Manufacture Of Charcoal Research Articles

숯가마에서 발생하는 대기오염물질의 배출특성에 관한 현장조사 연구

The commercial charcoal kiln was projected the largest source of biomass burning sector in Korea. Commercial charcoal kiln was operated to emit air pollutants into the air without any air pollution prevention equipment. The object of this field survey was to understand characteristics of air pollutants concentration and emission factors and to provide preliminary data for effective processor from oak charcoal manufacturing process. As result of field survey, TSP, <TEX>$PM_{10}$</TEX> and <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX> concentration from charcoal kiln were 400~37,000 <TEX>$mg/m^3$</TEX>. These values were over the 100 <TEX>$mg/m^3$</TEX> in TSP, this value was effluent quality standard of Clean Air Conservation Act. The average concentration of CO, <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX> and TVOC were 2~5%. 0~110 ppm and 820~10,000 ppm respectively. The emission factors were 42.4 g-PM/kg-oak in TSP, 40.3 g-PM/kg-oak in <TEX>$PM_{10}$</TEX>, 38.2 g-PM/kg-oak in <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX>, 182.5 g-CO/kg-oak, 1.0 g-NO/kg-oak, <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX> 0.2 g-<TEX>$SO_2/kg$</TEX>-oak and 104.4 g-TVOC/kg-oak. The part of commercial charcoal kiln had air pollution prevention equipment but it was difficult to work properly. Much wood tar excreted in exhaust emissions from oak charcoal manufacturing process. This wood tar was cause of many troubles sticking in the air pollutant prevention equipment. For handling particulate matters and gaseous air pollutants from oak charcoal manufacturing process in biomass burning, air pollutant prevention equipment design and management needs preprocessor for removal wood tar.

숯 제조시설의 악취물질 배출특성과 관리실태 조사 연구

Emission characteristics of gaseous odor compounds emitted from the charcoal manufacturing process were investigated, and evaluated the odor removal efficiency of odor control devices. It was found that the measured odor dilution ratio of emission gases ranged from 10,000 to 44,814, which exceed largely the emission standard in the stack. Methylmercaptan, trimethylamine, hydrogen sulfide, acetaldehyde were turned out as major odor compounds of the charcoal manufacturing process. It was revealed that the odor removal ratio of odor control devices were very low due to the its improper maintenance and wrong design.

Estimation of domestic and industrial emissions in Cte dIvoire (West Africa)

The domestic and industrial gaseous emissions are estimated in order to complete the high resolution inventory of biogenic and pyrogenic emissions performed over the Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast). In this study, domestic emissions are estimated from the regional population density including rural or urban character, the amount of fuel (wood and charcoal) used per cape per year and emission factors. The population density and the amount of fuel are two key parameters that make up the regional emissivity (0.0081 to 0.0685 kg/m2 per year), which discriminates the nineteen regions of Cote d’Ivoire into seven groups. Domestic emissions range from 0.016 to 0.1 g/m2 per year for NOx, 3.9 to 33 g/m2 per year for CO and 35.2 to 297 g/m2 per year for CO2. Regions with high domestic emissions are located in forest areas and are both producers and consumers of charcoal. Cote d’Ivoire emits 1.6 × 107 kg per year of NOx domestic, 3.8 × 109 kg of CO and nine times more CO2. All these results are consistent with the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR). Industrial emissions are not calculated but taken from the EDGAR database to produce a distribution map. These emissions come from the release of major industries (Abidjan, Bouake and San Pedro) and the manufacture of charcoal. The maximum of industrial emissions is around Abidjan with 107 kg per year for CO and 106 kg per year for NOx. Key words: Cote d’Ivoire, West Africa, domestic, industrial emissions.

Carcinogenic PAH in waterpipe charcoal products

Because narghile waterpipe (shisha, hooka) smoking normally involves the use of burning charcoal, smoke inhaled by the user contains constituents originating from the charcoal in addition to those from the tobacco. We have previously found that charcoal accounts for most of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and carbon monoxide in the smoke of the waterpipe, both of which are present in alarming quantities. Because charcoal manufacturing conditions favor formation of PAH, it is reasonable to assume that charcoal sold off the shelf may be contaminated by PAH residues. These residues may constitute a significant fraction of the PAH inhaled by the waterpipe user and those in her/his vicinity. We measured PAH residues on three kinds of raw waterpipe charcoal sampled from Beirut stores and cafés. We found that PAH residues in raw charcoal can account for more than half of the total PAH emitted in the mainstream and sidestream smoke, and about one sixth of the carcinogenic 5- and 6-ring PAH compounds. Total PAH content of the three charcoal types varied systematically by a factor of six from the charcoal with the least to the greatest PAH residue. These findings indicate the possibility of regulating charcoal carcinogen content.

Elucidation of high ring‐opening polymerizability of methylated 1,6‐anhydro glucose

Abstract1,6‐Anhydro glucose was extracted from a wood tar that is a by‐product of charcoal manufacture. After methylation of the 1,6‐anhydro glucose, the starting monomer, 1,6‐anhydro‐2,3,4‐tri‐O‐methyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranose (LGTME), was obtained. We found that LGTME had high ring‐opening polymerizability and polymerized under mild conditions. With BF3OEt2 catalyst under ordinary pressure and N2 atmosphere at 0 °C, LGTME gave high molecular weight of polymer with 1,6‐α stereoregularity in a high yield, even though benzylated 1,6‐anhydro glucose monomer (LGTBE) gave no polymers by the same polymerization conditions. The GPC profile showed two absorptions corresponding to = 272 × 103 and = 390 × 104 in the proportion of 4.5:1. Furthermore, under high vacuum condition at 0 °C, LGTME gave the corresponding polymer and the lower molecular weight increased to = 364 × 103. To reveal the high polymerizability of LGTME, two‐step polymerization was performed. After the first stage of polymerization under ordinary pressure for 6 h at 0 °C, the second LGTME monomer was added to the polymerization mixture and then the polymerization was continued. It was found that the lower molecular weight of the resulting polymer increased to = 394 × 103 and the yield was 78%. These results suggest that poly(LGTME) after the first‐stage polymerization has stable propagating end which has a restarting ability for the ring‐opening polymerization. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1013–1022, 2009

Anatomical Properties and Fiber Dimension Of Prickly Acacia (Acacia nilotica L.) from Baluran National Park

Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex. Delile growing in Baluran National Park has dramatically altered the ecological balance of grasslands and thereby threatens the existence of local biodiversity. Prickly acacia is able to spread rapidly and remains uncontrollable. Baluran National Park authorization has been struggling to control this prickly acacia trees. One possible action that can be taken to encounter this problem is allowing wood based industries, and local people take advantages of this nilotica timber utilization. This paper studies the anatomical properties and fiber dimensions of nilotica timber and discusses the possible utilization of nilotica timber. This timber is characterized by dark brown heartwood which is clearly distinct from reddish brown color of sapwood. The denser cell wall shows attractively streaked in tangential surfaces. The length of wood fiber decreases from pith toward periphery portion. Longitudinally, higher stem has shorter fiber. Nilotica wood has second class quality of fiber, which means its fiber is moderately thick with narrow lumen diameter. Due to small log diameter and branches, the nilotica timber is not recommended for construction material. The timber is suitable for carved and turnery products. Nilotica timber is suitable for charcoal manufacture and fuel wood due to its high calorific value.

Biopitch-based general purpose carbon fibers: Processing and properties

Eucalyptus tar pitches are generated on a large scale in Brazil as by-products of the charcoal manufacturing industry. They present a macromolecular structure constituted mainly of phenolic, guaiacyl, and siringyl units common to lignin. The low aromaticity (60–70%), high O/C atomic ratios (0.20–0.27%), and large molar mass distribution are peculiar features which make biopitches behave far differently from fossil pitches. In the present work, eucalyptus tar pitches are evaluated as precursors of general purpose carbon fibers (GPCF) through a four-step process: pitch pre-treatment and melt spinning, and fiber stabilization and carbonization. Homogeneous isotropic fibers with a diameter of 27 μm were obtained. The fibers had an apparent density of 1.84 g/cm 3, an electrical resistivity of 2 × 10 −4 Ω m, a tensile strength of 130 MPa, and a tensile modulus of 14 GPa. Although the tensile properties advise against using the produced fibers as structural reinforcement, other properties give rise to different potential applications, as for example in the manufacture of activated carbon fibers or felts for electrical insulation.

Structural evolution of Eucalyptus tar pitch-based carbons during carbonization

Abstract Wood tar pitches are generated as by-products by the charcoal manufacturing industry. They have a macromolecular structure constituted mainly by phenolic, guaiacylic, and siringylic units common to lignin. Due to their characteristics, biopitches are been investigated as precursors of carbon materials such as carbon fibers, bioelectrodes and activated carbons. In the present work the structural evolution of Eucalyptus tar pitches under carbonization is investigated, which is important for the improvement of planning and control of pitch processing and end-product properties during carbon material production. The studies involve X-ray diffraction and infrared analyses, besides helium density, BET surface area and BJH pore volume measurements. The results showed that the conversion of pitch into carbon basically involves three steps: (1) Up to around 600 °C the material has an highly disordered structure, being the release of aliphatic side chains and volatiles the main events taking place. (2) Between 600 °C and 800 °C, condensation of aromatic rings occurs to form bi-dimensional hexagonal networks so that micro- and mesoporosity are developed. The 800 °C-coke is constituted by two phases: one highly disordered and another more crystalline. (3) Over 800 °C, both phases are gradually ordered. As defects are gradually removed, surface area and porosity decrease, approaching zero for the 2100 °C-coke.

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This paper deals with a study on the properties, quality and uses of charcoal made from pine litter and bark. The study was intended to see the possibility of using pine litter and bark for compost, mixture of compost charcoal manufacturing, and growing media. The abundance of pine litter and bark left on the forest floor initiated this study. Only some of the pine bark was used for fuel. The results revealed that the charcoal made from pine litter and bark showed the following properties: moisture content at 5.23 - 7.81 percent ; ash content 1.88 - 13. 76 percent ; volatile matter 26.19- 32.60 percent; fixed carbon 53.63 - 71.93 percent, and colorivic value 7192 cal/gr. The macro-nutrient content of pine bark was categorized as moderate for N-total, P205, K20 and water-based pH, as high for C organic and C/N ratio, and as low for CaO and MgO. The quality of compost and compost charcoal made from pine litter and bark met the related standard, among others. Pat 1.12- 1.24 percent; K 1.47- 1,62 percent ; Mg 0.67- 1.05 percent; moisture content 55.81 - 56.21 percent; pH 6.8- 7.2 and C/N ratio 18.89- 20.10.

Eucalyptus tar pitch pretreatment for carbon material processing

AbstractEucalyptus tar pitches are generated on a large scale in Brazil as byproducts of the charcoal manufacturing industry. They have a macromolecular structure consisting mainly of phenolic, guaiacylic, and siringylic units substituted and interlinked by aliphatic side chains rich in oxygenated polar groups (such as alcohol, ether, carbonyl, and carboxyl), similar to lignin. Under treatment around 250°C, the pitches undergo polymerization. C—O links are broken up, and, while side chains are released, the heavier fragments rich in aromatic rings react to form larger molecules. The presence of AlCl3 and CH2O makes polymerization at lower temperatures (150°C and 100°C, respectively) possible. AlCl3 acts as a Lewis acid, complexing to oxygen atoms and weakening C—O bonds. In turn, CH2O acts as a polymerizing agent, as in the preparation of resol phenolic resins. These pretreatments have made it possible to adjust the softening point in order to yield spinnable pitches susceptible to post spinning thermal stabilization, besides yielding pitches with improved thermal stability. These possibilities are important because they make Eucalyptus tar pitches potential carbon fiber precursors. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1604–1611, 2004

Method and apparatus for manufacture of charcoal by carbonization : Kosugi, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 275, 476 (Cl. C10B53/02), 25 Sep 2002, Appl. 2001/82,340. (In Japanese)

Method and apparatus for manufacture of charcoal by carbonization : Kosugi, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 275, 476 (Cl. C10B53/02), 25 Sep 2002, Appl. 2001/82,340. (In Japanese)

Fuelwood Resources and Forest Regeneration on Fallow Land in Uganda

East African forests have been largely converted to agriculture. The remaining forests hold many endangered species but are threatened by the heavy local demand for fuelwood. Here we evaluate fallow land in western Uganda as an alternate fuel source to diverse forests. We quantify the regeneration process on fallows, calculate tree bio-mass increases, and measure grass and woody herb biomass over 44 months. The biomass values we measured were typical or slightly below the average from 11 studies elsewhere in the tropics. Variation in biomass between our neighboring study sites exceeded that between sites on different continents, indicating the sensitivity of vegetation regeneration to local land use. Tree regeneration was extremely slow (0.46 g/m2/year); however, the woody herbs and grasses on a 4 year old fallow of ∼0.5 ha can provide much of a family's domestic fuel. Fallow land is generally abundant in western Uganda and can partially alleviate pressure on forests for domestic fuels. Fallows cannot however provide the trees demanded by charcoal, brick, and gin manufacturers. In the future, conserving forests while meeting fuelwood demands will require improving local land tenure security, enhancing the productivity of cultivated and abandoned land, promoting more efficient stoves, stills and kilns, and curtailing illicit, inefficient charcoal manufacture.

Characterization and Thermal Polymerization of Eucalyptus Tar Pitches

Differently from fossil pitches, wood tar pitches have been very little studied so far as precursors of advanced carbonaceous materials (ACM). However, the development of applications for biopitches is important to increase the revenue of the charcoal manufacturing industry and to stimulate the use of biomass, thereby answering the appeals of environment preservation. This work consists of a pioneer study on Eucalyptus tar pitch, its chemical characterization, and pretreatment aiming toward the production of carbon fibers. The pretreatment is made to adjust the pitch properties, which are important for the subsequent steps in material processing and for the final product performance. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid state 13 C NMR, and elemental analysis show that biopitches are mainly constituted of interlinked phenolic rings, which are highly substituted and oxygenated. Pretreatment involved thermal polymerization. The changes in pitch polymerization degree, structure, and properties during pretreatments were assessed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetry (TG), 13 C NMR, and elemental analysis. Moreover, the softening points (SP) and acetone-insoluble contents (AI) were determined. The results showed that polymerization was more effective at higher temperatures (about 250 °C) and it was followed by increases in glass transition temperature (T g ), SP, AI, thermal stability, and coke yield. During polymerization, side chains were released giving rise to an increase in pitch aromaticity. The possibility of adjusting wood pitch properties lends them a good perspective as precursors of ACM.

Double-walled carbonizing furnace for manufacture of charcoal from wood and wood waste

Double-walled carbonizing furnace for manufacture of charcoal from wood and wood waste

Détermination des paramètres cinétiques de la pyrolyse lente de l'eucalyptus Marocain

Abstract In the present paper, the kinetic parameters of the slow pyrolysis of Moroccan eucalyptus wood, a species frequently used in the traditional manufacture of charcoal, are determined by thermogravimetry. The kinetic parameters of Eucalyptus are compared to those of xylan, cellulose and lignin. The Coats-Redfern integral method is used to evaluate the thermogravimetric data obtained. The kinetic plots of xylan, cellulose and lignin give a single line whereas eucalyptus gives a dual-segment. The results obtained show that the activation energy of the first step of the degradation of eucalyptus is lower than the activation energy of the second step. Taking into account, on the one hand, the decomposition intervals of xylan and cellulose, and on the other, the fact that lignin decomposes in the entire temperature interval studied, we interpret the pyrolysis of eucalyptus as being the decomposition of lignin accompanied by that of hemicellulose during the first stage, and by that of cellulose during the second stage.

A biomass energy flow chart for Kenya

Terrestrial (above ground) biomass production and its utilization in Kenya was analyzed for the 1980s. Total biomass energy production was estimated at 2574 × 10 6 GJ per year, most of which (86.7%) is produced on land classified as agricultural. Of the total production, agriculture and forestry operations resulted in the harvesting of 1138 × 10 6 GJ (44.2% of total production), half of which (602 × 10 6 GJ) was harvested for use as fuel. Only 80 × 100 6 GJ was harvested for food and 63 × 10 6 GJ for industrial (agricultural and forestry) plus other miscellaneous purposes. About 85% of Kenya's energy is from biomass, with a per capita consumption of 18.6 GJ (0.44 toe, tonne oil equivalent) compared to less than 0.1 toe of commercial energy. Use of the biomass resource was found to be extensive involving bulk harvesting but with low utilization efficiencies; as a result the overall losses were quite high. Only 534 × 10 6 GJ (46.9% of harvested biomass) was “useful energy”. 480 × 10 6 GJ was left unused, as residues and dung, all which was either burnt or left to decompose in the fields. 124 × 10 6 GJ was lost during charcoal manufacture. Intensified use of the harvested biomass at higher efficiencies in order to minimize wastes would decrease the stress on the biomass resource base.

Natural Bioremediation of Organic Contaminants in Ground Water Cliffs‐Dow Superfund Site

AbstractGround water in the immediate vicinity of an area previously used for the disposal of charcoal manufacturing wastes has been shown to contain low levels of phenolic and polycyclic compounds. Based on the analysis of samples obtained from monitoring wells, the levels of the organic contaminants are reduced to near or below the detection limit within a distance of 100 meters downgradient of the fill. Examination of the ground‐water chemistry indicated that the aquifer is essentially aerobic across the site, except in the immediate vicinity of the fill. At this point, dissolved oxygen is apparently depleted due to the biodegradation of organic contaminants introduced into the ground water, with a concomitant increase in the inorganic carbon concentration. Laboratory microcosm experiments demonstrated that the naturally occurring microorganisms can readily degrade a mixture of the predominant organic contaminants. Half‐lives for biodegradation were in the range of 3 to 8 days for phenolic substrates, and 11 to 18 days for naphthalene. Computer model simulations indicated that the attenuation observed in the aquifer cannot be explained in terms of physical processes such as adsorption or dispersion, but is consistent with biological degradation.

A REVIEW OF THE TROPICAL DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE COCONUT INDUSTRY

The Tropical Development and Research Institute (TDRI) was formed on l April 1983 by the amalgamation of the Tropical Products Institute (TPI) and the Centre for Overseas Pest Re­search (COPR). The Institute has a long history of providing assistance and advice to developing countries in post‑harvest aspects of food and other agricultural commodities, which include the many products dexived from the coconut. This review covers the Institute's work over the last ten years and illustrates the wide range of interests concerning coconuts. These cover research and development on dehusking and processing projects, economic studies for the establishment of new coconut‑based industries, and technological improvements for the manufacture of charcoal from coconut shell.

An Interim Report on Excavations at Etton, Maxey, Cambridgeshire, 1982–1984

This interim report is principally concerned with waterlogged lower ditch deposits of the Etton causewayed enclosure. The site is situated near the eastern edge of the Maxey complex of cropmarks, and owes its remarkable preservation to a high local water table and a blanket deposit of clayey alluvium which has protected the archaeological deposits from plough-damage. The description of the causewayed enclosure includes interim discussions of woodworking, the use of cattle as draught animals, and outlines of the environmental succession. Short statements on pottery and other finds are also included. Brief mention is also made of the earlier (Phase I) and later (Phase II) Neolithic sites at Etton Woodgate, immediately to the west of the causewayed enclosure. These sites, which were also partially waterlogged, were discovered during a watching brief of topsoil-removal work in the adjacent quarry. Etton Woodgate II produced very early evidence for textiles and for possible charcoal manufacture. The Discussion outlines recent research in the region and offers provisional explanations for the roles of lowland causewayed enclosures.

A short history of gunpowder and the role of charcoal in its manufacture

Deflagrations caused by interactions of charcoal with potassium nitrate were discovered in 9th-century China. This led quickly to the development of primitive fuzes and ballistics. Roger Bacon, a 13th-century Franciscan monk experimented in England with gunpowder. The 18th-century saw the manufacture of charcoal by the cylinder method and the development of Waltham Abbey as the centre for gunpowder production which peaked to about 20 000 barrels per year at the time of the Battle of Waterloo. Methods of gunpowder manufacture changed little over the centuries until recent times. Whereas sulphur and nitre are reproducible ingredients, a mystery enshrined optimum specifications for gunpowder charcoal. Within recent years the application of modern analytical techniques has removed some of this mystery and anatomical features and physical properties have been characterized.