Manufacture Of Medicines Research Articles

Ensuring vaccine safety: Case studies of falsified influenza vaccines detected in Brazil

Falsifications related to health technologies—including vaccines—are a growing threat to patient safety and health systems on a global scale and can cause serious harm to the population (especially vulnerable groups). In Brazil, the manufacturing and spread of counterfeit medicines are prevented through joint actions between different government agencies. In this study, we analyzed three cases of influenza vaccines suspected of counterfeiting. The samples were seized by officials and received by the National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS), the national quality control reference laboratory of the Ministry of Health of Brazil, in 2010, 2017, and 2020. We report the results of our analytical investigations and emphasize the importance of strengthening the partnerships between various national agencies. The seized samples were visually inspected, and their information was compared with that of genuine vaccines (as recorded in the INCQS database). The specific analytical tests were based on quality control tests for biological products. Our results confirmed that all seized samples were falsified. We emphasize the importance of fostering international and intra-national collaborations between various national agencies (such as drug regulatory authorities, official laboratories, customs departments, police forces, and civil society). As demonstrated here, such collaborative actions are essential for combating the release of falsified medical products, safeguarding public health, and strengthening health systems.

The medical representatives, or debates of 2010s about promotion of medications

The article considers the issue of the restrictions imposed by the government in the 2010s into process of introducing and promoting medications at the market by means of medical representatives. The government decided to formalize relationships of pharmaceutical manufacturers with consumers of medications. On the one hand, such a trend was occurring all over the world and was stimulated by social attacks at Big Pharma under slogan "the conflict of interests". On the other hand, at the Russian pharmaceutical market, the restrictions of direct contacts of pharmaceutical manufacturers with physicians and and pharmaceutists were supported above all by national manufacturers of medicines. In the course of competition, vast army of Russian medical representatives was stigmatized that made many medics either to leave pharmaceutical market or to limit themselves to formal duties.

Reverse Logistics: an approach to raising awareness of the risks caused by the incorrect disposal of expired drugs

The growth in the manufacture of medicines and their consumption has potentiated an exponential growth in the improper disposal of medicines. This improper disposal comes from the population's lack of information or choice to do it the right way, increasing the risks of contamination of the environment and of the human being. This research seeks to contribute to the awareness of the risks that the incorrect disposal of expired drugs produces in the environment. This study was applied to Brazil, specifically to the state of Ceará. A quantitative methodology by questionnaire was developed with the population (N=71) and pharmacies in Ceará (N=7). The main results of this investigation indicate that there is misinformation among most of the population regarding the correct disposal practices and the impact of doing it incorrectly on the environment and the population. As for the establishments that sell medicines, there is a lack of interest in creating policies for the awareness of correct disposal. This study is intended to be of added value to government organizations, the academic community, and all those interested in reverse logistics in health and sustainability.

Research progress and maturity assessment of continuous manufacturing of traditional Chinese medicine

The pharmaceutical manufacturing model is gradually changing from intermittent manufacturing to continuous manufacturing and intelligent manufacturing. This paper briefly reviewed the supervision and research progress in continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing in China and abroad and described the definition and advantages of continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing. The continuous manufacturing of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) at the current stage was summarized in the following three terms: the enhancement of the continuity of intermittent manufacturing operations, the integration of continuous equipment to improve physical continuity between units, and the application of advanced process control strategies to improve process continuity. To achieve continuous manufacturing of TCM, the corresponding key technologies, such as material property characterization, process modeling and simulation, process analysis technology, and system integration, were analyzed from the process and equipment, respectively. It was proposed that the continuous manufacturing equipment system should have the characteristics of high speed, high response, and high reliability, "three high(H~3)" for short. Considering the characteristics and current situation of TCM manufacturing, based on the two dimensions of product quality control and production efficiency, a maturity assessment model for continuous manufacturing of TCM, consisting of operation continuity, equipment continuity, process continuity, and quality control continuity, was proposed to provide references for the application of continuous manufacturing technology for TCM. The implementation of continuous manufacturing or the application of key continuous manufacturing technologies in TCM can help to systematically integrate advanced pharmaceutical technology elements and promote the uniformity of TCM quality and the improvement of production efficiency.

Survey and Tutorial on Hybrid Human-Artificial Intelligence

The growing computing power, easy acquisition of large-scale data, and constantly improved algorithms have led to a new wave of artificial intelligence (AI) applications, which change the ways we live, manufacture, and do business. Along with this development, a rising concern is the relationship between AI and human intelligence, namely, whether AI systems may one day overtake, manipulate, or replace humans. In this paper, we introduce a novel concept named hybrid human-artificial intelligence (H-AI), which fuses human abilities and AI capabilities into a unified entity. It presents a challenging yet promising research direction that prompts secure and trusted AI innovations while keeping humans in the loop for effective control. We scientifically define the concept of H-AI and propose an evolution road map for the development of AI toward H-AI. We then examine the key underpinning techniques of H-AI, such as user profile modeling, cognitive computing, and human-in-the-loop machine learning. Afterward, we discuss H-Al's potential applications in the area of smart homes, intelligent medicine, smart transportation, and smart manufacturing. Finally, we conduct a critical analysis of current challenges and open gaps in H-AI, upon which we elaborate on future research issues and directions.

Comparison of work efficiency in factory workers: pre & post covid lockdown – a cross sectional study

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic's impact on economies worldwide has caused changes in work patterns, reduced productivity, and job losses, particularly affecting factory workers. Lockdown measures have also led to reduced physical activity levels, which is a significant risk factor for chronic diseases. This study aims to investigate efficiency of factory workers pre and post lockdown periods. The findings will contribute to identifying evidence-based strategies to minimize the negative impact of lockdown measures on factory workers' productivity and health.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the work performance of employees in a medicine manufacturing unit. Data was collected from factory workers online and study period was January 2021 to April 2022. Survey includes close ended questions regarding work performance of employees before lockdown period (Before 20/03/2020) and performance after lockdown period (After August 2020). The sample size of 196 employees selected through simple random sampling. A questionnaire consisting of demographic factors, work details, and work performance was prepared using pretested standard tools, including the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ), the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ), and the Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6). The collected data was analysed using descriptive statistics and a paired t-test.ResultsThe study found that prior to lockdown, 99% of employees consistently had higher performance, with 71.4% ranking in the top 10. However, after lockdown, the percentage of employees with high performance decreased to 91.8%, with only 63.3% ranking in the top 10. These differences were statistically significant, indicating a decrease in work efficiency of 8.1%. Before lockdown, employees worked longer hours, including on off days, while after lockdown, a small proportion missed work due to various reasons, resulting in better quality work.ConclusionIn conclusion, the study highlights the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the work efficiency of factory workers. The findings indicate a decrease in work efficiency after the lockdown, coupled with an increase in employee stress. This suggests that the pandemic has brought about unique challenges for factory workers that need to be addressed to maintain their well-being and productivity. This study emphasizes the importance of creating a supportive work environment that prioritizes the mental and physical health of employees, especially during times of crisis.

Revolutionizing Supply Chains: Unveiling the Power of Blockchain Technology for Enhanced Transparency and Performance

In recent years, the significance and prevalence of distributed ledger technology have grown. However, there is a lack of empirical studies examining the managerial and technological aspects essential for implementing it in the distribution network. The objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive framework for the adoption of blockchain technology in the entire distribution chain. This will be achieved by identifying the factors that facilitate adoption and experimentally evaluating their interdependencies and effects on adoption through empirical evidence collection. A quantitative approach was used to assess the model's main objective. The study focused on the medicine manufacturing industry to gather responses regarding the intention to use blockchain technology and its impact on supply chain performance. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship in the hypothetical model. Additionally, secondary data analysis, which considered previous research and online surveys, was conducted to assess the impact of blockchain technology on supply chain performance and the mediating role of supply chain transparency.

Horizon Scanning in Tissue Engineering Using Citation Network Analysis

BackgroundEstablishing a horizon scanning method is critical for identifying technologies that require new guidelines or regulations. We studied the application of bibliographic citation network analysis to horizon scanning.ObjectiveThe possibility of applying the proposed method to interdisciplinary fields was investigated with the emphasis on tissue engineering and its example, three-dimensional bio-printing.Methodology and ResultsIn all, 233,968 articles on tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, biofabrication, and additive manufacturing published between January 1, 1900 and November 3, 2021 were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. The citation network of the articles was analyzed for confirmation that the evolution of 3D bio-printing is reflected by tracking the key articles in the field. However, the results revealed that the major articles on the clinical application of 3D bio-printed products are located in clusters other than that of 3D bio-printers. We investigated the research trends in this field by analyzing the articles published between 2019 and 2021 and detected various basic technologies constituting tissue engineering, including microfluidics and scaffolds such as electrospinning and conductive polymers. The results suggested that the research trend of technologies required for product development and future clinical applications of the product are sometimes detected independently by bibliographic citation network analysis, particularly for interdisciplinary fields.ConclusionThis method can be applied to the horizon scanning of an interdisciplinary field. However, identifying basic technologies of the targeted field and following the progress of research and the integration process of each component of technology are critical.

A Review on Physicochemical Properties of Polymers Used as Filaments in 3D-Printed Tablets.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has presently been explored widely in the field of pharmaceutical research to produce various conventional as well as novel dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, oral films, pellets, subcutaneous implants, scaffolds, and vaginal rings. The use of this innovative method is a good choice for its advanced technologies and the ability to make tailored medicine specifically for individual patient. There are many 3D printing systems that are used to print tablets, implants, and vaginal rings. Among the available systems, the fused deposition modeling (FDM) is widely utilized. The FDM has been regarded as the best choice of printer as it shows high potential in the production of tablets as a unit dose in 3D printing medicine manufacturing. In order to design a 3D-printed tablet or other dosage forms, the physicochemical properties of polymers play a vital role. One should have proper knowledge about the polymer's properties so that one can select appropriate polymers in order to design 3D-printed dosage form. This review highlighted the various physicochemical properties of polymers that are currently used as filaments in 3D printing. In this manuscript, the authors also discussed various systems that are currently adopted in the 3D printing.

Comparative Analysis of Samsamani Vati/Guduchighana Vati of Competitive Ayurveda Pharmaceuticals of India

Guduchi/Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) is declared a national herb of India due to its multiple medicinal properties. Samsamani Vati is also known as Guduchi ghanavati (a concentrated form of decoction of Guduchi stem) the secondary Kalpala (formulation) derived from the primary Kwatha Kalpana (decoction). Samsamani Vati is freely distributed by the Ministry of AYUSH in all states and union territories of India as prophylaxis for COVID-19. The molecular docking of Tinocordicide - a constituent of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) showed significant interruption of the viral RBD and host ACE2 interactions. T. cordifolia, T. crispa, T. sinensis, T. smilacina, T. bakis, and T. sagittata are different species of Guduchi, whereas Tinospora crispa and T.sinensis are hepatotoxic. General people are aware of the use of Samsamani vati/ Guduchi Ghana vati/Giloy and purchase from leading Ayurveda medicine manufacturers in India. Tinosporaside is an immune-modulatory active compound as well as a cholinergic inhibitor. It is an attempt for compare analysis of Samsamani Vati/Guduchi Ghana vati used in the population for the prevention of COVID-19 of government supply and lead Pharmaceutical Company of India. The Samsamani Vati/Guduchi Ghana vati of lead Ayurveda Pharmaceutical and Government Supply. (Dabur, Zandu, Patanjali, Himalaya, Baidyanath and IMPCL) were purchased from the local market and put forth for analysis. Tinosporide is significantly detected in Patanjali, Zandu and IMPCL-manufactured Samsamani Vati, whereas a trace amount of bioactive compound in Dabur and not detected in Baidyanath. The analysis showed that no uniformity of Samsamani Vati/Guduchi Ghana Vati of the competitive brand of India. It is recommended to maintain uniformity of bioactive molecules not only for desired efficacy but also for safety.

Insights into nanoparticles-induced neurotoxicity and cope up strategies.

Nanoparticle applications are becoming increasingly popular in fields such as photonics, catalysis, magnetics, biotechnology, manufacturing of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and medicines. There is still a huge pile of undermining information about the potential toxicity of these products to humans, which can be encountered by neuroprotective antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. Nanoparticles can be administered using a variety of methods, including oronasal, topical applications, and enteral and parenteral routes of administration. There are different properties of these nanomaterials that characterize different pathways. Crossing of the blood-brain barrier, a direct sensory nerve-to-brain pathway whose barriers are bypassed, these checks otherwise prevent the nanoparticles from entering the brain. This inflicts damage to sensory neurons and receptors by nanoparticles that lead to neurotoxicity of the central nervous system. A number of routes make nanoparticles able to penetrate through the skin. Exposure by various routes to these nanoparticles can result in oxidative stress, and immune suppression triggers inflammatory cascades and genome-level mutations after they are introduced into the body. To out-power, these complications, plant-based antioxidants, essential oils, and dietary supplements can be put into use. Direct nanoparticle transport pathways from sensory nerves to the brain via blood have been studied grossly. Recent findings regarding the direct pathways through which nanoparticles cross the blood-brain barriers, how nanoparticles elicit different responses on sensory receptors and nerves, how they cause central neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration through sensory nerve routes, and the possible mechanisms that outcast these effects are discussed.

Best practices in the African Medicines Regulatory Harmonization initiative: Perspectives of regulators and medicines manufacturers.

In the African Medicines Regulatory Harmonization initiative, national regulatory authorities (NRAs) within each of Africa's regional economic communities coordinate their activities, rely on the work of one another and other trusted regulatory authorities, and apply other principles of smart regulation. The first regional medicines regulatory harmonization (MRH) initiative in Africa was launched in 2012, with the goal of accelerating access to quality, safe, effective medical products, and now five MRH initiatives are active on the continent. Thus, a wealth of knowledge regarding best practices and approaches to dealing with common challenges has accumulated. The goal of this qualitative study was to gather and share information on these best practices. To do this, we conducted interviews with key participants from four regional MRH initiatives-the East African Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)-as well as representatives from the pharmaceutical industry. Here we explore major themes that emerged from the interviews: 1. Transparency and reliability are critical; 2. Reliance is essential for smart regulation; 3. Multiple successful strategies for NRA capacity building have been identified; 4. Communication between heads of agencies is essential; 5. Cooperation at the regional level is not possible without leadership at the NRA level; 6. Sustainable funding remains challenging; and 7. Industry has important insights. We hope that the information on best practices shared in this article can benefit regional MRH initiatives inside and outside of Africa, ultimately helping them accelerate access to quality, safe, effective medical products.

The Medicine Monopoly Contract in Manila: A Perspective on Medical Provision and the Circulation of Medicine in the Early Eighteenth Century

Abstract This article outlines the establishment of a monopoly contract for medicines in Manila. Although colonial medicine has gained prominence in current historiography, little is known about New Spain’s role in providing remedies to the Spanish population in the Philippines. This article maps the factors that motivated the Spanish Crown to modify a two-centuries-old medicine provision system led by New Spanish merchandisers and establish a monopoly contract (asiento) to administer and prepare all necessary medical treatments. Examining the causes, this study argues that this monopoly contract represents a unique royal strategy in the Philippines, in concordance with the Bourbon dynasty’s ambition to improve the medical care of Spaniards in the eighteenth century. Furthermore, this new agreement signified a period of improvement in the conditions of the Royal Hospital for Spaniards in Manila and a new era in the manufacture of medicines in the Philippines that would last throughout the first half of the eighteenth century.

Potential applications of medicinal plants in symptomatic treatment of asthma: A review

Over the year herbal medicine has achieved significant growth in the global medical field. Compared to other countries India is a major manufacturer of medicines. Herbal medicines play a vital role for the treatment of diseases due to safety and efficacy. In Universe there are many medicinal plants each having potency to treat disease some of them reported and some even not known due to lack of knowledge and less research it has not been identified. Asthma is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the airways with relapses due to regeneration of airway smooth muscle. Asthma is common and widespread throughout the world. In the United States, approximately 4% of the population suffers from this disease. In adults, both sexes are equally affected, and in children, the ratio of males to females is 2:1. The latest Global Burden of Disease (GBD, 1990-2019) estimates the total burden of asthma in India at 34.3 million, accounting for 13.09% of the global burden. In India, asthma deaths are estimated at 13.2 per 1,000 of the population. Asthma accounts for 27.9% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in the Indian population. The current review focuses on the herbs recently tested for the treatment of asthma. This paper will focus on various beneficial aspects of herbal medicines compare to allopathic medicines as anti-asthmatic activity which has been proved in animal model. This paper will also focus on medicinal plants which can be used in introducing new herbal formulation effective in treatment of asthma.

Good Manufacturing Practice–compliant change of raw material in the manufacturing process of a clinically used advanced therapy medicinal product–a comparability study

The development of medicinal products often continues throughout the different phases of a clinical study and may require challenging changes in raw and starting materials at later stages. Comparability between the product properties pre- and post-change thus needs to be ensured. Here, we describe and validate the regulatory compliant change of a raw material using the example of a nasal chondrocyte tissue-engineered cartilage (N-TEC) product, initially developed for treatment of confined knee cartilage lesions. Scaling up the size of N-TEC as required for the treatment of larger osteoarthritis defects required the substitution of autologous serum with a clinical-grade human platelet lysate (hPL) to achieve greater cell numbers necessary for the manufacturing of larger size grafts. A risk-based approach was performed to fulfill regulatory requirements and demonstrate comparability of the products manufactured with the standard process (autologous serum) already applied in clinical indications and the modified process (hPL). Critical attributes with regard to quality, purity, efficacy, safety and stability of the product as well as associated test methods and acceptance criteria were defined. Results showed that hPL added during the expansion phase of nasal chondrocytes enhances proliferation rate, population doublings and cell numbers at passage 2 without promoting the overgrowth of potentially contaminant perichondrial cells. N-TEC generated with the modified versus standard process contained similar content of DNA and cartilaginous matrix proteins with even greater expression levels of chondrogenic genes. The increased risk for tumorigenicity potentially associated with the use of hPL was assessed through karyotyping of chondrocytes at passage 4, revealing no chromosomal changes. Moreover, the shelf-life of N-TEC established for the standard process could be confirmed with the modified process. In conclusion, we demonstrated the introduction of hPL in the manufacturing process of a tissue engineered product, already used in a late-stage clinical trial. Based on this study, the national competent authorities in Switzerland and Germany accepted the modified process which is now applied for ongoing clinical tests of N-TEC. The described activities can thus be taken as a paradigm for successful and regulatory compliant demonstration of comparability in advanced therapy medicinal products manufacturing.

Double-pulse laser ablation in liquids: nanoparticle bimodality reduction by sub-nanosecond interpulse delay optimization

Applications of nanoparticles (NPs) in medicine, energy, catalysis, or additive manufacturing demand the development of NP production methods that are offering material and solvent versatility, high purity, morphology, and size control, together with industrial-scale production capabilities. Pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) is a technique that comes close to meeting these demands; however, NP size control remains a challenge. To reduce the characteristic bimodality in NPs synthesized by high-intensity PLAL, a double pulse configuration with inter-pulse delays between 300 ps and 1200 ps is proposed. In this temporal delay window, the plume and initial bubble are still flat so that shielding of the second laser pulse by the cavitation bubble is avoided; minimizing pulse shielding that could reduce NP productivity. At a pulse delay of 600 ps, a (9 ± 1) wt% reduction of the large NP fraction is demonstrated (at the expense of mass yield), showing the possibility of modifying the NP size distribution produced in PLAL by temporal pulse shaping.

Правовые основы ответственности производителей лекарственных средств

The author compares the concepts of ‘”circulation of medicines” and “pharmaceutical activity”. The main content of the text is an analysis of the responsibility of manufacturers for damage caused to the health of citizens by substandard, falsified medicines. The relevance lies in the fact that now, during the pandemic, special attention is being paid to new medicines. Due to the fact that they are a special type of product, they are subject to strict requirements for quality, safety and effectiveness, compliance with which also falls on manufacturers of medicines, which once again underlines the need for clearly defined responsibility of manufacturers of medicines. In conclusion, the author suggests possible changes in the legislation on the responsibility of the manufacturer of medicines.

Simultaneous fabrication of multiple tablets within seconds using tomographic volumetric 3D printing

3D printing is driving a shift in patient care away from a generalised model and towards personalised treatments. To complement fast-paced clinical environments, 3D printing technologies must provide sufficiently high throughputs for them to be feasibly implemented. Volumetric printing is an emerging 3D printing technology that affords such speeds, being capable of producing entire objects within seconds. In this study, for the first time, rotatory volumetric printing was used to simultaneously produce two torus- or cylinder-shaped paracetamol-loaded Printlets (3D printed tablets). Six resin formulations comprising paracetamol as the model drug, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) 575 or 700 as photoreactive monomers, water and PEG 300 as non-reactive diluents, and lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) as the photoinitiator were investigated. Two printlets were successfully printed in 12 to 32 s and exhibited sustained drug release profiles. These results support the use of rotary volumetric printing for efficient and effective manufacturing of various personalised medicines at the same time. With the speed and precision it affords, rotatory volumetric printing has the potential to become one of the most promising alternative manufacturing technologies in the pharmaceutical industry.

Thai stakeholders’ awareness and perceptions of the patient adverse event reporting system for herbal medicines: a qualitative study

BackgroundIn Thailand, the consumption of herbal medicines has been increasing. Adverse events (AEs) of herbal medicines have been identified through the spontaneous reporting system. However, the number of patients reporting AEs of herbal medicines remains limited.AimTo explore the awareness and perceptions about the patient reporting system and to explore attitudes towards safety of herbal medicines, experiences, and intention to report AEs of herbal medicines.MethodSemi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with stakeholders (patients, community pharmacists, village health volunteers, and consumers who had experienced submitting a complaint about health products to the Consumers Foundation). Additionally, a focus group discussion was held with stakeholders (academics, herbal medicine manufacturers, healthcare professionals, policy maker who was responsible for promoting the use of herbal medicines, pharmacovigilance staff, patient, and representative from patient organisations). The data were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsFifty participants were interviewed and the focus group discussion included 12 participants. Patients had positive attitudes towards the safety of herbal medicines. Lack of awareness of the patient reporting system was identified. Nevertheless, all stakeholders acknowledged the importance of the safety monitoring of herbal medicines and indicated a willingness to report AEs via the patient reporting system in the future. A simple reporting system, a variety of reporting channels, the provision of feedback, and providing rewards would motivate patients to report AEs.ConclusionAlthough there is a lack of awareness, this provides a great opportunity to improve patient AE reporting system for herbal medicines in Thailand.

Pharmacognosy, physicochemistry, phytochemistry, pharmacological and ethnomedicinal profiles of Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. seeds: a scoping review

Bamboo-plants popularly known for their industrial uses are now been in attention for their therapeutical as well as food/nutraceutical utilities. The plant is intricately associated with humans from time immemorial. Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.)Willd. is an important species among the bamboo community. Research works on this species of bamboo have yielded crucial data regarding its phyto-constituents and biochemical parameters. Seeds of B. Arundinacea are known to possess several therapeutical as well as nutritional properties and they are traditionally used by many tribal populations across the globe. The present review article is an attempt to critically analyse the comprehensive information from the research works carried out on pharmacognostical and physicochemical profiles, to evaluate the phytochemical , pharmacological and ethnomedicinal properties of the seeds of B. arundinacea. This attempt of review revealed the characteristic pharmacognostical as well as physicochemical features possessed by these seeds. profiles. The phytochemical analysis revealed vital information regarding the bio-constituents present in the seeds of B. arundinacea which implies their possible therapeutic potential. The bioactivities of some constituents present in the seeds can ensure the possibility of utilizating these seeds in the manufacturing of medicines, in future. Though the seeds are in use as food and medicine by several tribes since ancient times, very few researches were done on their bio-ingredients and their activities. Therefore, the studies in future should be oriented to further explain the biological activities of the bio-constituents present in the seeds of B. arundinacea.