Manufactured Nanomaterials Research Articles

The effects of engineered nanoparticles on nitrification during biological wastewater treatment.

Technological advancements in the past few decades have made it possible to manufacture nanomaterials at a large scale, and engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are increasingly found in consumer products, such as cosmetics, sports products, and LED displays. A large amount of these ENPs end up in wastewater and potentially impact the performance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). One important function of the WWTP is nitrification, which is carried out by the actions of two groups of bacteria, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Since most ENPs are found to have or are designed to have antimicrobial activities, it is a legitimate concern that ENPs entering WWTPs may have negative impacts on nitrification. In this paper, the effects of ENPs on nitrification are discussed, focusing mainly on autotrophic nitrification by AOBs and NOBs. This review also covers ENPeffects on anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). Generally, nitrifiers in pure and mixed cultures can be inhibited by a variety of ENPs, but stress response mechanisms may attenuate toxicity. Long-term studies demonstrated that a wide range of NPs could cause severe deterioration of AOBs and/or NOBs when the influent concentration exceeded an inhibition threshold. Proposed mechanisms include the generation of reactive oxygen species, dissolved metals, physical disruption of cell membranes, bacterial engulfment, and intracellular accumulation of ENPs. Future research needs are also discussed.

Nano-SAR Modeling for Predicting the Cytotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles to PaCa2.

Nowadays, the impact of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) on human health and environment has aroused widespread attention. It is essential to assess and predict the biological activity, toxicity, and physicochemical properties of NPs. Computation-based methods have been developed to be efficient alternatives for understanding the negative effects of nanoparticles on the environment and human health. Here, a classification-based structure-activity relationship model for nanoparticles (nano-SAR) was developed to predict the cellular uptake of 109 functionalized magneto-fluorescent nanoparticles to pancreatic cancer cells (PaCa2). The norm index descriptors were employed for describing the structure characteristics of the involved nanoparticles. The Random forest algorithm (RF), combining with the Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) was employed to develop the nano-SAR model. The resulted model showed satisfactory statistical performance, with the accuracy (ACC) of the test set and the training set of 0.950 and 0.966, respectively, demonstrating that the model had satisfactory classification effect. The model was rigorously verified and further extensively compared with models in the literature. The proposed model could be reasonably expected to predict the cellular uptakes of nanoparticles and provide some guidance for the design and manufacture of safer nanomaterials.

Carbon-enabled microwave chemistry: From interaction mechanisms to nanomaterial manufacturing

The multiple interaction effects between external microwave fields and carbon materials trigger the thermocatalysis and conversion reactions by constructing the uniformly thermal room or localized heat microenvironment in confined space, providing an alternative and promising technology for functional materials engineering and manufacturing. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art microwave chemistry techniques involved in or enabled by the carbon additives, with a focus on the introduction of the underlying mechanism, influence factors/key parameters, and the technologies of advanced material preparation from nano to bulk scales. Specifically, it is reviewed in detail that the carbon materials are used as microwave heating media and hotspots/arc plasmas generators to drive and boost the thermochemical reactions. The carbon materials as precursors in microwave are also summarized, which can be helpful for producing the advanced materials with tailored properties and multi-functionalities that are not far realized by conventional techniques/methods. Moreover, the expectation for the future of carbon-participated microwave processes and some approaches to optimizing the corresponding reactions in terms of the technical and industrial levels are proposed, which will help to jump out of gap from lab to industrial application and finally inspire many more endeavors for the manufacturing of advanced/innovative nanomaterials in future. This review summed up the state-of-the-art microwave chemistry techniques involved in or enabled by the carbon additives, with a focus on the introduction of the underlying interaction mechanism, influence factors/key parameters, and the technologies of advanced material manufacturing from nano to bulk scales. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives in this field were also presented and commented. • The fundamental interaction mechanism of carbon and microwave was highlighted. • The factors affecting the microwave absorption properties of carbon materials and related key parameters were summarized. • The recent material manufacturing involved in carbon-enabled microwave chemistry was discussed. • The expectation for the future of carbon-participated microwave processes was proposed.

Probing Specific Adsorption of Electrolytes at Kaolinite–Aqueous Interfaces by Atomic Force Microscopy

Adsorption of electrolytes (ions) at solid-liquid interfaces alters the physical and chemical properties of materials and hence plays a critical role in manufacturing and processing of nanomaterials featuring large surface or interfacial areas of desired structures and morphology. Many experiments and theoretical calculations using various electrical double layer (EDL) models have been conducted to understand how and where ions adsorb at charged surfaces in a liquid. However, conclusions from previous research remain inconclusive because of model-dependent approaches to studying ion adsorption at diverse solid-liquid interfaces. In this study, atomic force microscopy is used to image in liquids the surface lattice structure of two kaolinite basal planes in the presence and absence of monovalent and divalent cations. Distinct adsorption of ions through different mechanisms (such as electrostatic attraction and specific adsorption) is identified through atomic resolution imaging without the assumption of an EDL structure.

Current Status on the Manufacturing of Nanomaterials for Proton Exchange Membrane Energy Systems by Vapor-Based Processes

Development of novel technologies for catalyst synthesis and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) fabrication is of primary importance for further improvement of the performance and economics of proto...

Preparation of feed with metal oxide nanoparticles for nanomaterial dietary exposure to fish and use in OECD TG 305

The first step of nanomaterial accumulation in the aquatic environment is the uptake of particulate material. For substances with very low water solubility, exposure via water may be of limited relevance in comparison to the dietary route. The OECD Test Guideline 305 for bioaccumulation testing in fish using dietary exposure recommends to add substances to fish food following methodologies normally used in aquaculture (e.g. with a corn or fish oil vehicle). The feasibility of using such an approach for the testing of manufactured nanomaterials (MNs), due to their unique physical characteristics and solubility, needs to be investigated. In this study an easy, cost-effective method to prepare metal oxide nanoparticle (NP) spiked feed to give the required dietary exposure concentration to fish is described. Metal oxide NP (CeO2,TiO2 and ZnO) dispersions were prepared in oil (sunflower or olive oil) and used to soak fish feed pellets. NP surface deposition and homogeneity of distribution were analysed and confirmed. Discrepancies between nominal and measured concentrations highlighted the need to measure the achieved concentration in MN-spiked feed. The present method provides stable concentrations for bioaccumulation testing of MNs in fish through the dietary route.A method for•Fish feed preparation using nanomaterial-oil suspensions.•Homogenous spiking of nanomaterials on feed.•Nanomaterials stably maintained on feed immersed in water until eaten by fish.

Research and application of flexible wearable electronics based on nanogenerator in touch sensor

<sec>With the advance of the fourth industrial revolution, a wave of emerging industries and interdisciplinary research is breaking out, such as the Internet of Things, megadata, humanoid robots and artificial intelligence.The rapid development of these functional electronic devices is changing the way people communicate with each other and their surroundings, thus integrating our world into an intelligent information network. The applications of flexible wearable electronic devices in intelligent robots, health and medical monitoring and other fields have attracted great attention. Following the human skin, the device can respond to external stimuli and should also have stretchability and self-healing properties. In practical applications, a large network of sensors is needed to connect with humans or robots, so the supply of energy is crucial. Several forms of green and renewable energy have been searched for, such as magnetic energy, solar energy, thermal energy, mechanical energy and microbial chemical energy. However, high cost, limitations in the choice of materials, and other disadvantages have become serious bottlenecks.</sec><sec>The advent of nanogenerator brings a novel and effective solution to the above problems. Here in this work, the triboelectronic nanogenerator (TENG) and the piezoelectric generator (PENG) are taken as two representative objectives, which are, respectively, based on the triboelectronic effect and piezoelectronic effect to realize the collection of mechanical energy, and each of them can be used as a self-power sensor, which can generate electrical signals, respond to environmental stimuli, and need no power supply any more.</sec><sec>The optimization and design of nanogenerator is always a key factor to improve its performance and wide application. At present, the methods commonly adopted in optimization schemes mainly include material selection, design and optimization of structural layer and electrode. The selection of materials should be based on low cost, stretchability, transparency, stability and biocompatibility. Firstly, for the optimization of structural layer, there are mainly two ways of designing the materials, one is the microstructure of the material surface, and the other is the functionalization of materials.The performance of the nanogenerator is proportional to the charge density of the contact surface. The square of the charge density is the main parameter to quantify the performance of the nanogenerator. Therefore, increasing the charge generation has been the main strategy to improve the output power. The microstructure of materials can be realized by means of colloidal arrays, soft lithography, block copolymer components and surface nanomaterial manufacturing. The same materials can be functionalized by ion doping, plasma treatment, electrical polarization, laser induction, and the formation of nanocomposites. In practical application, more attention is paid to the electrode with excellent performance which can simplify device structure, improve device performance and expand application field. The design of the electrode more focuses on the features such as flexibility, stretchability, high transparency and excellent electrical conductivity. The touch sensors based on TENG and PENG such as pressure sensors, strain sensors, pressure distribution sensors and slip sensors have shown excellent performances in application. Self-powered pressure sensors are used most widely because they are highly sensitive to and can detect the subtle pressure changes such as respiratory or arterial pulse-related changes. Strain sensors can detect signals produced by the body during mechanical movements, such as walking and joint movements. Pressure distribution sensor and slip distribution sensor play a key role in touch screen and smart prosthesis and so on.</sec><sec>In this article, first, we introduce the mechanism of TENG and PENG, and summarize the way of performing the optimization design of the nanogenerators. Then, we discuss the self-powered sensors based on the nanogenerators such as stress, strain and distribution and slip sensors by combining the marerials and the design of device. Finally, the problems and challenges of the tactile sensor based on the nanogenerators are discussed, and the future development is prospected.</sec>

Air-Liquid Interface Exposure of Lung Epithelial Cells to Low Doses of Nanoparticles to Assess Pulmonary Adverse Effects.

Reliable and predictive in vitro assays for hazard assessments of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) are still limited. Specifically, exposure systems which more realistically recapitulate the physiological conditions in the lung are needed to predict pulmonary toxicity. To this end, air-liquid interface (ALI) systems have been developed in recent years which might be better suited than conventional submerged exposure assays. However, there is still a need for rigorous side-by-side comparisons of the results obtained with the two different exposure methods considering numerous parameters, such as different MNMs, cell culture models and read outs. In this study, human A549 lung epithelial cells and differentiated THP-1 macrophages were exposed under submerged conditions to two abundant types of MNMs i.e., ceria and titania nanoparticles (NPs). Membrane integrity, metabolic activity as well as pro-inflammatory responses were recorded. For comparison, A549 monocultures were also exposed at the ALI to the same MNMs. In the case of titania NPs, genotoxicity was also investigated. In general, cells were more sensitive at the ALI compared to under classical submerged conditions. Whereas ceria NPs triggered only moderate effects, titania NPs clearly initiated cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory gene expression and genotoxicity. Interestingly, low doses of NPs deposited at the ALI were sufficient to drive adverse outcomes, as also documented in rodent experiments. Therefore, further development of ALI systems seems promising to refine, reduce or even replace acute pulmonary toxicity studies in animals.

A Brief Review of How to Construct an Enzyme-Based H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Sensor Involved in Nanomaterials

This article briefly reviews how to construct an enzyme based hydrogen peroxide sensor involving nanomaterials, which has the advantages of high efficiency, good sensitivity and selectivity, fast response time and an extended range of linearity with lower detection limit. Glucose biosensor is constructed by immobilizing glucose oxidase enzyme on the polycarbonate membrane and the protective cover is then filled with a physiological phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. The novel blocking hydrophobic membrane which is only permeable to hydrogen peroxide is used to eliminate electrochemical interferences. This constructed enzyme based H2O2 biosensor is miniaturized by the involvement of nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, platinum nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles and it can achieve the effective microscopic detection of glucose. The introduction of nanomaterials including some pure metals (Ag, Au, Pd, Ni, Pt, and Cu), metal oxide (ZnO and TiO2), bimetallic (Au/Ag and Au/Pt) and carbon (nanotubes and graphene) nanomaterials in the construction of the enzyme based H2O2 biosensor improves its sensitivity and performance by enhancing the enzymatic activity, and allows the introduction of many new signal transduction technologies in biosensors. This review article summarizes the working principles of glucose oxidase based hydrogen peroxide sensor, importance of involving nanomaterials in biosensor manufacturing, basic characteristics and components of a biosensor, generations glucose biosensors, procedure of making hydrogen peroxide based biosensor, synthesis of nanomaterials involved in hydrogen peroxide biosensor, and finally some examples of nanomaterials which intervene in hydrogen peroxide biosensor.

A novel automatic classification system based on hybrid unsupervised and supervised machine learning for electrospun nanofibers

The manufacturing of nanomaterials by the electrospinning process requires accurate and meticulous inspection of related scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the electrospun nanofiber, to ensure that no structural defects are produced. The presence of anomalies prevents practical application of the electrospun nanofibrous material in nanotechnology. Hence, the automatic monitoring and quality control of nanomaterials is a relevant challenge in the context of Industry 4.0. In this paper, a novel automatic classification system for homogenous (anomaly-free) and non-homogenous (with defects) nanofibers is proposed. The inspection procedure aims at avoiding direct processing of the redundant full SEM image. Specifically, the image to be analyzed is first partitioned into subimages (nanopatches) that are then used as input to a hybrid unsupervised and supervised machine learning system. In the first step, an autoencoder (AE) is trained with unsupervised learning to generate a code representing the input image with a vector of relevant features. Next, a multilayer perceptron (MLP), trained with supervised learning, uses the extracted features to classify non-homogenous nanofiber (NH-NF) and homogenous nanofiber (H-NF) patches. The resulting novel AE-MLP system is shown to outperform other standard machine learning models and other recent state-of-the-art techniques, reporting accuracy rate up to 92.5%. In addition, the proposed approach leads to model complexity reduction with respect to other deep learning strategies such as convolutional neural networks (CNN). The encouraging performance achieved in this benchmark study can stimulate the application of the proposed scheme in other challenging industrial manufacturing tasks.

A methodology for developing key events to advance nanomaterial-relevant adverse outcome pathways to inform risk assessment

Significant advances have been made in the development of Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) over the last decade, mainly focused on the toxicity mechanisms of chemicals. These AOPs, although relevant to manufactured nanomaterials (MNs), do not currently capture the reported roles of size-associated properties of MNs on toxicity. Moreover, some AOs of relevance to airborne exposures to MNs such as lung inflammation and fibrosis shown in animal studies may not be targeted in routine regulatory decision making. The primary objective of the present study was to establish an approach to advance the development of AOPs of relevance to MNs using existing, publicly available, nanotoxicology literature. A systematic methodology was created for curating, organizing and applying the available literature for identifying key events (KEs). Using a case study approach, the study applied the available literature to build the biological plausibility for ‘tissue injury’, a KE of regulatory relevance to MNs. The results of the analysis reveal the various endpoints, assays and specific biological markers used for assessing and reporting tissue injury. The study elaborates on the limitations and opportunities of the current nanotoxicology literature and provides recommendations for the future reporting of nanotoxicology results that will expedite not only the development of AOPs for MNs but also aid in application of existing data for decision making.

Accelerated Development of Colloidal Nanomaterials Enabled by Modular Microfluidic Reactors: Toward Autonomous Robotic Experimentation.

In recent years, microfluidic technologies have emerged as a powerful approach for the advanced synthesis and rapid optimization of various solution-processed nanomaterials, including semiconductor quantum dots and nanoplatelets, and metal plasmonic and reticular framework nanoparticles. These fluidic systems offer access to previously unattainable measurements and synthesis conditions at unparalleled efficiencies and sampling rates. Despite these advantages, microfluidic systems have yet to be extensively adopted by the colloidal nanomaterial community. To help bridge the gap, this progress report details the basic principles of microfluidic reactor design and performance, as well as the current state of online diagnostics and autonomous robotic experimentation strategies, toward the size, shape, and composition-controlled synthesis of various colloidal nanomaterials. By discussing the application of fluidic platforms in recent high-priority colloidal nanomaterial studies and their potential for integration with rapidly emerging artificial intelligence-based decision-making strategies, this report seeks to encourage interdisciplinary collaborations between microfluidic reactor engineers and colloidal nanomaterial chemists. Full convergence of these two research efforts offers significantly expedited and enhanced nanomaterial discovery, optimization, and manufacturing.

Кристаллические микроконусные покрытия на губчатом титане.

For the first time it was shown how to obtain microcone-shaped TiO2structures by means of anodizing of porous powder materials made of titanium sponge. It was established that during anodizing in 10 %Н2SO4+ 0,15 % HF electrolyte along with the growth of the X-ray amorphous nanoporous TiO2film a set of microcones with anatase crystalline structure is formed on the surface of titanium sponge powder particles. Microcones (height is up to 7m, base diameter is up to 5m) consist of multilayer nanoscale structures. Such structures are promising for the manufacture of new nanomaterials for catalytic and sensor devices.

Carbon Nanomaterial Manufacturing System and Automatic Synthesis Equipment and Its Control Device and Control Methods

In recent years, people are committed to developing new technologies and technologies for energy storage and conversion, environmental detection, high-performance sensors and energy security, and other aspects of the increasingly prominent problems in the field of environmental and biosafety. The purpose of this paper is to explore the manufacturing system and automatic synthesis equipment of carbon nanomaterials, understand the control device and control method, and analyze the structure and morphology characteristics of three kinds of carbon nanomaterials produced by carbon nanomaterial manufacturing system by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the carbon nanomaterial manufacturing system and automatic synthesis system in this paper solve the problems of high cost, low efficiency, and small scale of the existing carbon nanomaterials manufacturing and achieve the precision control of automatic production, so that the productivity is increased by 20%–35%, and the cost is reduced by 15%–30%. Therefore, they are widely used in the fields of science and technology, environmental protection, and intelligent manufacturing broad prospects. Carbon nanotube manufacturing equipment and automatic synthesis equipment have great production advantages, which can greatly improve the quality and efficiency of carbon nanomaterials. UPY, GO, and UGO carbon nanomaterials produced by carbon nanotube manufacturing equipment are not easy to fall off from the materials. When the wavelength is 500 nm, the absorption frequency of the three materials is the largest. With the extension of the spectral wavelength, the absorption frequency of the three materials is reduced by 52%, 33%, and 34.7%, respectively.

Lignin-based fluorescence hollow nanoparticles: Their preparation, characterization, and encapsulation properties for doxorubicin

Lignin shows strong adsorption, biodegradability and non-toxicity, and has opened a research hotspot in the design and manufacture of controllable nanomaterials for drug delivery. However, lignin-based materials, with both diagnostic and therapeutic functions, have yet to be developed. In this work, enzymatically hydrolysable lignin (EHL) was used to prepare blue fluorescent lignin copolymer by grafting 1-Pyrenebutyric acid onto lignin via amidation reaction and then formed self-assembled nanoparticles. The results show that such lignin-based hollow nanoparticles exhibit characteristics of fluorescent functions, size controlled and stable structure within 15 days. For anticancer drug Doxorubicin, the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading reached, respectively, 50% and 10%. This encapsulation had no cytotoxicity, and sustained-release effect on the drug. The aim of this study was to develop the multifunctional bio-nanomaterials for medical applications, through simple, environmentally friendly, low-cost methods.

Nanopesticides: Physico-chemical characterization by a combination of advanced analytical techniques

The recent application of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) in plant protection products (PPPs) enhances stability of the active substance (a.s.), minimizes application losses, reduces the quantities of a.s., increases coverage on leaf surface, improves precise application, etc. Besides offering benefits, there is high concern about the potential risk for human and environment associated with the use of nanopesticides. In this study, a panel of complementary methodologies were used to determine size distribution and chemical identification of four different formulations of nanopesticides. Measurements were performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), asymmetric field flow fractionation-multi angle light scattering (AF4-FFF-MALS), gas/liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS) or diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results indicated average size values in the ranges: 27.4–148.7 nm by DLS; 39.1–82.0 nm by AF4-FFF-MALS; and 42–90 nm by TEM. Linked to these nanosized particles both organic active ingredients and inorganic ones were identified. In addition, the obtained data revealed that all the four PPPs contained more than 50% of particles with number size distribution between 1 and 100 nm and, according to the European Commission definition, they can be defined as nanopesticides.

A Review on the Functionality of Nanomaterials in 2d and 3d Additive Manufacturing

A Review on the Functionality of Nanomaterials in 2d and 3d Additive Manufacturing

Magnetic Rotating Flow of a Hybrid Nano-Materials Ag-MoS2 and Go-MoS2 in C2H6O2-H2O Hybrid Base Fluid over an Extending Surface Involving Activation Energy: FE Simulation

Numeric simulations are performed for a comparative study of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) rotational flow of hybrid nanofluids (MoS2-Ag/ethyleneglycol-water (50–50%) and MoS2-Go/ethyleneglycol-water (50–50%)) over a horizontally elongated plane sheet. The principal objective is concerned with the enhancement of thermal transportation. The three-dimensional formulation governing the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and concentration is transmuted into two-dimensional partial differentiation by employing similarity transforms. The resulting set of equations (PDEs) is then solved by variational finite element procedure coded in Matlab script. An intensive computational run is carried out for suitable ranges of the particular quantities of influence. The primary velocity component decreases monotonically and the magnitude of secondary velocity component diminishes significantly when magnetic parameter, rotational parameter, and unsteadiness parameter are incremented. Both the primary and secondary velocities are smaller in values for the hybrid phase Ag-MoS2 than that of hybrid phase Go-MoS2 but the nanoparticle concentration and temperature are higher for hybrid phase Ag-MoS2. The increased values of parameters for thermophoresis, Brownian motion, shape factor, and volume fraction of ϕ2 made significant improvement in the temperature of the two phases of nano liquids. Results are also computed for the coefficients of skin friction(x, y-directions), Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. The present findings manifest reasonable comparison to their existing counterparts. Some of the practical engineering applications of the present analysis may be found in high-temperature nanomaterial processing technology, crystal growing, extrusion processes, manufacturing and rolling of polymer sheets, academic research, lubrication processes, and polymer industry.

Perspective on a risk-based roadmap towards the implementation of the safe innovation approach for industry

The challenge in ensuring the safety of manufactured nanomaterials and products stems from the lack of knowledge among industries about the potential environment and health risks of nanotechnology based innovations and the legislations that apply to them. A lack of information and preparedness for the regulatory safety assessment of innovative nanomaterials and products often lead to their delay in market launch or complete abandoning. Safe Innovation Approach (SIA) is a proactive system that aims to minimize the gap between the pace of innovation and the pace of developing nano-specific risk governance. The use of SIA framework in product innovation value chain can ensure sustainable innovative products and rapid market launch for which relevant regulatory framework is in place through a proactive collaboration of all concerned stakeholders. Previous efforts within several European projects and other national collaborations have helped to continue developing a framework for SIA, operationalizing the required infrastructure for its implementation, and developing novel innovation and governance processes for industry and regulators respectively to practice it. In line with these developments, the present work provides a perspective of a risk-based roadmap to be integrated in the current state of the SIA framework. Recommendations to further improve certain aspects of SIA innovation process are provided in this context, and a risk-aware integrated roadmap is presented on the basis of these recommendations to assist the industry to adopt SIA as a regular industrial practice. This can sustainably improve the margin of industrial profit from manufacturing and processing of nanomaterials and products with compliant environmental and human health safety features throughout their life cycle.

Scaling-up Nanoparticle Beam Deposition for Green Synthesis of Advanced Materials

The deposition of size-controlled nanoparticles (atomic clusters) onto supports from the beam is a solvent-free, green route to small-scale manufacturing of functional nanomaterials. To translate the beautiful physics and chemistry of clusters into practical applications, e.g., coatings, catalysts, biochips, biomaterials, and photonic materials, significant scale-up of the rate of deposition is needed [1,2], while reducing the loss of material in the process (to say 1-10%). For example, the deposition rate needed for industrial catalyst R&D is 10mg/hour of clusters, while for bespoke pharmaceutical manufacturing, 1-10g/hour is required. In this talk, I will discuss both the fundamental aspects of deposited clusters at the atomic-scale – as revealed by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy [3,4] – and the status of efforts to meet the scale-up challenge, with emphasis on our “Matrix Assembly Cluster Source” (MACS) [5]. Some first practical demonstrations [6-10] of deposited clusters in heterogeneous and electrocatalysis will be presented, showing attractive activities and selectivities [1, 6-10], as an illustration of what might be done in fields as diverse as surface engineering, theranostics, photonics, and neuromorphic.