identification methodology.

Supercapacitor Sizing Based on Desired Power and Energy Performance

In this paper, instantaneous power and energy capabilities of supercapacitor (SC) connected to a power element are derived for an arbitrary power profile, given either in analytical or statistical distribution form. A class of applications is considered where the device is used as deeply cycled energy storage with significant capacity, absorbing/supplying the whole power flow or its significant component rather than shaving low-energy high-frequency peaks. The analytical derivation of SC behavior is based on simple RC model with parameters taken from a manufacturer datasheet. It is shown that the commonly adopted “state-of-charge” indication based on terminal voltage only is insufficient to reflect the energy balance for both charging and discharging; hence an alternative definition of “state-of-energy” is proposed for each direction of energy flow, depending on both instantaneous power and terminal voltage. A simplified quick noniterative sizing procedure is proposed at the expense of a slightly oversized SC. Comprehensive example is provided in order to reinforce the proposed method of analyzing SC performance and demonstrate sizing procedure.

Single-diode Model Based Photovoltaic Module: Analysis and Comparison Approach

—This article presents a thorough comparative analysis study for various kinds of single-diode model based photovoltaic power source. The main target is to explore the effect of increasing the embedded degree of complexity of the single-diode model on the simulated behavior of a particular photovoltaic module by comparing the dynamic performance of such photovoltaic models with the experimental data from the manufacturer's data sheet under varying atmospheric conditions. The relative errors between each photovoltaic single-diode model output and the experimentally validated data are computed at three indicative points, namely open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and maximum power point. The result of this comparison leads to determining the best photovoltaic single diode module—the one that is more suitable than the others in the context of single diode model—to be applied in different power system applications irrespective of changing environmental conditions over different periods of the day. The comparison study in this article concludes by determining the relevant single-diode model at low, medium, and high temperatures and irradiance levels as well as at standard test conditions.

Benchmarking of a novel contactless characterisation method for micro thermoelectric modules (μTEMs)

Significant challenges exist in the thermal control of Photonics Integrated Circuits (PICs) for use in optical communications. Increasing component density coupled with greater functionality is leading to higher device-level heat fluxes, stretching the capabilities of conventional cooling methods using thermoelectric modules (TEMs). A tailored thermal control solution incorporating micro thermoelectric modules (μTEMs) to individually address hotspots within PICs could provide an energy efficient alternative to existing control methods. Performance characterisation is required to establish the suitability of commercially-available μTEMs for the operating conditions in current and next generation PICs. The objective of this paper is to outline a novel method for the characterisation of thermoelectric modules (TEMs), which utilises infra-red (IR) heat transfer and temperature measurement to obviate the need for mechanical stress on the upper surface of low compression tolerance (~0.5N) μTEMs. The method is benchmarked using a commercially-available macro scale TEM, comparing experimental data to the manufacturer's performance data sheet.

Explicit Expressions for Solar Panel Equivalent Circuit Parameters Based on Analytical Formulation and the Lambert W-Function

Due to the high dependence of photovoltaic energy efficiency on environmental conditions (temperature, irradiation...), it is quite important to perform some analysis focusing on the characteristics of photovoltaic devices in order to optimize energy production, even for small-scale users. The use of equivalent circuits is the preferred option to analyze solar cells/panels performance. However, the aforementioned small-scale users rarely have the equipment or expertise to perform large testing/calculation campaigns, the only information available for them being the manufacturer datasheet. The solution to this problem is the development of new and simple methods to define equivalent circuits able to reproduce the behavior of the panel for any working condition, from a very small amount of information. In the present work a direct and completely explicit method to extract solar cell parameters from the manufacturer datasheet is presented and tested. This method is based on analytical formulation which includes the use of the Lambert W-function to turn the series resistor equation explicit. The presented method is used to analyze commercial solar panel performance (i.e., the current-voltage–I-V–curve) at different levels of irradiation and temperature. The analysis performed is based only on the information included in the manufacturer’s datasheet.