Manual Washing Research Articles

Development and evaluation of a battery operated ginger (Zingiber officinale) washer for small and marginal farmers

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a commercial crop grown for its aromatic rhizomes which is used both as a spice and medicine. Being a root crop and owing to its physical structure, ginger rhizomes contain heavy soil load which makes washing as an important and prime post-harvest operation. Manual washing of ginger is a laborious and time consuming process. An experiment was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 2020 with an objective to develop a continuous rotary drum type battery operated ginger washer and to evaluate its performance.The machine consists of the frame, feeding and discharge chutes, rotary drum with internal flights, pressure pump and nozzle assembly, battery and a drive unit. The developed washer was evaluated at different feed rate and residence time to appraise the washing efficiency, microbial washing efficiency, bruise index and colour of washed ginger. Increase in feed rate significantly reduced the washing and microbial efficiencies but increased mechanical damage. Washing and microbial efficiencies increased with increase in residence time.Significant difference in the colour was found between washed and unwashed ginger.The best set of conditions under which the washer could be operated was 150 kg/h and 25 sec, at which the machine was found to have mechanical washing efficiency of 92.48%, microbial washing efficiency of 93.18% and 4.54% bruise index. Besides eliminating drudgery of washing operation, the developed washer was found to save time, water and operating cost as compared to manual washing.

Characteristics of Hazardous Substances Extracted from Laundry Water for Fire Protection Suit Exposed to Fire

(1) Background: It is well known that various toxic substances, including carcinogens, are generated at the fire scenes, so it is very important for firefighters to wear comprehensive personal protective equipment. The extent of the type and amount of harmful substances contained in the washing water of fire protection suits (FPS) exposed to fire scenes have not yet been confirmed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of harmful substances contained in wash water extracted from FPSs exposed to fire. (2) Methods: The study design was a simulation-based experimental study. To evaluate the degree of contamination exposure of FPSs, 10 sets of fire suits were classified into four groups as follows: newly supplied, field use, one fire exposure, and two consecutive fire exposures. In the experimental environment, after exposing three to four groups of FPSs to residential fire conditions. they were sealed in a plastic bag in the experimental space. The washing water for FPSs was extracted through manual washing in the order of Groups 1 to 4, and 24 items were analyzed according to the water pollution process test standards. (3) Results: According to the results of the FPS laundry analysis, the concentration of acrylonitrile in laundry was higher when exposed to fire twice than when exposed to fire once. Moreover, there was a dose–response relationship, and the risk of cumulative toxicity was shown. Naphthalene and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were detected to be high in the washing water of Group 3 FPSs exposed to incomplete combustion fire. Of the 24 items that were analyzed for in the water, four item exceeded the standard for sewage discharge facilities in accordance with the Water Environment Conservation Act. Copper and its compounds exceeded the standards by 3.4 times, antimony 4.8 times, acrylonitrile 26.0 times, and DEHP 4.1 times, respectively. (4) Conclusions: Therefore, when removing FPSs after firefighting activities, care should be taken to avoid contaminating the skin. In addition, facilities that wash FPS that have been exposed to a fire scene must have a sewage treatment and purification facility. However, if emergency decontamination of FPSs is conducted at the fire scene, the concentration of toxic substances contained in laundry can be reduced. In the case of large-scale fire, there is a risk of water pollution near the fire scene, so it is necessary to prepare a national countermeasure. The results of this study can be applied to the revision of regulations related to the building of the fire departments, reduction of water pollution, and water environment policy.

Effects of manual washing with three alkaline sterilizing agent solutions on egg quality during storage

This study aimed to investigate the abundance of microorganisms and quality of eggs washed with different washings (tap water, 0.03% calcium hypochlorite solution, 0.25% hydrogen peroxide solution, or 1% sodium percarbonate solution) and unwashed for 28-day storage. The results showed that the washing significantly decreased the abundance of microorganisms in all cases. Washing with one of the three alkaline sterilizing agent solutions significantly inhibited the deterioration of egg quality (evidenced by lower weight loss, air cell depth, albumen pH, yolk pH, and total volatile base nitrogen, but higher Haugh unit and yolk index) during storage, while washing with tap water showed opposite effects. The texture profile analysis and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy observation showed that all washings had slight negative effects on eggshell quality (eggshell breaking strength and microstructure), and washing with the alkaline sterilizing agent solution had no additional effects. The results might be attractive to egg preservation industry.

DESIGN AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF AN INDUSTRIAL-BASED VEGETABLE LEAF WASHING MACHINE

The application of mechanization and process technology in washing vegetables and fruits has become a necessity in order to eliminate drudgery, reduce precious time lost to manual washing and to guarantee safety of consumers and quality of intakes especially in this Covid19 pandemic era. Hence, this work presents the design of an industrial based vegetable leaf washing machine. Some components of the machine include; Water bath, perforated screen, water pump, vegetable paddlers, rollers, shaft, bearings, air blower, electric motor, water sprinkler system, water tank, piping, and the material handling (conveyor system). Relevant design equations were used in the design analysis of the machine and finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out to ascertain the structural integrity, functionality and manufacturability of the system. With total load distribution of 9.50 kN resulting from the volume/capacity of the water bath and weight of accessories and vegetables, the behavior of the base material under various loading condition was reported. Solidworks von mises analysis carried out showed that a maximum stress distribution of 5.15×108 N/m2 was obtained which is below the yield strength of 6.20×108 N/m2 for the material selected. The maximum elongation obtained under loading condition is 14.29 mm which is very minimal for any failure to occur or reduce life cycle of the base material. Factor of safety was observed to be 1.2 hence guaranting a safe operation and thus optimizing production cost with a value of 1.20. Other simulation results carried out showed that the design is considered safe and fit for fabrication. The machine when fabricated can be used as a stand-alone machine and can also be integrated with a vegetable leaf powder processing plant for industrial purposes.

Mechanical Design of a cleaning machine for vicuña fiber of 5kg/h

The vicuña is considered a national heritage of Peru and has the finest animal fiber in the world (12 μm of diameter). According to FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), Peru is the first producer of vicuña fiber in the world (68.1 %) followed by Bolivia, Argentina, Chile and Ecuador (Mincetur,2010). The washing process consists of immersing the fiber into an aqueous medium formed by hot water (40-60°C) and detergents that, through gentle mechanical movements, eliminates the fiber impurities (grease, suintin, dust, dirt, etc.). In Peru thousands of peasant communities in charge of the exploitation of this product, commercialize the untreated fiber, without removing impurities In this work, a small washing equipment has been designed, according to the production capacity of Peruvian peasants who take care of vicuñas. This washing equipment allows the cleaning of the fiber through the feeding, dragging, dipping and squeezing processes, fulfilling the washing standards IWTO-19-981. The use of this equipment will allow obtaining a cleaner fiber without any type of felting, a saving 20 % of water and a yield of 90% compared to traditional manual washing.

Dust deposition effect on photovoltaic modules performance and optimization of cleaning period: A combined experimental–numerical study

The main purposes of this study are: i) evaluating magnitude of error in predicting soiling power loss of photovoltaic (PV) modules based on the measurement of short-circuit current; ii) presenting simple experimental models for estimating dust effect on the PV power generation; and finally iii) finding an optimal cleaning schedule for a utility-scale solar power station located in a semi-arid environment. The results showed that, on average, soiling short-circuit current loss underestimates actual soiling power loss by approximately 9%, and with increasing dust density this value also increases. The soiling rate in the first week of dust deposition was evaluated to be 0.27%/day, meanwhile, for the last week it was 0.13%/day. This observation confirmed that the exponential model is more accurate than linear and power relations for estimating dust effect on PV systems in the case study. The optimal cleaning period of a solar farm was obtained 17.50 and 6.39 days, for the manual and machine-assisted washing methods, respectively. The sensitivity analysis regarding the effect of environmental variables on the optimal cleaning period was addressed at last. The results indicated that such analysis is necessary in order to find a reliable estimate for optimal cleaning period in PV power plants.

POST HARVEST EQUIPMENTS IN TUBER CROPS- REVIEW

Mechanization is important in tuber crop post harvest unit operations to process the freshly harvested cassava and other tuber crops before getting spoilt. Cassava tubers are rich in its starch content and can also be used in the edible form. Post harvest equipments in tuber crops includes washers, both mechanical washers and manual washing, then peeling using a manually operated peeling knife and a mechanical peeler for major tuber crop, Cassava, abrasive peeler, then size reduction equipments, slices, chips and graters using cassava chipping machine, manually operated including hand, pedal operated and mechanically operated cassava chipping machine, strip cutter including cuber and sorter, grater pulverizor, dryer of manual method including sun drying, hand dryer, mechanical driers of solar drier, electrical drier, equipments in starch extraction including rasper, starch settling units of hydrocyclones and centrifuges for the starch industry. In this paper all the post harvest equipments developed both in India and abroad had been given to know all the equipments and machineries developed so far in the post harvest technology of tuber crops. This paper also clearly explains the necessity for all these equipments in tuber crop post harvest technology to minimize the post harvest technology losses, that is usually 10%.

Electrodialysis Can Lower the Environmental Impact of Hemodialysis.

The hemodialysis technique, used worldwide for patients with chronic kidney disease, is considered as a treatment with a high economic and ecological impact, especially for water consumption. Getting ultrapure water for the preparation of the dialysate to clean patient’s blood from toxins leads to high volumes of salt-enriched water that directly goes to sewage. The aim of this work is to propose operating conditions for electrodialysis to allow the reuse of reverse osmosis (RO) rejects. We first performed a parametric study to evaluate the influence of different parameters, such as flow rates, initial concentration, and applied voltage on the demineralization rate (DR) and specific energy consumption (SPC) with a NaCl model solution. The optimal conditions for desalination (i.e., a potential of 12 V, and flow rate of 20 L·h−1) were then successfully applied to real samples collected from a dialysis center with total dissolved salts concentration of about 1.4 g/L (conductivity of 2.0 mS·cm−1). We demonstrated that the choice of adequate conductivity targets allowed meeting the physico-chemical requirements to obtain water re-usable for either rehabilitation swimming pool, manual or machine washing of instruments before sterilization or irrigation. Saving this water could contribute in the reduction of the environmental impact of hemodialysis.

A rapid magnetic bead-based immunoassay for sensitive determination of diclofenac

Increasing contamination of environmental waters with pharmaceuticals represents an emerging threat for the drinking water quality and safety. In this regard, fast and reliable analytical methods are required to allow quick countermeasures in case of contamination. Here, we report the development of a magnetic bead-based immunoassay (MBBA) for the fast and cost-effective determination of the analgesic diclofenac (DCF) in water samples, based on diclofenac-coupled magnetic beads and a robust monoclonal anti-DCF antibody. A novel synthetic strategy for preparation of the beads resulted in an assay that enabled for the determination of diclofenac with a significantly lower limit of detection (400 ng/L) than the respective enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). With shorter incubation times and only one manual washing step required, the assay demands for remarkably shorter time to result (< 45 min) and less equipment than ELISA. Evaluation of assay precision and accuracy with a series of spiked water samples yielded results with low to moderate intra- and inter-assay variations and in good agreement with LC–MS/MS reference analysis. The assay principle can be transferred to other, e.g., microfluidic, formats, as well as applied to other analytes and may replace ELISA as the standard immunochemical method.Graphical abstract

PLANNING AND COST ANALYSIS OF WASHING PORANG SUBBER ON COMBINATION MACHINE FOR WASHING AND CUTTING PORANG TUBER

The cleaning process plays an important role in producing hygienic porang tubers, so that later chips and porang flour have good quality. Currently, the home industry for processing porang tubers still uses a simple method, namely using a manual washing machine so that it requires a lot of energy and a long time. One alternative to increase efficiency and productivity is to make a porang tuber washing machine. In planning this machine, it begins with field studies and literature. Planning in designing this machine includes planning for motor power, shaft, bearing, pulley-belt, sprocket-chain and budget design, after calculating and getting results it is necessary to conduct experiments to get conclusions from this machine. In planning the calculation of the machine, it requires a motor power of 2.2 HP with a motor rotation of 1400 rpm and a shaft rotation of 35 rpm, a force of 25.6 N, a torque of 1.920 N.mm, the selling price of the tool is Rp. 15,970,000 and the payback period is achieved in 228.4 days or 28.5 weeks or 7.1 months

Environmental payback periods of reusable alternatives to single-use plastic kitchenware products

Many consumers are transitioning away from single-use plastic products and turning to reusable alternatives. Oftentimes, this change is being made with the assumption that these alternatives have fewer environmental impacts; however, reusable products are frequently made from more environmentally intensive materials and have use phase impacts. This study used LCA to examine the GWP, water consumption, and primary nonrenewable energy use associated with reusable alternatives for single-use plastic kitchenware products and determined environmental payback periods. The environmental impacts for each reusable alternative are calculated on the functional units of 1 use, 1 year (5 uses/week), and 5 years (5 uses/week). Payback periods are calculated for each reusable alternative and defined as the number of times a consumer must reuse an alternative in order for the environmental impact per use to be equivalent to the environmental impact for the single-use product. The research explored the sensitivity of the results to different consumer washing and reuse behaviors, as well as local conditions such as overall transportation distances and the carbon intensity of different electricity grids. Product types studied included straws (4 reusable, 2 single-use), sandwich storage (2 reusable, 3 single-use), coffee cups (3 reusable, 2 single-use), and forks (1 single-use, 3 reusable). Environmental impacts associated with the reusable alternatives were highly dependent on the use phase due to dishwashing, making payback period sensitive to washing frequency and method, and for GWP, carbon intensity of the energy grid (used for water heating). For single-use products, the material/manufacturing phase was the largest contributor to overall impacts. It was found that nine of the twelve reusable alternatives were able to breakeven in all three environmental indicators. The coffee cup product type was the only product type to have one reusable alternative, the ceramic mug, and have the shortest payback period for all three impact categories. Both the bamboo straw and beeswax wrap were unable to breakeven in any scenario due to high use phase impacts from manual washing. The research found that reusable alternatives can payback the environmental impacts of GWP, water consumption, and energy use associated with their more resource intensive materials, but it is dependent on number of uses, consumer behavior, and for GWP, carbon intensity of the energy grid. A key takeaway is that consumer behavior and use patterns influence the ultimate environmental impact of reusable kitchenware products. Some recommendations for consumers looking to reduce the overall impact of kitchenware products include the following:

Research on the model and algorithm of the flexible operation sequence of the first-level maintenance in the EMU depot

Most of the first-level maintenance of Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) adopts the form of fixed sequence operation, known as “washing-maintenance”. Because of the limitation of the line capacity and the inconsistent arrival time of EMUs, a fixed sequence operation may give rise to such problems as longer waiting time, idle lines and waste of maintenance capacity. To solve these problems, a non-linear integer model with a flexible operational sequence of the first-level maintenance of the EMU depot is proposed in this paper. The proposed model aims at minimizing the latest completion time, taking into account the constraints such as the operation sequence of the same EMU, the limitation of simultaneous operation on the same line and the time requirement for EMU to enter and leave the yard. In the proposed model, genetic algorithm is employed. To a further level, in this paper, an application of the proposed model used in Taiyuan EMU depot is presented. With a comparison of two modes, namely, the fixed sequence mode and the fixed sequence plus manual washing mode, the case of the application by Taiyuan EMU depot provides the verification for the feasibility and validity of the model proposed. The result of the application suggests that the flexible operation sequence mode bring about improvement with regard to reducing waiting time, optimizing line utilization, shortening the latest completion time, and enhancing both working efficiency and ability of the first-level maintenance.

Mechanized laundering of mops for floor cleaning can reduce infection transmission through hospital floor

PurposeHospital floors are underappreciated reservoir for microbes; therefore, floor cleaning should warrant reduction of microbial load for decreasing risk of infection transmission and has to be aesthetically acceptable. It was aimed to study the impact of mechanized laundering of floor mops in reducing microbial load compared to manual washing. MethodsAn interventional study was conducted from January to July 2019 in various inpatient areas of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Culture of floor mops were taken after manual washing (pre-intervention) and mechanized laundering(intervention). During intervention, mops were equally divided into two piles, with one pile soaked in sodium hypochlorite for 15–20 min before mechanized laundering and other were put directly for mechanized laundering. Bacterial load in floor mops was observed in each group. ResultsSignificant difference (P Value 0.001) in bacterial load was observed in manually washed (502 cfu/plate) and mechanized laundering (278 cfu/plate) of floor mops. Presoaking of floor mops with sodium hypochlorite (262 cfu/plate) did not show any significant difference (P-value 0.59) in reduction of bacterial load compared to mops which were cleaned using mechanized laundering (294 cfu/plate). The bacterial load of floor mops which were manually washed showed increase in mean value of microbial load from 609 cfu/plate from day one to 4015 cfu/plate on day five. ConclusionMechanized laundering of floor mops standardizes the mop cleaning process and brings down the microbial load significantly compared to manual washing. Disinfection of floor mops before mechanized laundering using sodium hypochlorite did not have significant impact on reduction of microbial load.

ATP Bioluminescence for Assessing the Efficacy of the Manual Cleaning Procedure during the Reprocessing of Reusable Surgical Instruments.

Achieving sterilization by adopting proper practices is essential to ensure that surgical instruments do not transmit microorganisms to patients. As the effectiveness of sterilization mandates effective cleaning, it is necessary to verify the success of cleaning procedures. In this study, we used the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence method for assessing the efficacy of the manual cleaning procedure during the reprocessing of reusable surgical instruments. The ATP bioluminescence assay was performed on 140 surgical instruments of 12 different types, both before being cleaned (baseline) and after each of the cleaning procedures (i.e., decontamination, manual washing, drying, and visual inspection). For each instrument, two swabs were used as follows: one to sample the entire surface (test point 1) and the other to sample the most difficult part of the surface to clean (test point 2). Overall, for each type of instrument, there was a decrease in contamination ranging from 99.6 to >99.9% (log reduction from 2.40 to 3.76). Thus, in order to standardize the assessment of cleanliness, it may be useful to introduce the bioluminescence method into the daily routine or, at least, at regular time intervals as a complementary check combined with visual inspection. This would allow real-time verification of the achievement of an adequate level of cleanliness.

Effect of enhanced hygiene on transmission of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae in dairy herds with automatic milking systems

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of hygiene measures in automatic milking units on the transmission of 3 mastitis pathogens considered to be mainly or partly transmitted from cow to cow during milking events. Two studies were conducted as within-herd experimental trials in 2 Danish commercial dairy herds (A and B) with automatic milking systems. Interventions to enhance hygiene were implemented on the automatic milking units. The 2 studies evaluated separate interventions. In herd A, the hygiene interventions were manual wash with the Lely foam unit and adjustments on the brush-mediated teat cleaning procedure. In herd B, the hygiene intervention included automatic disinfection spray on the upper surface of the brush motor and daily change of brushes. Composite milk samples were collected longitudinally at 3- or 4-wk intervals from all lactating cows. Additional milk samples were taken from cows entering or leaving the study groups. Milk samples were analyzed with quantitative PCR. A hidden Markov model implemented within a Bayesian framework was used to estimate the transmission probability. For analysis, 701 samples from 156 cows were used for herd A, and 1,349 samples from 390 cows were used for herd B. In the intervention group in herd B, transmission of Streptococcus agalactiae was reduced to 19% (95% posterior credibility interval: 0.00-64%) of the transmission in the control group, whereas transmission of Streptococcus dysgalactiae was reduced to 17% (95% posterior credibility interval: 0.00-85%) of transmission in the control group. This suggests that automatic spray on the upper surface of the brush motor with disinfectant along with daily change of brushes collectively reduced transmission of Strep. agalactiae and Strep. dysgalactiae. Results on Staphylococcus aureus in herd B and results on manual foam cleaning and brush-mediated teat cleaning adjustments in herd A were inconclusive.

Preparation of Amazonian Palm Tree Fiber (Manicaria saccifera Gaertn.) for Composite Materials

In the last fifteen years, a new approach has emerged in the design field: the process of development of new materials and the involvement of designers as original creators, making use of underutilized local materials. This paper aims to describe the preparation of an Amazonian palm tree fiber (Manicaria saccifera Gaertn.) for the use at composites materials. The raw materials were extracted from the Marajó archipelago - Brazil by local communities that traditionally work with the material. The process involves the measure of weight, length, and thickness at six different points of the raw specimen; manual washing and cleaning; drying with stopping criterion; and visual analyses of the specimen with trimming and cutting, for the potential use at composites. The results for 80 specimens show that the method adopted allowed easy and quick preparation of the specimens and can be used for other local materials, respecting its characteristics.

Isolation of target DNA using synergistic magnetic bead transport and electrokinetic flow.

The advent and dissemination of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies such as Illumina's sequencing platforms has brought forth vast reductions in the cost, time, and technical difficulties associated with DNA and RNA sequencing. Despite this trend, the workflow required to generate nucleic acid libraries for sequencing remains time-consuming and laborious. The following research proposes a method for simplifying and streamlining this process by replacing the manual washing steps of the common magnetic bead-based cleanup with a novel microfluidic method by integrating magnetic separation and electrokinetic purification (MSEP). Requiring no pumps, pipette mixing, vortexing, or centrifugation, MSEP relies on selective adsorption of target DNA onto the magnetic beads with subsequent transport of beads through a microchannel undergoing an antiparallel electroosmotic flow. The synergetic flow conditions were optimized using a simple electrohydrodynamic flow model. This work demonstrates that MSEP is as effective in eliminating adapter-dimers from the post-ligation library mix as the manual method while also greatly reducing the hands-on time and amount of pipetting required. Although MSEP has been applied specifically toward NGS library preparation at this time, it has the potential to be adapted and employed for any bead-based separation scheme, namely, solid phase extraction, sequence-specific hybridization, and immunoprecipitation on a microscale.

Study for The Manufacturing of Manually Operated Washing Machine

A manually operate machine is the exchange of energy from a human source to a required mechanism. A pedal operated mechanism is most ordinarily utilized for transportation and has been used to drive bicycles for over a hundred years. A pedal mechanism is used for the manufacturing of manual washing machine where pedal power is utilized for run mechanism for washing of cloths. A machine is designed with different mechanical components specifically for the rural area where electricity is not available. A machine transmitted power through pedal mechanism where mechanical energy is converted into a work. An individual can produce multiple times more power (1/4 HP) by pedaling and continuous pedaling can be served for short periods i.e., around 10 minutes to wash cloths in machine. As an outcome, a pedal operated washing machine with a chain mechanism can transfer motion to rotate a drum where cloths can be wash in specific time period and also reduces human effort.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PROBLEMS FACED BY VEGETABLE GROWERS REGARDING POST-HARVEST PRACTICES IN DISTRICT FAISALABAD

Vegetables have important role in daily food which have essential nutritionals because they have a significant source of vitamins, sugar and dietary fibre as well as antioxidants. The study was conducted in district Faisalabad. Tehsil Sammundri and Jaranwala were selected purposively, because there are maximum vegetables growers. The population of Jaranwala and Sammundri were 178 and 241 vegetable growers respectively making a total population of 419 according to the list of agricultural extension department. Sample size was 202 by using online software (survey system.com) keeping confidence interval 5% and confidence level 95%. Proportionate sampling was used to select the respondents in these two tehsils. By using proportionate sampling respondents of tehsils named Jaranwala and Sammundri were 86 and 116 respectively. Results show that majority of respondents were falling between 41-60 years age interval, cultivating the vegetables. About one third 31.7% of the respondents were matriculation those farmers having knowledge about education importance and values. Manual washing is method of washing the vegetables by using of clean water this method was ranked 4th, it secured mean value of 3.82. In studied areas mostly farmers were using simple packing including polythene, plastic bags it ranked 6th. About vast majority of 90.1% respondents have been used the simple packing for vegetables it secured mean value of 3.26. In transportation process of vegetables over whelming majority 99% of respondents were using less expensive and easily approach able vehicle that was loader Rikshaw, which ranked 1st as compared to other vehicle which secured a mean value of 4.25. About vast majority 84.2% respondents were facing the problem of middle man involvement in markets. Middle man has most important role between customer and farmers that was observed, it ranked 17th and it secure mean value of 3.25. There was maximum issue of technology was noticed that they had no awareness regarding the machinery. They had faced the issue of markets and middle man commission. Government should pay attention toward infrastructure, markets governance and reduce the commission of middle man by involving the responsible authorities. Government institutes should deliver the proper guideline related to vegetables post-harvest problems to improve the quality and quantity of products.

Ergonomic Development of Manual Hand Washing Machine to Ameliorate the Deadly Effect of COVID 19 Pandemic

Ergonomic Development of Manual Hand Washing Machine to Ameliorate the Deadly Effect of COVID 19 Pandemic