Manual Peeling Research Articles

Perancangan Mesin Pengupas Singkong dengan Metodologi NIDA-QFD untuk Industri Keripik Singkong ABC Banyuwangi

Banyuwangi produces potential cassava chips. However, due to slow manual stripping, production capacity is low, market demand is high, and product quality decreases. This study develops an optimized peeling machine using NIDA-QFD to meet user needs and increase innovation. Experimental design model and 5 alternative actions of cassava peeling machine. ABC Banyuwangi Industry with 10 respondents, including owners and employees, was given intervention in the action decision. NIDA-QFD developed a cassava peeling machine design that is efficient and minimizes risk. Alternative 3 was chosen, with user body dimensions (height 110-180 cm), using sturdy materials (steel angle profile, stainless steel plate), and having 5 peeling rolls (diameter 80 mm, length 910 mm) for an effective and efficient stripping process. The 220 volt 1/2 PK AC drive system ensures the roll rotates with optimal speed and torque. The cassava skin remover is made of stainless steel which is rust-resistant and easy to clean, so it is feasible to overcome the problem of manual peeling of cassava and opportunities for progress in the cassava chips industry.

Impact of Mechanical and Manual Peeling on the Volatile Profile of White Pepper (Piper nigrum L.).

Mechanical peeling is more efficient and environmentally friendly compared to manual peeling. However, comparative studies on the quality of mechanically peeled pepper and manually peeled pepper are limited. This study utilized GC-MS to investigate the effects of immersion, steaming, and peeling machinery speed on the volatile composition of white pepper. A total of thirteen monoterpenes and seven sesquiterpenes were detected, with 3-carene, D-limonene, and sabinene being the most abundant monoterpenoids and β-caryophyllene, δ-elemene, and α-copaene being the most abundant sesquiterpenes. The total volatiles increased with longer steaming times and higher peeling machinery speeds. Compared to manual peeling or steaming followed by mechanical peeling, the volatile content of pepper was higher when using mechanical peeling alone. Additionally, relative odor activity values showed that 3-carene and D-limonene were the main contributors to flavor, with 3-carene, β-caryophyllene, and α-copaene being key volatiles responsible for flavor distinctions. This research aims to provide theoretical support for developing a superior and environmentally friendly mechanical method to replace manual labor.

Clinical outcome analysis of two approaches to trypan blue dyeing for DMEK

To evaluate the clinical implications of the different trypan blue dyeing techniques used during liquid bubble (LBT) and manual peel (MPT) DMEK lenticule preparation techniques. This study retrospectively compared the degree to which endothelial cells are preserved using selective Descemet Membrane (DM) staining (LBT) versus bath-staining (MPT) when performed by a single surgeon, sourced from a single eye bank. Endothelial cell density measured after the 3-month follow-up was 1805 and 1916 cells/mm2 respectively, differing significantly (p = 0.012). A double-scroll graft formation was found and maintained until implantation in 94% of preparations with bath staining and 50% of preparations using selective DM staining. Preoperative visual acuity was comparable between preparation techniques at 0.4 logMAR as well as postoperatively, at an average of 0.1 logMAR. Reducing chemical stress on the endothelium by avoiding any contact with trypan blue allows for a significantly higher degree of cell preservation. However, achieving the often-desired double-scroll graft formation was possible less frequently. It remains unclear which factors define the differences graft scrolling behavior observed between LBT and MPT.

Laboratory exploration of the use of ripasudil in descemetorhexis with a human ex vivo model

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of ripasudil on corneal endothelial cell survival and migration after two types of descemetorhexis on a human ex vivo model. Eleven human corneoscleral buttons were incubated in either 50 ml organ culture medium containing 10 μM ripasudil or 50 μl dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the vehicle in ripasudil for 2 days prior to wound creation then for 14 days after. The wound was created with either full trephination scoring or by shallow trephination plus manual peeling. At day 14, immunohistochemistry with vimentin and Na+/K+/ATPase markers was conducted. Tissues were assessed at day 3, 7 and 14 for morphology, cell migration, cell viability and cell density. Full trephination scoring created more damage on tissues compared to shallow trephination with full Descemet membrane peeling. In the full trephination scoring group, no differences in cell viability were noted when ripasudil and DMSO were compared. With the peeling method, Ripasudil could protect the endothelial cell death and maintain the morphology compared to the control. At day 14, no differences in the peripheral cell viability and density were found between ripasudil and DMSO, although the ripasudil group presented significantly increased central cell count and cell viability. Increased cell migration was noted with ripasudil and the initial cell morphology of those migrated cells was similar to that of fibroblasts. In conclusion, ex vivo modelling suggested that peeling resulted in less cell damage than scoring and ripasudil maintained better morphology and promoted migration. These effects might be via transformation of endothelial cells into a more motile spindle-like phenotype.

Design of a Peanut Skin Peeling Machine Design Based on Professional Autodesk Inventor Software

In the nut processing industry, such as peanuts, the skin peeling process is an important stage to obtain a quality final product. Manual peeling can be a tiring and time-consuming job, so automating the peeling process using a machine is an efficient solution. The aim of designing a peanut shelling machine is to make it easier for peanut farmers to make the production process more efficient. The design stage of the peanut skin peeling machine design includes analysis of data requirements and obtaining a design that suits the farmer's capacity, design design using Autodesk Inventor Professional Software and design analysis of the peanut skin peeling machine design. The results of the analysis of the peanut shelling machine frame experienced a displacement of 0.00352 – 0.01758 and a safety factor of 15 sf, with stress of -0.886 Mpa to 0.437 Mpa which was experienced at a point below the yield stress of 1.088 Mpa so that the chassis construction was declared safe. to the static load received.

Modification and performance evaluation of yam peeling machine

Yam is a versatile crop and plays a vital role in tropical regions, where it can be transformed into various food products. Peeling is an essential step in the processing of yam, as it increases its value. While manual peeling with knives is common in households, larger-scale production requires the use of yam peeling machines. The objective of this study was to analyze and enhance the performance of an existing yam peeling machine. The key components of the machine include the machine frame, a wire mesh-like drum, a speed reduction gear motor, a pumping machine, sprockets, pipes, and a water container. The yam peeler is powered by a three-phase 2 hp electric motor. The machine was tested on three different types of yams with varying moisture contents and at different speeds. Various performance parameters such as peeling efficiency, peeling capacity, flesh loss, and time efficiency were evaluated. Statistical analysis and SPSS models were utilized to examine the relationship between different factors and the performance metrics of the machine. The study revealed that as the peeling speed increased, the efficiency decreased. The peeling efficiency ranged from 63.27% to 92.74%, peeling capacity ranged from 2.28 kg/h to 11.34 kg/h, and flesh loss varied from 7.26% to 36.73%. The moisture content of the yams, peeling speeds, and tuber morphology were found to have significant effects on peeling efficiency, flesh loss, peeling capacity, and time efficiency. The yam peeler production cost is estimated to be $150. The machine demonstrated suitability for small-scale food industries due to its low cost and minimal maintenance requirements.

Ergonomic Assessment of Cashew nut Kernel Peeling Activity in Women Workers Using REBA

Women are the major work force in cashew nut processing industries in south Maharashtra. Various processes carried out to obtain final edible cashew nut in these industries are, sun drying, roasting, kernel peeling etc. Peeling of outer hard shell called kernel peeling (Shelling) is very time consuming and cumbersome operation and requires labor work force. The women carrying out this activity are at high ergonomic risk which develops musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). This research paper presents an ergonomic assessment of cashew nut kernel peeling activity among 25 women workers using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method. Twenty five women workers were randomly selected for the study from Malvan in District Sindhudurg, Maharashtra. Prolonged and repetitive manual peeling activities can lead to musculoskeletal disorders. The REBA method was applied to evaluate the ergonomic risks associated with cashew nut peeling and to propose potential interventions to improve the working conditions. The study found that the peeling activity poses significant ergonomic challenges and recommends modifications to reduce the risk of work-related injuries among cashew nut peelers. During the survey, it was found that about 85% of the employees were women. Intensity of body pain, postural deviation, joint discomfort and musculoskeletal problems were recorded during survey. Analysis of MSDs reveal that 95% of workers are has low back pain more predominant followed by neck 83% and shoulder pain of about 75%. Further Rapid entire body assessment (REBA) analysis reveals that 25% of the workers are facing sever discomfort in low back pain and 46 % of worker had severed discomfort in neck pain. This study clearly shows that postural behavior in cashew nut processing industries may be the reason for the MSDs in women workers. Thus for human-wellbeing and to sustain human progress, there is urgent need to solve these problems of workers.

Design and experiment of a combined peeling machine for water chestnut

Water chestnut is a characteristic aquatic vegetable in China, and its demand for peeling fresh fruit is increasing rapidly. Aiming at the existing problems of high labor intensity and low efficiency of manual peeling, a combined water chestnut peeling machine was designed, which used a rotary knife to remove bud and root, and a differential friction belts to remove side peel. The performance of the peeling machine was tested with water chestnut from Xiaogan, Hubei Provence. Under the conditions of 200 g feeding mass and 10 r/min rotation speed, the single factor test was carried out with cutting speed as the influencing factor and the cutting rate of bud and root as the evaluation index. The results showed that the cutting rate of fresh fruit of water chestnut bud and root were 79.04% and 83.77% respectively when the cutting speed of rotary knife was 1.2 m/s. In the differential friction belts, high and low linear velocities were taken as the influencing factors, and the side peel removal rate was used as the evaluation index. The side peel removal rate was 84.93% at the high-speed linear velocity of 2.1 m/s and the low-speed linear velocity of 1.58 m/s. The performance of the whole machine was evaluated, and the results showed that the working loss of the combined water chestnut peeling machine was 43.03% and the comprehensive peeling rate was 77.43%, which reached the design requirements. This study can provide a reference for the research and development of water chestnut peeling device.

Techno-Economic Analysis of the Multiple-Pass Ultrasonication with Mechanical Homogenization (MPUMH) Processing of Processed Carrot Discards to Puree.

A sustainable valorization process for puree processing from processed carrot discards (PDCs) was proposed by using multiple-pass ultrasonication with mechanical homogenization (MPUMH), optimized at 9 min ultrasonication followed by mechanical homogenization for 1 min, subjected to three passes. Techno-economic analysis of the puree processing plant was studied for two process models using SuperPro Designer for a plant with a capacity of 17.4 MT/day, operational for 26 weeks, with a 20-year lifetime. The two scenarios were (i) base case (PDCs processed without peels and crowns) and (ii) case 2 (PDCs and carrots (50:50, w/w) processed with peels and crowns). Both scenarios were economically feasible with an internal rate of return (IRR) and return on investment (ROI) at 24.71% and 31.04% (base case) and 86.11% and 119.87% (case 2), respectively. Case 2 had a higher total capital investment (Can$13.7 million) but a lower annual operating cost (Can$8.9 million), resulting in greater revenue generation (Can$29.7 million), thus offering a higher ROI. Sensitivity analysis related to the number of passes on puree quality and price is suggested to lower the capital investment. For the base case, a lower ROI was due to the high labor cost incurred for manual peeling of PDCs, indicating the critical need for developing a commercial peeler equipped to cut labor costs and increase profitability. The study casts insights into the techno-economic performance of a sustainable process for the valorization of PDCs.

Development of Hybrid Composite Utilizing Micro-Cellulose Fibers Extracted from Date Palm Rachis in the Najran Region.

Environmental effects can be reduced by using renewable resources in various applications. The date palm fibers (DPF) used in this study were extracted from waste date ranches of the Najran region by retting and manual peeling processes. The biocomposites were developed by reinforcing the silane-treated DPF (SDPF) at different wt.% in eugenol phthalonitrile (EPN) and difunctional benzoxazine (BA-a) copolymer. The impact strength, tensile, flexural, and dynamic mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis were evaluated to understand the mechanical, thermomechanical, and thermal properties. Results confirmed that 30 wt.% SDPF-reinforced poly (EPN/BA-a) composites produced the highest mechanical and thermomechanical properties, and were considered optimized SDPF reinforcement. Furthermore, hybrid composites with 30 wt.% SDPF and 15 wt.% silane-treated glass fibers (SGF) reinforcement having different lamination sequences were also studied. The lamination sequences showed a significant impact on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties, as properties were further enhanced by adding a core layer of SGF in hybrid composites. However, the thermal properties of SDPF/SGF laminates were higher than SDPF biocomposites, but the SGF lamination sequence did not produce any impact. According to the limiting oxygen and heat resistance indexes, the developed SDPF/SGF laminates are self-extinguishing materials and can be used in temperature-tolerant applications up to 230 °C.

Design Modification and Structure Simulation Analysis of Tapioca Peeling Machine

This project works on the design of a tapioca peeling machine for peeling freshly harvested tapioca tubers with the capacity of peeling tubers of different weight and diameter sizes. The need to mitigate the low output, drudgery, high labor costs and losses associated with manual peeling called for the design of the machine to improve the agricultural yield of the crop. The objectives of the research were to study the existing tapioca peeling technologies, to select and size the machine components, to develop the layout of the machine and to carry out the cost analysis of the tapioca peeling machine. To solve the problem, the innovation was formulated to peel tapioca skin with two stage of peeling (the first layer and the second layer) to increase productivity. From simulation of eco-auto-tap , the design of machine can work succesfully, and be a great improvement in the tapioca machine

Chemical, structural and functional properties of pectin from tomato pulp under different peeling methods

To protect tomato pulp quality, this study investigated the effect of the infrared peeling method (using our newly developed catalytic infrared peeling equipment) on pectin's chemical, structural and functional properties and their correlation compared with manual, hot-water, and lye peeling methods. Infrared peeling significantly improved pectin’s emulsifying and antioxidant capacity compared to manual peeling by increasing branching degree. Hot water peeling significantly improved pectin’s viscosity, emulsifying and antioxidant capacity. However, the pectin chains had low flexibility. The effect of lye peeling on pectin was the greatest, causing the lowest linearity and the largest degree of branching. In comparison, infrared peeling had the least impact on pectin. It was further confirmed that pectin’ viscosity, emulsifying, and antioxidant capacity were highly correlated with its chemical and structural properties. In summary, the infrared peeling method provides better pulp quality and is more sustainable because no water and chemicals are used.

The need for adoption of improved technologies to address challenges in small-scale cassava processing in Ghana

The cassava processing industry in Ghana is dominated by small-scale processors who contribute valuably in terms of processed products such as gari, cassava flour, and cassava dough, among others, and as a result play a major role in the postharvest food system of the country. Their activities depend mostly on traditional methods of processing which have limitations in relation to the quality and quantity of the processed cassava products. They also rely mostly on manual labour which can be slow, costly or unavailable. Mechanisation of key operations in cassava processing activities has been identified as a means of increasing production, reducing postharvest losses as well as saving time. This study sought to assess the need for adoption of interventions to address challenges encountered during processing of cassava into a local staple known as gari (roasted fermented cassava grits). Cassava processors in selected parts of Ashanti and Bono East regions of Ghana were involved in the study. Focus group discussions and semi-structured questionnaires were employed for data collection. Results show that the main technological interventions used by small-scale processors in gari production are the grating machine and screw press. It was, however, noted that other key areas that require interventions are peeling and roasting. All the processors interviewed use manual means for cassava peeling and it was identified as the operation that requires the highest number of persons (15-18 people), to peel about 5-6 tonnes of cassava using about 6-9 hours. The process of manual peeling was identified as the main source of postharvest loss during small-scale processing of gari, resulting in about 13.90 (±1.26) % loss of fresh cassava which can produce about 178 kg of gari (from 5-6 tonnes of cassava). An effective mechanical peeler is therefore identified as key to facilitate gari processing in terms of operation speed and eliminating the over-dependence on manual labour. Other important developed interventions like mechanical roasters and improved stoves are also recommended to enhance gari processing. Outcome from this study is useful to researchers, investors, processors, policy makers and other stakeholders on the specific aspects of the gari processing to focus on in terms of research and investment. Key words: Cassava processing, gari, peeling, drudgery, postharvest losses, mechanisation, manual labour

Changes in the fatty acid composition of brown shrimp, Crangon crangon, after boiling

AbstractBrown shrimp, Crangon crangon (L.), is the most valuable target of coastal fisheries in the southern North Sea. Annual landings exceeded 30,000 tons in the last decade, yielding up to 100 Mio Euro. The shrimp are boiled immediately after capture onboard the fishing vessel for preservation and easy peeling. After landing, the shrimp are collected by traders and exported for manual peeling. Only the muscle of the pleon is returned and sold as regional delicacy. The remains, comprising the cephalothorax, the shell of the pleon, and, in case, adhering eggs, account for up to 70% of the total body mass. This potential resource, for example as aquaculture feed, has not yet been considered for exploitation. In this respect, the fatty acid (FA) profile and the share of essential FAs are crucial quality factors. Since boiling alters the quality of shrimp, this study evaluates changes in the FA composition of shrimp muscle and remains by comparing frozen and boiled samples. Major FAs in C. crangon were the saturated palmitic acid (PA, 16:0), accounting for 16.6%–19.1% of total fatty acids (TFAs), and the long‐chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC‐PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5(n‐3), 16.1–21.6%TFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6(n‐3), 11.5–13.6%TFA). Frozen muscle and frozen remains showed similar FA profiles. Boiling changed the FA profile. PA, EPA, and DHA decreased by up to 25%, whereas palmitoleic acid 16:1(n‐7) and oleic acid 18:1(n‐9) increased by 2% to 3% each. Boiled muscle and boiled remains showed similar FA profiles. Despite the loss of FAs, the boiled shrimp remains are suggested to be a suitable PUFA supplement for aquaculture feeds, deserving further investigation.

Design, Development and Performance Evaluation of an Abrasion Peeling Machine for Ambarella (<em>Spondias dulcis</em>) fruits

Ambarella (Spondias dulcis) is one of the newest exotic fruits to gain popularity since it has been used to produce various processed food in Sri Lanka. The fruit pulp of Ambarella is the primary entity used to process food. Thus, peeling at the preliminary processing stage is required to obtain fruit pulp. Currently, it has been done manually using hand tools, which takes a lot of time and labour costs. In addition, no technical solution has been developed for the small and medium food processing industry. Consequently, a continuous type, rotary abrasion peeling cum washing peeler was fabricated as a solution for Ambarella peeling to satisfy food processing at micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The machine consists of an abrasion drum where a fibre brush roller and water spraying unit are incorporated. While the drum spins, peeling is performed by a combination of abrasion surface, brush roller and water. The comparative machine performance was evaluated to find the best suited horizontal drum angle for peeling of Large and Miniature fruit types of Ambarella and compared with the manual knife peeling method. The best suited horizontal drum angle and rpm for mechanical Ambarella peeling were 10° and 75 rpm respectively. At this point, the machine capacity was 102 kg/h, with 49% peeling efficiency regardless of Ambarella fruit types. Moreover, the new peeling machine showed significantly higher (22-fold) mechanical peeling capacity in comparison to knife peeling (p < 0.05). However, machine peeling efficiency was significantly lower than manual knife peeling (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the material loss was less than 5%. The costs of peeling the Ambarella by machine and manual process were 2.00 LKR/kg and 40.00 LKR/kg, respectively. Machine peeling necessitates 19 times less labour than manual peeling. Based on the machine capacity, it is appropriate for MSMEs. However, further improvements are needed to enhance the Ambarella peeling efficiency.

Eggshell membrane separation methods-waste to wealth-a scoping review

Eggshell is the most abundant agricultural (hatchery) and industrial (confectionary) natural waste approximately reaching up to 50000 tons per year and is a threat to the environment and the public. Eggshell membrane and shell waste can be used for biomedical and industrial applications as value-added products. Hence, a scoping review was planned to understand the present scenario and knowledge gap; it also explored eggshell membrane separation methods available commercially for the routine utility to understand the knowledge gap. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest databases using Eggshell/Eggshells/Egg shell, Membrane, Separation/separator as keywords with and/or as Boolean operators within the field of title, abstract, keywords. The search was done from the period of inception (as per the database) till 4th October 2021 and a total of seven full-text articles were included in the review. The methods mentioned in the literature were Microwave treatment, Acid Dissolution, Dissolved Air Floatation, using proteolytic enzymes, and grinding followed by mechanical agitation. This research concludes that no equipment is commercially available. Hence there is a need for technology development as the majority of publications mentioned manual peeling, Microwave treatment, acid dissolution, dissolved air floatation, grinding, and mechanical stirring as the methods at laboratory scale.

Effects of Manual Peeling on Litopenaeus vannamei Microbiological Contamination

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of manual peeling on microbiological contamination of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in cold storage. The test material was whiteleg shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei), raw, which were kept in cold storage for72 hours after peeling. The count of psychrotrophic microbes, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and fungi was determined in the test products. After 72 hours of storage, a higher growth of microbes was shown in the peeled shrimps, as compared to unpeeled ones. After 24 hours of storage, a significantly higher count of S. aureus and psychrotrophic bacteria was observed in the unpeeled shrimp group. Peeling shrimps before the storage process led to a lower contamination with the microflora in question.

DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCENTRIC DRUMS PEELING MACHINE FOR COCOYAM (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) CORMEL

Cocoyam is cultivated mainly for its edible cormels. In spite of its great potential as a cheap raw material, the processing operations are still largely performed manually. Some of the equipment already developed for mechanizing the postharvest operations require further modifications and performance optimization. This study therefore, aimed at developing and evaluating the performance of a cocoyam cormel peeling machine with a view to reducing the drudgery involved in manual peeling. A cocoyam cormel peeling machine was developed using locally available materials. The machine consists of the main frame, hopper and outlet gates, two abrasive concentric drums (one stationary and the other rotating) and blower. Performance of the machine in terms of capacity, peeling efficiency and peel-cormel weight proportion were evaluated for soaked and unsoaked cormels. The average machine capacities were 190 and 220 kg/h for soaked and unsoaked cormels, respectively. The peeling efficiencies ranged between 57.3 and 77.7% while the peel-cormel weight proportions ranged between 13.7 and 18.7%. The peeling efficiency was higher for soaked cormels than unsoaked ones. The developed cocoyam cormel peeling machine helped in reducing the drudgery associated with its peeling operation while soaking as a form of pretreatment was recommended before peeling the cormels for better performance.

Analysis of Head Rice Recovery using Different Types of Rice Mills for Two Rice Varieties Grown in Two Extreme Rice Growing Altitudes

There have been issues of increased broken rice when farmers finally sell their rice crop, especially in the higher altitudes, and this has always been attributed to the quality of milling machines used. In this study, the head rice recovery of two rice varieties grown in high and low altitudes in Bhutan was assessed in both pre-and post-milling through manually peeling and milling in four different types of rice milling machines, respectively. The head rice recoveries on manual peeling of high and low altitude rice varieties were 54.00±0.41% and 83.68± 0.45%, respectively, and were significantly different at P<0.05. Grain crack percentages were 29.44±0.45% and 5.37±0.45%, respectively, indicating that the climatic conditions had some influence on crack development and head recovery of rice. For machine milling, the rice head recoveries were statistically significant both between varieties and among the milling machines used. The head yield was higher in low attitude variety compared to that of the high altitude one. The friction type machine with 3.32 m/s peripheral velocity gave lower head yield compared to friction type of 1.2 m/s and rubber roller type I and II milling machines. This study recommends improving the drying method presently practised in high altitudes by not laying the paddy on the ground after harvest to avoid exposure of harvested paddy to extreme day and night temperature fluctuation. The use of lower peripheral speed rice milling machines and rubber rollers is recommended to increase head yield.

Anterior capsular contraction syndrome with hyperopic shift

PurposeTo present a case of anterior capsular contraction syndrome with hyperopic shift two weeks after an uncomplicated combined cataract surgery and pars plana vitrectomy. ObservationsA 55-year-old man, with no known risk factors, who developed anterior capsular contraction syndrome with hyperopic shift two weeks after an uncomplicated combined cataract surgery and pars plana vitrectomy. Hyperopic shift was caused by posterior displacement of the intraocular lens with anterior flexion of the haptics. Manual peeling of the anterior capsule using the can-opener approach and microscissors successfully restored vision and corrected refractive errors. Conclusions and ImportanceAnterior capsular contraction syndrome is a complication of cataract surgery and is known to be affected by zonular weakness, pre-existing systemic and ocular conditions, intraocular lens materials, and intraoperative complications. Careful maneuver with surgery or laser can effectively restore vision and correct refraction.