Oil Manufacturing Research Articles

FORMATION OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT OF PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS THROUGH PROJECT-BASED LEARNING

This research aims to find out whether the entrepreneurial spirit of prospective Madrasah Ibtidaiyah teachers can be formed with the application of project-based learning models. The type of research used in this study is descriptive quantitative research with sampling techniques in purposive sampling techniques. The sample population selected was Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Teacher Education UIN Walisongo Semarang semester IV class 2018/2019. The research sample used was class IV A, with 40 students. The free variable in this study is a project-based learning model as aloe vera hand sanitizer, young coconut rotary ice cream, jelly candy, dab soap, character's light sleeper, rainbow ice lolly, making salted eggs with onion flavor and rendang flavor, mosquito repellent candles, making BioLim, and manufacture of pandan-scented candlenut hair oil. In contrast, the tied variable is the student's entrepreneurial spirit. The conclusions showed the entrepreneurial spirit of prospective teachers through a project-based learning model in a suitable category with an average score of 14.1. The biserial correlation formula obtained a value of RB 0.54 and KD of 29.24%. The figure means that the project-based learning model is good enough to contribute to the formation of the entrepreneurial spirit of prospective teachers by 29.24%. Student response to the application of project-based learning models to foster the entrepreneurial spirit of future teachers gives a positive reaction with agreed categories. The average score is 3.6.

Performance and kinetic evaluation of the anaerobic digestion of olive pomace derived from a novel manufacturing process based on an olive cold-pressing system: influence of the fruit ripening level

The aim of the present research was to investigate the influence of the application of a novel cold-pressing system in olive oil manufacturing on the characteristics of olive pomace (OP) and on its valorization by anaerobic digestion (AD). Green olives and olives in veraison, both from the Picual variety, were used with the objective of assessing the effect of ripening level on the performance of the AD processes. The AD processes of these OPs were assessed in biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests. The maximum methane yield (327 ± 5 mL CH4/g VS) and biodegradability value (90.8%) were found for the OP derived from green olives without cold-pressing, which showed the highest soluble COD (113 g O2/L) and the lowest total phenolic concentration (9 g gallic acid/L). The first-order and Transference Function (TF) kinetic models were employed to evaluate the variation in methane production with time and to obtain the kinetic parameters of the anaerobic processes of the four OPs tested. The kinetic constant from the first-order model, k, did not show significant differences for the four OPs tested and ranged between 0.23 and 0.27 day−1. The TF revealed that the values for the maximum methane production rate (Rmax) were slightly higher for the OPs derived from green olives compared to those obtained from olives in veraison. For the green olives, the cold-pressing system caused a decrease in the value of Rmax from 87 ± 7 to 73 ± 6 mL CH4/(g VS·d).

The Characteristics of Coconut Oil Products Based on Papaya Juice and Duration Fermentation using Rhizopus sp.

Coconut oil is a basic human need. Coconut oil can be made both traditional and enzymatically. Enzymatic manufacture of coconut oil is the separation of oil in coconut milk using protein-breaking enzymes called proteolytic enzymes. Enzymatic production of coconut oil has the advantages of easy-to-obtain raw materials, does not require much energy, and simple processing. This study was conducted to determine the effect of time and amount of papaya juice used with the coconut oil yields obtained. The results of the study at a time of 3 days with a volume of 75 ml of papaya juice, it was obtained that the volume of coconut oil was the most, which was 11.4 ml. Making coconut oil using coconut milk and papaya juice mixed and added 2 grams of tempeh yeast then measured the pH to pH 4. Next, the glass is closed so that air does not enter during the fermentation time of 3-5 days. After being fermented then separated between water and pulp from making coconut oil. Next, pulp from making coconut oil is heated to produce oil. In addition, the free fatty acid test and the saponification number test were also carried out to determine whether the coconut oil produced complies with the quality requirements of SNI 2902-2011. This indicates that some treatment effect of coconut oil compiles is possible, a quality requirement of SNI 2902-2011.

Dissemination of oil draining machine technology for MSMEs Cassava Chips Maju Jaya Singosari, Malang Regency

MSMEs Cassava Chips Maju Jaya in the oil draining process still use conventional methods. This causes the oil cannot be drained optimally with a shelf life of only 1-2 weeks. The implementation of this program aims to disseminate oil draining machine technology. This program is carried out with the stages of partner observation, manufacturing and testing of oil draining machines, and training and mentoring in the use of oil draining machines. The dimensions of the oil draining machine are 600 mm x 430 mm x 560 mm, with a capacity of 10 kg per draining procedure. The motor used is an AC electric motor with a power of HP. The oil drainer's outside and interior bodies are constructed from 304 stainless steel plate and vortexed stainless steel. This helps to make the oil draining procedure easier and quicker. The oil draining process is done by inserting cassava chips into the machine for 15 minutes until the oil content is reduced. From the test, the shelf life of the product is increased to 2 months. This can make a positive contribution to the quality of MSME Maju Jaya products.

Caryocar coriaceum Wittm. (Caryocaraceae): Botany, Ethnomedicinal Uses, Biological Activities, Phytochemistry, Extractivism and Conservation Needs.

Caryocar coriaceum is an endemic tree of Brazil, occurring mainly in the northeast region in the Cerrado environment. The species, popularly known as “pequi”, produces fruits that are used in the manufacture of oil for food and medicinal purposes. This work reviewed studies conducted with the species, highlighting its ethnomedicinal use, its pharmacological potential, including its chemical constituents, and its cultural and socioeconomic importance. Information was obtained through the main scientific research platforms. The keyword “Caryocar coriaceum” was used as the main index for searching the following platforms: PubMed®, PubMed Central®, SciElo, Scopus® and Web of ScienceTM. The compiled papers demonstrate that C. coriaceum has great medicinal, economic and cultural importance for northeastern Brazil. Popularly, the fruits of C. coriaceum are used to treat broncho-pulmonary diseases (bronchitis, colds and flu). The fixed oil is widely used to relieve pain from various causes in the treatment of inflammation, flu, eczema, burns, fever, rickets, indigestion, heart murmurs, fatigue and erectile dysfunction. Some of these uses are corroborated by pharmacological trials, which have demonstrated the antioxidant, healing, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, antinociceptive and antimicrobial properties of the species. Chemically, fatty acids and phenolic compounds are the main constituents recorded for the species. Due to its medicinal properties, the fruits and oil of C. coriaceum have a high commercial demand and are one of the main forms of subsistence activities for local populations. On the other hand, the extractive practice of the fruits, associated with anthropic factors and its physiological nature, makes the species threatened with extinction. Thus, public management policies are highly necessary in order to avoid its extinction.

Identification and Characterization of the Stability of Hydrophobic Cyclolinopeptides From Flaxseed Oil.

Flaxseed (linseed) is a cultivar of the spring flowering annual plant flax (Linum usitatissimum) from the Linaceae family. Derivatives of this plant are widely used as food and as health products. In recent years, cyclic peptides isolated from flaxseed and flaxseed oil, better known as cyclolinopeptides (CLPs), have attracted the attention of the scientific community due to their roles in the inhibition of osteoclast differentiation or their antimalarial, immunosuppressive, and antitumor activities, as well as their prospects in nanotechnology and in the biomedical sector. This study describes the detection, identification, and measurement of CLPs in samples obtained from nine different flaxseed oil manufacturers. For the first time, Q Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer was used for CLP identification together with RP-HPLC. The routine analyses were performed using RP chromatography, measuring the absorption spectra and fluorescence detection for identifying tryptophan-containing peptides using the native fluorescence of tryptophan. In addition, existing protocols used for CLP extraction were optimized and improved in a fast and cost-efficient way. For the first time, 12 CLPs were separated using methanol/water as the eluent with RP-HPLC. Finally, the stability and degradation of individual CLPs in the respective flaxseed oil were examined over a period of 60 days at different temperatures. The higher temperature was chosen since this might reflect the cooking practices, as flaxseed oil is not used for high-temperature cooking. Using HPLC–MS, 15 CLPs were identified in total in the different flaxseed oils. The characterization of the peptides via HPLC–MS highlighted two types of CLP profiles with a substantial variation in the concentration and composition of CLPs per manufacturer, probably related to the plant cultivar. Among the observed CLPs, CLP-O, CLP-N, and CLP-B were the least stable, while CLP-C and CLP-A were the most stable peptides. However, it is important to highlight the gradual degradation of most of the examined CLPs over time, even at room temperature.

Союз Польських нафтових промисловців у Львові

The main idea of the article is to observe the activities of the Union of the Polish Oil Manufacturers in Lviv in the period of 1919–1939. The Union represented the Polish property in the oil industry of Poland. It`s part was nearly 30%. The expansion of the branch by foreign firms, the growth of oil refineries and the decrease of oil recovery were real conditions of the Polish oil industry during the interwar period. The main thesis of the article is to point out two periods in the Union`s activity. The first period lasted from the Union`s foundation to 1929. The Union assigned a lot of tasks. It was a cooperative society and at the same time an oil community. It represented Polish small and medium firms to the authorities and it tried to influence the oil policy. Later it became clear that it was necessary to separate organizing activities from financial ones and it was decided that the old established organization should have dealt only with the finances. The new institution should have been formed to control the most important activities of the producers. Formally the reorganization of the institution took place by the end of the summer of 1929. The new organization was called the Union of the Polish Oil Manufacturers. The main tasks of the Union were to organize the oil industry of Poland, to form oil prices ensuring the profitable of its recovery and to develop the oil drilling. The Union criticized the government because it didn`t have a concrete oil policy. The support of the production of the oil raw materials was very important for the manufacturers. The government`s activities against this support were hostile. The Union supposed that the obsoleteness of the Polish oil rule was a very important problem of the oil industry. The greatest fault of the Polish oil industry was called “gross portion”. On the Union’s opinion the taxes for oil industry were too high. The work of the State Oil Factory in Drohobych was very important for the Union. This factory took the whole oil-gross (appointed to the landowners for the use of the land). The Union supposed that the State Oil Factory would buy more oil from the producers, but it failed to be realized. As a result of its work the Union could organize producers to cope with its tasks. Thanks to the Union the Polish authorities understood the importance of the independent Polish oil industry as well as for economy and in the case of war. In 1930s the main point of the state oil policy was the development of oil-mining, which was very important for the oil industry.

Ergonomics Evaluation for Turning Machinists in Oil and Gas Industry

It was discovered that there were ergonomics risk factors towards machinists during manual handling of large work pieces that may affect the health of the machinists based on the initial ergonomics risk assessment conducted on the CNC turning machine shop in oil and gas manufacturing company. The study aims to determine and improve the ergonomics risk factor that the machinists may be exposed to. In this study, the data were collected and analyzed using Cornell Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and torque analysis. Survey result from Cornell Musculoskeletal Questionnaire found that most of the turning machinists experienced ache, pain and discomfort on their lower back, right hand shoulder and upper back. REBA analysis indicated that body posture applied during tightening headstock jaws is categorized as very high risk with REBA score of 11 and immediate improvement action is required. The root cause was identified using 5 Why methodology where torque wrench design limitation has been identified as the main contributor to the very high REBA score. The input torque applied by the machinist was reduced, and the location of the tightening torque applied for clamping and adjusting purposes was changed using manual torque multiplier equipment. The input torque applied by machinist reduced from 1200Nm to 44.4Nm, and the pulling force applied was reduced from 128.7kgf to 9.1kgf, significantly lowering the REBA score from 11 (very high risk) to 3 (low risk). The objective of the study has been achieved by significant improvement of REBA score for the very high-risk postures that the machinists are exposed to.

Plant and agricultural handicraft and in the in Eastreu Arabic until the End A The prophet Mission's era

This research aims to identify the crafts and industries of agricultural crops in the Arabian Peninsula until the end of the era of the message, which had a clear and important impact on the lives of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, where these crafts and industries are different, including food and bread making, as well as the types of bread that existed at that time. As well as the uses of food dates, in addition to the manufacture of wines and the manufacture of oils, as well as dealing with the wooden industries (carpentry), as well as identifying the tools used by carpenters in this important craft, and getting acquainted with wood and its multiple uses in many important areas, whether in peace or war, as well as the miswak uses that it has become. A great affair since the advent of Islam, and the manufacture of ships, weapons and trigger, as well as dealing with chairs and household appliances to save the materials and toiletries that women used at that time, which were made of wood, playing tools, fibers and sticks, as well as getting to know the architecture (building) that was present in the regions. The Arabian Peninsula, where the method of construction differs, and the identification of industries, including textile and sewing, as well as plant foodstuffs It is used for tanning, uses of henna and gum, uses of vegetable dyes, the manufacture of perfumery (perfume) and fodder, and palm trees and their uses, as well as to identify the trade of manufactured materials in the Arabian Peninsula, including internal and external.

Swot analysis of utilization of palm oil mill effluent to improve soil quality and crop productivity (case study at PT X, Lampung, Indonesia)

Crude Palm Oil (CPO) manufacturing in palm oil processing plants produces by- products known as palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME can improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil because it contains nutrients N, P, K, Mg, and Ca. One of the companies that have processed and utilized POME is PT X, Lampung Province, Indonesia. This study was conducted to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of the effect of using POME on oil palm plantations for waste quality, physical soil conditions, soil chemical conditions and productivity of oil palm plants. The methodology of the research was using descriptive statistical methods of the secondary data and SWOT analysis. The results showed that the palm oil effluent applied in the PT X complied with the national quality utilization and waste management standards. The POME application has a beneficial effect on soil conditions. The involved area had higher pH, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg than control, but C- Organic and CEC in the application area were lower. Furthermore, the application of palm oil effluent tends to increase crop productivity in a range of 7.57 - 63.23%. The primary strategy obtained from the SWOT analysis is that it is necessary to conduct an intensive assessment and to implement appropriate and proper management and application. This recommended strategy is to get the value of the application of palm oil liquid waste suitable for a long-term sustainable waste application for soil and plants to improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil optimally.

The Potential use of Phenolic Compounds Recovered from Olive Mill Wastewater in Food Model Systems

In terms of economic growth, health benefits, and culture, the olive oil industry is a critical sector for many countries. However, olive mill wastewater (OMWW) is one of the most polluting by-products of the manufacture of virgin olive oil. Several studies have reported that OMWW is a valuable resource of usable compounds for recovery and valorization. Because of its high content of phenolic compounds, it may serve a significant function in food because of the phenolics' strong antioxidant value. The current paper provides a survey of OMWW's phenolic recovery methods, focusing on their application as active constituents in food products. In addition, this contribution provides an overview of key research describing the potentialities of OMWW phenolics in food model systems. The Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases were chosen as our paper references. Based on the available studies, traditional techniques like solvent extraction, membranes, and, more recently, innovative technologies that promise minimum impact on these phytochemicals’ compounds are used to recover phenolics from OMWW. Various food products, such as vegetable oils, bakery products, milk beverages, and meat products, can be fortified. All of these applications are based on phenolics' antibacterial and antioxidant properties to minimize food matrix alteration and contamination.

Analysis of Mechanized Agriculture in Southern Region of Ethiopia, Particularly in Central Zones

The central zone of southern Ethiopia is one of the well-known regions of Ethiopia for agricultural food production; the main crops found in the central zone are; fruits and vegetables, cereal crops like teff, maize, sorghum, bean, pea, haricot bean, wheat, rice, barley. Cash crop, Coffee, Ginger, Pepper, Sugarcane. Oil crops for oil manufacturing in the food industry, soybeans, peanuts, sunfowers, and groundnut are harvested for human consumption. Feed crops for cattle or livestock consumption barley, beets, grasses for domestic animals to graze and store as hay or silage. Currently, poverty is commonly observed in both urban and rural areas in this region, mostly familiar within the rural part of the whole country. One of the main causes of food insecurity is unplanned and traditional rain feed agricultural habits.Prsently the farmers of southern region of Ethiopia are following the traditional methods for the land preparation, sowing and other allied operations of their farms. However to reduce the povetry, economic growth and living style of this region community mechanized agriculture is only one of the the solution. To enhance productivity by using a mechanized agricultural system using advanced farm machineries, tools and optional water sources for small-scale households as well as bulky massive irrigation to feed the rapidly growing population is very essential. However, mechanization is one of the most important categories to improve overall agricultural production. The use of advanced agricultural machinery and irrigational supplemented mechanized farming has a direct impact on food security and rural development strategies. Therefore; the present study is conducted to assess data on mechanized agriculture including the use of improved machinery, water resource, and irrigated farming methods in southern Ethiopia, particularly in central zones.

Development of Coconut Oil Fermentation MethodS (Cocos Nucifera) Using Rhizopus SP Microbe

Generally, the manufacture of coconut oil still uses high temperatures so it requires a lot of energy or fuel. In this study, the manufacture of coconut oil was developed using the help of Rhizopus sp microbes with the fermentation method. The aim is to save fuel, little residue, low rancidity level, fragrant aroma, free of cholesterol-inducing compounds and to study the effect of microbial weight, fermentation time. The results obtained from the organoleptic test of coconut oil produced a savory taste, fragrant aroma and clear color, in accordance with SNI 7381:2008. The results of the chemical analysis test were pH 4, the free fatty acid value was 0.15%, the peroxide number was 2.97 mekO2/Kg and the saponification number was 246 MgKOH/gr in accordance with SNI 01-2902-1992. Then the microbial test was found Kapang of 1 and Khamar of < 1, in accordance with the standard SNI ISO 2157-1 (BPOM).

Removal of uranium from nuclear effluent using regenerated bleaching earth steeped in β‒naphthol

The intensification and adsorption of uranium on different adsorbents are considered an operative substitute technique for extraction from nuclear effluent. Many synthetic adsorbent materials have recently been developed for the removal of uranium from aqueous solution. Latterly, clay is a fundamental adsorbent to be considered in uranium recovery owing to the promising sorption properties. In this study, a spent bleaching earth from an edible oil manufacturing was remedied with a view to get rid of the edible oil remnants and then steeped in β‒naphthol to promote its adsorption characteristics. The clay is characterized by X‒ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), surface area analyzer, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy-dispersive X‒ray spectroscopy (EDX). The experiments have been conducted upon adsorption efficiency of uranium to optimize the influence of pH value, agitation time, clay dosage, initial uranium ions concentration, and system temperature The uptake capacity of the new adsorbent is 175.10 mg g−1; it was been attained at pH 4.5, 60 min, and 25 °C. Both of the kinetic and isotherm of adsorption process were calculated and the data work in with pseudo‒first‒order kinetic model along with Langmuir‒Freundlich isotherm. Furthermore, the thermodynamic study implies the spontaneousness and exothermicity of the adsorption process of uranium ions. The negative value of ΔS° refers to the practicality of adsorption of uranium ions and the mitigation in randomness for the new adsorbent clay.

Workshop Pembuatan Minyak Telon

Telon oil is a product from Indonesia that has been known for a long time which can be developed to be made independently by the community. Objective provide an introduction to herbal plants that can be applied in the community. The approach method used is to provide an explanation of the scientific name or Latin name for herbal plants in Indonesia to class XII students of SMK Bhakti Kencana Kendal. Furthermore, an introduction to the types of herbal plants and herbal chemicals that will be used in the manufacture of telon oil is carried out, followed by formulating the composition of telon oil which will be made with fennel oil, eucalyptus oil and coconut oil. The result of the activity is that students are interested and able to apply pharmacognosy science and herbal chemicals into dosage forms that are beneficial to health, namely the manufacture of telon oil

Preparation, Characterization, and Mechanism of Antifreeze Peptides from Defatted Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) on Lactobacillus rhamnosus.

Defatted Antarctic krill powder is the main by-product in the manufacturing of krill oil. Exploring a high value-added approach for utilizing this protein-rich material has received much attention in research and industry. Given this, the preparation and primary characterization of antifreeze peptides from defatted Antarctic krill (AKAPs) were carried out in this study. The cryoprotective effect of AKAPs on Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC7469 was also investigated. The results showed that Protamex was the optimum protease for AKAP preparation from defatted Antarctic krill. AKAPs were found to be rich in short peptides, with the MW ranging from 600 to 2000 Da (69.2%). An amino acid composition analysis showed that AKAPs were rich in glutamic acid (18.71%), aspartic acid (12.19%), leucine (7.87%), and lysine (7.61%). After freezing, the relative survival rate of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in the 1.0 mg/mL AKAP-treated group (96.83%) was significantly higher than in the saline group (24.12%) (p < 0.05). AKAPs also retarded the loss of acidifying activity of L. rhamnosus after freezing. AKAPs showed even better cryoprotective activity than three commercial cryoprotectants (sucrose, skim milk, and glycerol). In addition, AKAPs significantly alleviated the decrease in β-galactosidase and lactic dehydrogenase activities of L. rhamnosus (p < 0.05). Furthermore, AKAPs effectively protected the integrity of L. rhamnosus cell membranes from freezing damage and alleviated the leakage of intracellular substances. These findings demonstrate that AKAPs can be a potential cryoprotectant for preserving L. rhamnosus, providing a new way to use defatted Antarctic krill.

Accumulation of heavy metal in spleen of gallus gallus within polluted areas in wasit province

With the continuation of oil extraction and manufacture of brick from brick factories in Wasit province, the heavy metals amounts emitted to the environments are steadily increasing. Hence, can result in high levels of accumulation of these contaminants and intoxication of humans and animals living nearby, that pose a hazard to ecosystems, animals and human health. In this study we detected the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and cupper (Cu), in spleen tissues of Gallus gallus specimens being collected from two sites in Wasit province. All studied mineral parameters were significantly higher in samples taken from areas near Al-Hay brick factories than those taken from Al-Ahdeb oil fields, this indicates that areas near Al-Hay brick factories are highly polluted and it can be considered unsuitable for living due to the hazardous effect resulted from high rate of accumulation of toxic heavy menials.

Co-cultures of Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens cooperatively upgrade sunflower seed milk to high levels of vitamin B12 and multiple co-benefits

BackgroundSunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus) display an attractive source for the rapidly increasing market of plant-based human nutrition. Of particular interest are press cakes of the seeds, cheap residuals from sunflower oil manufacturing that offer attractive sustainability and economic benefits. Admittedly, sunflower seed milk, derived therefrom, suffers from limited nutritional value, undesired flavor, and the presence of indigestible sugars. Of specific relevance is the absence of vitamin B12. This vitamin is required for development and function of the central nervous system, healthy red blood cell formation, and DNA synthesis, and displays the most important micronutrient for vegans to be aware of. Here we evaluated the power of microbes to enrich sunflower seed milk nutritionally as well as in flavor.ResultsPropionibacterium freudenreichii NCC 1177 showed highest vitamin B12 production in sunflower seed milk out of a range of food-grade propionibacteria. Its growth and B12 production capacity, however, were limited by a lack of accessible carbon sources and stimulants of B12 biosynthesis in the plant milk. This was overcome by co-cultivation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NCC 156, which supplied lactate, amino acids, and vitamin B7 for growth of NCC 1177 plus vitamins B2 and B3, potentially supporting vitamin B12 production by the Propionibacterium. After several rounds of optimization, co-fermentation of ultra-high-temperature pre-treated sunflower seed milk by the two microbes, enabled the production of 17 µg (100 g)−1 vitamin B12 within four days without any further supplementation. The fermented milk further revealed significantly enriched levels of l-lysine, the most limiting essential amino acid, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, improved protein quality and flavor, and largely eliminated indigestible sugars.ConclusionThe fermented sunflower seed milk, obtained by using two food-grade microbes without further supplementation, displays an attractive, clean-label product with a high level of vitamin B12 and multiple co-benefits. The secret of the successfully upgraded plant milk lies in the multifunctional cooperation of the two microbes, which were combined, based on their genetic potential and metabolic signatures found in mono-culture fermentations. This design by knowledge approach appears valuable for future development of plant-based milk products.

Comprehensive utilization of palm kernel cake for producing mannose and manno-oligosaccharide mixture and yeast culture.

Palm kernel cake (PKC) is an agricultural waste derived from palm kernel oil manufacturing, and its production is increasing year by year. It is very urgent to process this agricultural waste in an environmentally friendly way. Here, PKC was used to produce mannose and manno-oligosaccharides mixture (MMOM) and yeast culture (YC) through enzymolysis and solid-state fermentation (SSF). In enzymolysis, five factors were optimized separately and a response surface methodology analysis was performed. Then, enzymolysis of PKC was carried out at the optimal condition, and the extraction efficiency of mannose and manno-oligosaccharides reached 68.90% with mannose concentration achieving 60.27g/L. After enzymolysis, the enzymatic hydrolysate was dried by spray drying, and the contents of MMOM reached 42.9%. In SSF, the enzymolysis residues were utilized with inoculating Saccharomyces cerevisiae for yielding YC. After optimization, the cells number of S. cerevisiae reached 2.08 × 109 cells/g and the crude protein content was increased to 27.31%. Therefore, a novel approach to produce feed additives, including MMOM and YC, with high value by comprehensive utilization of PKC was proposed, which has good application prospects in the breeding industry. KEY POINTS: • New idea for the comprehensive utilization of PKC is proposed. • PKC was used to produce mannose and mannan-oligosaccharides mixture (MMOM) by enzymolysis and spray drying. • The enzymolysis residues were reused via SSF for producing yeast culture (YC).

The mechanical properties of lightweight foamed concrete incorporated with different proportions of oil palm shell

Malaysia is an eminent exporter nation of palm oil, which generated 19.14 million tonnes of the resource in solely year 2020. Nevertheless, massive amount of oil palm shell has been generated as the by product from the manufacturing of palm oil. Over the past decades, numerous researches have ascertained the possibilities of converting the oil palm shell to something beneficial, for instance its adoption as lightweight aggregate in construction industry. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of oil palm shell proportions (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) on the mechanical properties of oil palm shell lightweight foamed concrete (OPSLFC). Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical performance of OPSLFC possessing various oil palm shell proportions. Generally, the strength properties improve as the oil palm shell replacement level increases. In comparison between OPSLFC-0 and OPSLFC-50 samples, the increment percentages of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength are 18.89 % (10.48 MPa to 12.46 MPa), 22.28 % (1.84 MPa to 2.25 MPa) and 26.74 % (7.03 MPa to 8.91 MPa), respectively. Furthermore, the employment of oil palm shell enhances the flexural strength of the OPSLFC remarkably.