Habits Of Men Research Articles

Quantitative computed tomography for bone mineral measurement: technical aspects, dosimetry, normal data and clinical applications

A single KVp quantitative CT (QCT) technique was used for measuring the spinal trabecular bone density. The trabecular bone equivalent density (TBED) was expressed as the density of a K2HPO4 solution that exhibits a linear attenuation coefficient identical to that of trabecular bone. A field non-uniformity correcting factor was obtained from experiments on phantoms. The effective equivalent dose of the whole examination (four sections and a scout view) is 370 muSv. The in vivo short-term precision (reproducibility coefficient of variation) ranges from 1.4% to 4.1% depending on the TBED values of the normal subjects. The TBED was measured in 206 normal Greeks aged 30-69 years. Average TBED decreased with increasing age for both sexes. Analysis considering separately each vertebra showed a tendency to a caudal spinal TBED reduction. No correlation was found between the TBED values and the body habitus, milk consumption, smoking habits in men, and number of full-term pregnancies. A significant difference (p less than 0.01) was found between the TBED values of the normals and those of 50 women suffering from post-menopausal osteoporosis, 37 alcoholic men, and 12 gastrectomized men (Billroth II). Quantitative CT has been established as a method of measuring TBED in health and disease, and the results from this study confirm these applications.

Trends in CHD in Italy

Death rates from coronary heart disease (CHD) were rising in Italy until the mid-1970s, and then a decline occurred until the early 1980s (-16% in men, -27.1% in women). The increasing trends in CHD mortality following World War II can be explained by changes in the diet, traditionally poor in animal fats and rich in carbohydrates, towards more Westernized eating habits and by the documented increase in mean serum cholesterol. The recent decline in CHD mortality is partly explained (theoretically, about 60%) by the decrease in the estimated coronary risk, as measured in national samples (-10% in males and -13% in females). There have been slight decreases in smoking habits in men, in body weight in women, and in blood pressure in both sexes, largely related to better control of hypertension. Some indirect documentation suggests there has also been a favourable influence of improved medical care.

Trends in CHD in Italy

Death rates from coronary heart disease (CHD) were rising in Italy until the mid-1970s, and then a decline occurred until the early 1980s (−16% in men, −27.1% in women). The increasing trends in CHD mortality following World War II can be explained by changes in the diet, traditionally poor in animal fats and rich in carbohydrates, towards more Westernized eating habits and by the documented increase in mean serum cholesterol. The recent decline in CHD mortality is partly explained (theoretically, about 60%) by the decrease in the estimated coronary risk, as measured in national samples (−10% in males and −13% in females). There have been slight decreases in smoking habits in men, in body weight in women, and in blood pressure in both sexes, largely related to better control of hypertension. Some indirect documentation suggests there has also been a favourable influence of improved medical care.

Effect of smoking, alcohol, and other factors on the selenium status of a healthy population.

In a study of selenium status in 391 apparently healthy subjects resident in the south of England statistical examination of the data showed a significant effect with regard to age, smoking, alcohol, and oral contraceptives. The most important of these factors seems to be a combination of alcohol and smoking habits in men over 30. Reference ranges have been established for glutathione peroxidase activities and the concentrations of selenium in whole blood plasma and erythrocytes.

Feminism as a predictor of mass media use

The mass media habits of men and women who hold discrepant attitudes toward traditional female sex-role expectations were assessed. From a random sample of more than 500 citizens of Santa Barbara, California, high feminists (respondents who agreed with women's movement ideals) were found to differ significantly in several respects in their uses of media from low feminists (individuals who did not agree with movement ideals). Feminism differentially predicted the amount of television viewing for highly educated audience members. Significant differences were also found between high and low feminists for television program and radio format preferences, but not for newspaper reading habits.

Some nuclear explosions will be necessary

Atomic ‘shock treatment’ may be the only cure for man's habit of uncontrolled arms proliferation

The Rarity of the 1 April 1946 Tsunami

Archaeological evidence now suggests that the 1946 tsunami may have been an event unique within the last 2000 years. The earliest level of man's habitation on Nuku Hiva, the largest island in the Marquesas group, has been dated by C14 methods as 2080±120 years (1960 datum). A burial site in the valley of Ha'atuatua, on the northeast coast, is identified with this level: this burial site is located in sandhills instead of the usual lava blisters or tubes, and is, therefore, a very sensitive indicator of any disturbing event. The 1946 tsunami was the first event large enough to damage the burial site since its creation. Evidence exists for only a minor change in sea level during this period. Thus, the tsunami of 1 April 1946 should probably be considered to be at least a one-in-two-thousand years event.

Changes in smoking habits in men under 65 years after myocardial infarction and coronary insufficiency.

Of 370 men under 65 years with acute myocardial infarction, 74 per cent were smokers at the time of hospital admission. When interviewed up to 2 years later, the proportion of smokers among the 296 survivors had fallen to 44 per cent. The number smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day fell from 137 (37%) to 18 (6%), and 38 of the former group gave up completely. At least half the survivors were able to make some reduction in their smoking. In a smaller group of 59 patients with acute coronary insufficiency, the percentage of smokers dropped from 75 per cent to 60 per cent.

THE CURIOUS HABITS OF MAN (14 minutes, color, 1968). Produced for the Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Research Foundation in Toronto and distributed by Dan Gibson Productions, 196 Bloor Street, Toronto 5, Ontario. Available in the U.S. from A-V Explorations, 505 Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, New York 14202. Purchase price, $145; rental fee, $15

THE CURIOUS HABITS OF MAN (14 minutes, color, 1968). Produced for the Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Research Foundation in Toronto and distributed by Dan Gibson Productions, 196 Bloor Street, Toronto 5, Ontario. Available in the U.S. from A-V Explorations, 505 Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, New York 14202. Purchase price, $145; rental fee, $15

INTERNAL MEDICINE, Smoking Habits of Men Employed in Industry, and Mortality

INTERNAL MEDICINE, Smoking Habits of Men Employed in Industry, and Mortality

The abstinence syndrome in long-term, high-dosage narcotic addiction.

SummaryTwenty‐six adult Chinese male volunteers with informed consent were studied to assess the syndrome of narcotic withdrawal in the presence of intermittent nalorphine administration. All the subjects were long‐term addicts with remarkably high tolerance to narcotics. After a 3‐day control period of drug administration tailored to each man's habits, withdrawal was commenced and studies were extended into the succeeding 72 hr.The abstinence scoring system was applied to gauge the severity of the syndrome as a function of the mode of self‐administration of narcotics. Generally the scores followed an upward trend with each day of withdrawal heavily influenced, especially on day 3, by vomiting. Emesis was found to increase from 15–4 per cent on day 1 to 38–5 per cent by day 3. Yawning, lacrimation and mydriasis occurred most frequently. In a few instances spontaneous penile erection and ejaculation were noted during withdrawal. Clinically, peak intensity was reached approximately 36 hr into withdrawal. Heroin needle‐users were the most severely affected, followed by heroin inhalers and then those who smoked opium. On the basis of these findings a redistribution of the point values in the scoring system used to assess the intensity of the syndrome is recommended. Small doses of nalorphine precipitated abrupt, short‐lived, but occasionally violent exacerbations of the basic absinence pattern.Aside from these episodes, however, nalorphine apparently does not materially affect the fundamental course of withdrawal symptoms in the doses and method used.

Television in the Service of the School in Austria

The greater part of psychoanalytical literature about television as a phenomenon of our century, stresses generally the impressive force of television. It affects the habits of man, determines the rhythm of his life and his attitude towards life. This being so, judgements are preconceived and so man's power of unbiased decision is weakened. Television has a personal intimate style of presentation and effects thus in the viewer a readiness of identification that outstrips by far that of the film experience.

THE JET AGE AND THE HABITS OF MAN

Naval Engineers JournalVolume 79, Issue 5 p. 784-790 THE JET AGE AND THE HABITS OF MAN First published: October 1967 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1967.tb05134.xAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume79, Issue5October 1967Pages 784-790 RelatedInformation

A Historical Confusion in Bagehot's Lombard Street

Few economic works have stood the test of time as well as Walter Bagehot's Lombard Street, published in 1873. Bagehot appealed to experience rather than to logic to support his view that the Bank of England should hold the country's ultimate banking reserves, and should stand as a lender of last resort in time of crisis. His general philosophy is epitomized in the words of the concluding chapter: A system of credit which has slowly grown up as years went on, which has suited itself to the course of business, which has forced itself on the habits of men, will not be altered because theorists disapprove of it, or because books are written against it.'' Yet Bagehot was badly confused in his account of the principal historical case-the panic of 1825-on which he built his argument. He attributed to the panic weeks of December, 1825, events which happened nearly three months later. To my knowledge no correction appears in any of the twenty or more editions of Lombard Street published since 1873, nor has any reference to Bagehot's mistake been made in the many commentaries on his book. So it would seem in order to set the record straight on this historic episode in the history of central banking. In December, 1825, following three years of credit expansion by the Bank of England and an alarming decline in the Bank's reserves beginning late in 1824, England suffered a major financial crisis. Six London banks, including Pole Thornton & Company, of which Henry Sykes Thornton, the son of Henry Thornton, was a partner, closed their doors, as did some sixty country banks. In the face of panic demands the solvency of many other banks and merchants was threatened because they could not turn sound assets into cash. The Bank of England, although at first loath to change its conventional practices, under Government urging expanded credit on an unprecedented scale and the panic passed. Bagehot quoted approvingly (pp. 51-52) the statement of Jeremiah Harman, a former Governor, and Director during the crisis, before the Bank Charter Committee of 1832:

Empiricism and Aesthetics

EMPIRICISM AND AESTHETICS I T is not strange that an age that marks its greatest achievements in the physical sciences should be tempted to re-examine traditional philosophical statements about the nature of truth and goodness and beauty with the tool that has been revealing so many other secrets of the universe. Consequently, in an effort to delimit the terms of a discussion of values in the humanities, one encounters innumerable aesthetic positions, each approaching man and art differently and, therefore, each analyzing the relationships of empiricism and aesthetics in its own way. Even a simple definition of terms must be defended since it inevitably will favor one or another point of view. Instead of assuming an eclectic approach or discussing only one opinion, this study will examine three positions: Positivism, Pragmatism, and Thomism. Their solutions to the problem of the significance of empiricism, in terms of disparate aesthetic positions are, to a certain degree, substantially different. If there is any common ground here, it is not in aesthetic definitions or in the relevance of empiricism. Moreover, even within the ranks of these philosophies there are minor squabbles. Thomists, Pragmatists, and Positivists have their own family arguments. But, in general, the positions are representative of various approaches that have been assumed. At any rate, the subject matter involves the acts, powers, and habits of man and his " art." At this point it is safer to omit any discussion of " values " since this word is a signal to spring to the defence of one's philosophical position; it is wiser to look for agreement at the start. It seems that one can begin by defining empiricism and evoke fewer objections from various stands. In its broadest meaning, empiricism is the study of phenomena and changing dimensions in the region of particular experiences. This definition is so wide as to include any kind of self-analysis, either the intro90 EMPIRICISM AND AESTHETICS 91 spection that observes what is common experience shared by all men, the type used by Aristotle or Aquinas: spontaneous utterances of everyone's sense of reality; or introspective analysis of a special experience, a scientific tool developed by Kiilpe and the Wiirzburg school of psychology: In order to avoid the objections generally leveled at introspective methods by behaviorists or structuralists, this paper will exclude any kind of self-analysis from the meaning of empiricism. Obviously, observation of experience can be of various kinds. For example, in 1938 a New York radio station polled its listeners and discovered that Beethoven's fifth and seventh symphonies were first and second among favorite compositions requested in 23.9 and 18.3 per cent of letters received. Tschaikovsky 's fifth, sixth, and fourth symphonies took third, fifth, and seventh place; and Beethoven's ninth, third, and seventh ranked fourth, sixth, and twelfth, respectively. Wagner and Brahms just about tied for third in these tabulations.2 However , despite the huge populations and percentages which seem to lend a certain amount of authority and scientific aura, any conclusions from such a loosely organized popularity poll are suspect. Of what significance is the poor showing of a composer like Bach or of a form like opera? A more rigorous control of subjects and materials is needed for a study to qualify as topdrawer empiricism. More must be known about the subjects than that they are " music lovers " who listen to serious music on their radios. A more ideal empiric approach is represented by Charles Morris' study of human values." In his research he attempted to determine the values basic to human nature by means of statistical investigation. Morris submitted a questionnaire describing different "ways of life," Christianity, Buddhism, et 1 Robert Brennan, Thomistic Psychology (New York: Macmillan, 1941), pp. 58-9; and John Dashiell, "Introspection," Encyclopedia Americana, 1958 ed., XV, ~!!. •wallace Brockway and Herbert Weinstock, Men of Music (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), p. 194n and p. 481n. • Charles Morris, Varieties of Human Value (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956) . 92 EDMUND J. DEHNERT cetera, to carefully screened groups from all parts of the world. Each individual in the survey ranked these ideologies according to his own feelings about moral standards. A similar study was...

CO‐ORDINATION OF INFORMATION

The burden of recorded information is almost as old as man's habit of making records—witness the cry of Ecclesiastes, ‘of the making of many books there is no end!’ No doubt also man has always wistfully dreamed of some super‐organization which would relieve him from the labour of bibliographical research, necessary nevertheless if he is to be sure that his contribution to knowledge is original. These bibliographical searches became more onerous as, with the passage of centuries, man's recorded knowledge increased, and the problem grew rapidly more urgent with the development of science and technology during the last two centuries. The scholar's leisured pace could no longer satisfy the demands of industry; the command of information—printed information—was now one of the keys to power and to wealth; the lack of it might be disastrous to a wide range of interests.

Hauran: Rise and Decline

THE visitor to Hauran finds on all sides numerous remains of ancient civilizations, ranging from dolmens-the handiwork of primitive man-to the magnificent buildings and sculptures of the Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Sassanid craftsmen. These ruins testify to the antiquity of man's habitation in this territory east of the Jordan-the Bashan of the Bible.! They reflect the ebb and flow of victory and defeat in the eternal struggle of man against nature, and of man against man. History lies written in the stones of the ruins scattered on Hauran's hillsides and valleys and visible to all passers-by. But apart from these surface remains, who can tell what a wealth of historical material lies hidden beneath the soil of Hauran, one of the least explored districts of Syria. The spade of the excavator has hardly touched Hauran which is still a virgin field for the archaeologist. The history of Hauran is the history of human civilization, wrote Professor Henrik Scharling, the nineteenth century Danish traveller and explorer. He described Hauran with its ruined temples, gateways and pillars as a second Pompeii, a Pompeii not below but above the ground. The difference between the two ,vas that the treasures of Pompeii were

DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN EFFICIENCY

A number of standards of performance or function on the part of the body have been accepted as indexes of its normality. Perhaps the most noteworthy illustration is found in the normal body temperature. This is something that can be readily measured with comparative accuracy, and departures from the expected figures are among the fundamental physical signs of disease. Body temperature, however, even in admittedly perfect health, is subject to characteristic slight diurnal variations that cannot be directly correlated with changes in the environment. The temperature of man reaches a maximum at about 4 or 5 p. m. (37.5 C., or 99.5 F.) and a minimum at about 3 a. m. (36.8 C., or 98.2 F.), at a time when the bodily functions are least active. It has been observed that if the habits of man are altered so that he sleeps during the day and works during the night,

School Education and Native Life

Opening ParagraphMany visitors to Africa do not realize that native life is undergoing rapid disintegration, and some of those who have lived for many years in the country do not seem to feel that it matters even if this is the case. The difficulty of realizing the extent and the gravity of these rapid changes is increased by two factors. We who bring the twentieth-century ideas and methods of the West into the midst of primitive peoples are by our very presence undermining the hold of age-long custom on the African tribes. The force of novelty and the prestige of the white man's habits are in themselves strong enough to shake the ancient authority. Moreover we are all in Africa for a purpose. We have work to do on a farm, in government or mission, and the very concentration on the achievement of our aims leads us, or most of us, to assume that what we feel necessary and right must be the best for the African. In this context very few Europeans can stop to observe, far less to study, the effects of the changes in the Africans themselves. Education shares the prevailing attitude. It becomes simply the communication of knowledge or the imparting of skill which, so we feel, must bring Africa to its desired haven.

THE UNDERLYING CAUSE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF RICKETS

When I received the invitation of the American Medical Association to be one of the guests of the Section on Diseases of Children, my first feelings were of pride at the great honor bestowed on me and my medical school. I would lief in my acknowledgments have placed my alma mater first, for I am quite confident that any claim I may have to be entertained by you is wholly due to the source of my education. Though Glasgow is not considered, at least by its visitors, a pleasant place for the habitation of man, yet it is, perhaps chiefly if not entirely for that very reason, an ideal home for a school of medicine. Glasgow, as you know, is a veritable beehive of industry, and thus unfortunately possesses all the qualifications for engendering disease. Within a comparatively small area there is a population of a most heteregeneous nature of