Man's Fight Research Articles

Mr. Kang, the Jajangmyeon Delivery Man's Love, Misunderstanding, and Fight for Democracy — Focusing on the Movie <Almost Che>

Mr. Kang, the Jajangmyeon Delivery Man's Love, Misunderstanding, and Fight for Democracy — Focusing on the Movie <Almost Che>

Kumani Christians Contesting Masculinity and Belief in Modern Mission

The work and impact of modern Western missions was as much shaped by secular cultural constructs as it was by the formal goal that missions impart faith and create converts in a transcultural setting. This article extends the gender analysis of mission work and community identity to the male mission adherent in the Kumaon Protestant Christian community in north India. The evidence examined is mission-generated letters, reports and published articles, and particular attention is paid to photographic images of mission workers. Men were additionally shaped by their place in a martial British system that sought both reliable recruits and settled communities, with the result that many men fought and lived outside their communities. The findings suggest that in order to examine the negotiation of an acceptably gendered Kumani-Christian identity it is necessary to look beyond mission sources to understand ways in which that confessional identity was at times supported by and challenged by worldly pressures of what constituted manliness.

Samuel Stouffer and the GI Survey: Sociologists and Soldiers during the Second World War Joseph W.Ryan. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2013.

Samuel Stouffer and the GI Survey: Sociologists and Soldiers during the Second World War Joseph W. Ryan. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2013.In 1941, Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall, concerned about the mass of newly drafted soldiers who had trouble adjusting to military life as manifested in the morale crisis of that summer, enlisted the services of social scientists to conduct interviews and surveys of American GIs to find out what they thought about the army. He did so over the objections of many military leaders whose resistance to the idea of polling was deeply entrenched and had to be overcome during the war. Samuel A. Stouffer, then a University of Chicago sociology professor, was selected to lead this effort. In his role as head of the Army Information and Education Division's Research Brand, he directed a team of sociologists, psychologists, and statisticians who sought to understand a range of problems that afflicted the US Army. Stouffer and his associates investigated such important issues as why men fought, what sustained them in battle, what they thought of their allies and enemies, and why a substantial number became psychiatric casualties. The focus was on soldier attitudes and organizational and small-group processes with an emphasis on policy applications at army level, based on the Research Branch's primary role as vehicle of social engineering.Stouffer and his team administered over two hundred different questionnaires, many of which contained over one hundred items, to more than one-half million American soldiers in all parts of the world. Anecdotal data from case studies were used to illustrate and provide a different check of the findings. They also pioneered focus groups as research method and demonstrated that this combination of sociological methods was highly effective in debunking myths about social life in military units. An eminent example is the discovery that enlisted combat groups were more motivated by a desire to finish the task, to end the war, than by any other factor, including buddy or idealist motivations like patriotism. In general, returning veterans were ethnocentrically and individualistically motivated - an understandable self-centered orientation given the often great personal sacrifices they made during the war. But this challenges the oversimplified view of the World War II veterans in the Greatest Generation mythology that prevails in American culture today.Stouffer and his associates published monthly reports entitled What the Soldier Thinks and made the most important research findings public after the war through the two-volume study The American Soldier, published in 1949. The topics included analytical descriptions of morale, social cohesion and performance, social mobility, motivation, job satisfaction, attitudes toward and behavior in combat, including issues concerning fear, hostility and aggression, organizational change, social problems in the field, blackwhite relations, and demographics of troops and veterans. Stouffer's wartime work influenced multiple facets of policy, including demobilization and the GI Bill. Already by 1930, his ideas on empirical survey research had become part of what was rapidly developing into the mainstream of sociology in America. …

A Generous and Merciful Enemy: Life for German Prisoners of War during the American Revolution by Daniel Krebs (review)

Reviewed by: A Generous and Merciful Enemy: Life for German Prisoners of War during the American Revolution by Daniel Krebs Robert C. Doyle (bio) A Generous and Merciful Enemy: Life for German Prisoners of War during the American Revolution. By Daniel Krebs. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013. Pp. 376. $34.95 cloth) The first thing one learns upon reading this impressive study is this: the German soldiers who were shipped to the American Revolution were not mercenaries in any sense. They were regular and conscripted soldiers from northern German, mostly Protestant, provinces of the Holy Roman Empire that supplied subsidy troops to King George III, much as they did in earlier wars, in order to assist the British to oppose the American War of Independence. Each principality—Hessen-Kassel, Hessen-Hanau, Ansbach-Bayreuth, Brauanschweig-Wolffenbüttel, Waldeck, and Anhalt-Zerbst—rented a total of 37,876 troops plus later reinforcements, to the British army in separate treaties, from which they gained enormous amounts of British funds to enrich themselves and their regions (p. 24). The Americans believed that these German soldiers, referred to as the Hessians in America, were nothing more than mercenaries who interfered with the patriots’ resistance to British tyranny. In short, these Germans were outsiders meddling in an insiders’ war, and according to the American propaganda of the era, were simply “victims of princely tyranny” (p. 35). However, Daniel Krebs shows his readers another side—that these Germans were caught between two opposing concepts: the European notion of a large standing army that can be used in treaties with allies versus the American notion of a nation of citizen-soldiers fighting for their rights, namely, the right to govern themselves. The author also explains who these Germans were, where they came from, why they joined their armies, how much they were paid, their ages, and their social composition. Without a doubt, these details create a wholly new interpretation of the German experience in revolutionary America. The Americans, at first, greatly feared the German soldiers, especially their expert use of the bayonet which they displayed in battles around New York in 1776. However, in the first big capture at Trenton [End Page 597] on December 26, 1776, the German auxiliaries surrendered readily to General George Washington’s victorious army and marched into captivity fearfully, not knowing what to expect. The Americans sought to show the people of Philadelphia that their citizen-soldier army defeated these dreaded Germans and marched them through Philadelphia where angry mobs greeted them roughly. Eventually, the American guards aborted the parade and marched the prisoners into the barracks for their own protection. In any prisoner’s mind, the question—when will I be exchanged or released—never goes away. The next big capture took place at Saratoga on October 17, 1777, and the author excels in showing how and why the surrender ritual was important in that era. Changing the status of a soldier from a fighting man to a prisoner of war had to be done safely, in precise steps, ending with the grounding of the weapons. At Saratoga, British general John Burgoyne gained the upper hand over American general Horatio Gates and preserved the dignity of his army, although the American Congress denied their “Convention” for parole to Britain. Sadly, these prisoners remained in captivity and marched from place to place in America until the peace treaty was signed in 1783. The last huge capture of British and German troops took place at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781, the last major battle of the American Revolution, and General Washington made certain that he held the upper hand in the surrender. The author accomplishes his goal of explaining the complexities of American treatment of German prisoners. He shows effectively that the Americans looked at prisoner employment as a benefit to everyone from 1777 to 1782. Then, after long periods of short rations and general misery, things changed when the Americans, sensing that the war was all but won, offered the Germans three choices: join the Continental army and become a citizen; pay a ransom and go home free; or enter into a three-year indenture contract, then go home. The research for this...

The Beginning of Scandinavian Settlement in England: The Viking ‘Great Army’ and Early Settlers, c. 865–900 by Shane McLeod (review)

Reviewed by: The Beginning of Scandinavian Settlement in England: The Viking ‘Great Army’ and Early Settlers, c. 865–900 by Shane McLeod Roderick McDonald McLeod, Shane, The Beginning of Scandinavian Settlement in England: The Viking ‘Great Army’ and Early Settlers, c. 865–900 (Studies in the Early Middle Ages, 29), Turnhout, Brepols, 2013; hardback; pp. xvi, 330; 8 b/w illustrations, 3 b/w tables, 6 b/w line art; R.R.P. €80.00; ISBN 9782503545561. Based on his doctoral thesis, Shane McLeod has produced a finely nuanced analysis of the earliest stages of Scandinavian conquest and settlement in England, from approximately 865 to 900. He differentiates between the more commonly used evidence for subsequent generations of Scandinavian settlement in the tenth century and evidence available for the first generation of settlers, associated with the ‘great army’, who (in McLeod’s well-argued view) included others, both domestic and civilian. McLeod’s thesis critiques the limits of available evidence – annalistic/historical, literary, archaeological – and draws upon migration theory to argue in favour of the early stages of conquest and settlement being undertaken not solely by warriors and settlers coming from the Scandinavian [End Page 192] lands of Denmark and Norway. A sound case is developed that the great army and associated settlers included those with prior migration experience, in particular coming from lands that had already been settled by Scandinavians in both Ireland and Francia. McLeod also makes the case that right from the very early stages the invasion and settlement of England involved not just young adult fighting men, but included women and children in greater numbers than scholars have hitherto believed. It also stands to reason that the migrations would have also included administrators, given the nature of the settlement and establishment of Scandinavian rule. McLeod maps out the underlying principles in migration theory, and identifies in particular five of nine principles that can be applied specifically to the evidence for Scandinavian migration to England. The five principles, for which evidence exists in relation to migration of Scandinavians to England, are: migration through the use of advance ‘scouts’ for setting up migration ‘chains’; the tendency for a migratory flow to continue over a period; migrants being a select group of people from the population of origin; migrants being more likely to have experience of previous migration; and migrants often returning to their place of origin. Having mapped out the evidence for supporting his application of migration theory, McLeod then traces the likely origins of the settlers. He uses annalistic and archaeological evidence to argue for the presence of a significant proportion of Scandinavians from both Ireland and the Frisian coastal areas of Francia in the great army, and thus forming the basis of the early stages of migration to England. In comparison, the evidence for great army members coming directly from the Scandinavian homelands in the early phases of Scandinavian settlement in England is shown to be limited. McLeod also looks at a number of other aspects of the migrations, as a means for describing a more complete picture of the people and the circumstances that led to their migration. He discusses the likely motivations behind the migrations, and makes a good argument for the immigrants’ desire for economic and social advancement as an important motivating factor. He argues that this is especially the case in the desire for wealth through land ownership, which was of high cultural value and for which opportunities were limited in both Ireland and Francia. McLeod considers the use of client kings as one example of a number of political and economic innovations that came about during the early phases of Scandinavian migration to England. Inter alia, he argues that the use of a written treaty between Guthrum and Alfred through which boundaries were agreed and administrative units established was another such innovation, possibly reflecting a continental experience of treaties, resulting in the creation of buffer zones on the margins of Scandinavian rule in England. He also makes the case for Scandinavian innovation in the acculturation of administrative and economic conditions (in particular in Mercia and East Anglia) to existing [End Page 193] Anglo-Saxon activities. He argues that the use of...

CAPTIVES COURAGEOUS: SOUTH AFRICAN PRISONERS OF WAR WORLD WAR II

Captives Courageous; South African prisoners of war in World War II is the ninth work in the South Africans at War series published by Ashanti Press. Leigh has divided his book into two parts. In the first part, entitled "Into the bag", he details the capture of South Africans in the Western Desert and their rapid transition from efficient fighting men to often sickly and weak prisoners of war (POW). The Western Desert was an unforgiving environment in which to find oneself a prisoner of war. If passing fighters or bombers (of either side) did not "get" you the dysentry invariably did. The heat, lack of water and lack of compassion shown by Axis non-frontline troops towards South African prisoners of war are all documented by Leigh. He also highlights the differences South Africans experienced in the treatment meted out by Italians on the one hand and Germans on the other. Ironically this relationship was to change later in the war, when many South Africans were moved north into Germany after the collapse of Italy in mid-1943. The conditions in POW camps in Germany were much tougher than those experienced in Italy.Â

『京都東町奉行所御番方与力覚帳』にみる京都町奉行所の消防行政

This thesis deals with the fire fighting policy recorded by ‘yoriki’of Kyoto magistrate office at the latter term of the Edo period.The Result of compare with record by‘dousin’in Kyoto magistrate office, it was clarified that the range of the fire fighting is a whole town, and the magistrate had command of firemen. In addition that, this thesis clarified that the‘chobuninzu’is the same fire fighting men as ‘choubuninnsoku’, and the light disposal of the person who caused it with a fire, and the procession of ‘sakibann’ had the ‘ryukotusha’.

Terrence Malick's The Thin Red Line : Some Historical Considerations

What was it, really, this EVOLUTION OF A SOLDIER? What is it still?... I think that when all the nationalistic or ideological propaganda and patriotic slogans are put aside, all the straining to convince a soldier that he is dying -for something, it is the individual soldier's final full acceptance of the fact that his name is already written down in the rolls of the already dead. James Jones An Overview of the Combat-Movie Genre: Then and Now In the years since its release, Terrence Malick's film adaptation (1998) of James Jones's novel The Thin Red Line (1962) has aroused both critical praise and opprobrium. Critical debate has centered on a number of issues: Malick's fidelity to Jones's novel; the film's treatment of the American fighting man during a pivotal campaign in the Pacific war; and, more broadly, the relationship between narrative film and history. Woven into these are issues that dogged Jones, as well, particularly the question of history as personal experience - and personal experience as a literary genre. Each of these issues has been the subject of interdisciplinary debate,1 so addressing all of them is beyond the scope of this paper. Instead, I will consider two fundamental aspects of the film: Malick's adaptation of Jones's novel and the film's relation to the American combat movie. The Thin Red Line is neither the distortion of Jones's novel nor the historical aberration that some have claimed it to be. In fact, Malick's film not only offers a complex adaptation of Jones's novel but also engages with elements of the historical record that have been largely overlooked in many previous film representations of the Pacific campaign. The result is a tension between, on the one hand, the film's narrative structure, characters, and representation of history and, on the other hand, the audience expectations regarding the conventions of the combat film. In order to realize the accomplishment of The Thin Red Line, one needs to see it within the context of the combat film, a popular genre that has changed in significant ways since its origins during World War II. As a very specific sub-genre of the war film, the combat film is distinctly historical in its concern for representing the realities of combat, distinctly political in its affirmation (or criticism) of national identity, and distinctly mythic in its invocation of an ideal America. As Dana Polan writes, For the soldiers, the mission can become the occasion for emotional growth and self-discovery, but, in the ideology of the World War Il film, one discovers what was really there all along - the meaningfulness of nation and national mission, the Tightness of one's place, the justification of cause. (59) In a brief chapter of his book A Certain Tendency of the Hollywood Cinema: 1930-1980 (1985: 113-125), Robert Ray outlines a similar combination of concerns underpinning the combat-movie genre. While identifying motifs that would dominate [Hollywood's] wartime emerging from Howard Hawks's 1939 action adventure film Only Angels Have Wings (1939) - namely the isolated male group of ethnically distinct characters that relies on both teamwork and individual exploits, that displays professionalism and stoicism in the face of death, and that is threatened by an outsider who eventually wins admission to the group -Ray concludes that Hollywood's combat films... were merely a new and radically simplified version of the classic pattern of established by the prewar commercial cinema. Above all, they reaffirmed the myth that proposed the compatibility of individual and community values. (125) While Ray simplifies what has become a rich and complex film genre, his identification of these general mythic traits is not inaccurate. Furthermore, his claim that early combat films reaffirmed core values in Hollywood film is relevant if one considers the way combat films have contributed to war propaganda and, more recently, to the commemoration of significant wartime events (such as D-Day), all in patterns of reconciliation between the values of the individual and those of the community. …

Dirty water: one man's fight to clean up one of the world's most polluted bays

List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Author's Note Prologue. Surfer Scientist 1. The Swimmer 2. The Witness 3. The Coalition 4. Squirp 5. The Press Conference 6. City Hall 7. The Activist 8. The Second Hearing 9. The Scientist 10. The Politician 11. The Brown Ribbon 12. Heal the Bay 13. The Dirty Toilet Awards 14. The Decision 15. Friend of the Court 16. Outsiders and Insiders 17. The 50 Percent Job Epilogue Resources Index

New Introductions, Indexes and Typesettings

September 25, 2010 (2:45 pm) C:\Users\Milt\Desktop\backup copy of Ken's G\WPData\TYPE3001\russell 30,1 032 red corrected.wpd Reviews 93 1 Review of above edition of What I Believe, The Spokesman, no. 87 (2005): 78. 2 All such front matter in all editions is listed at http://russellarchives.mcmaster.ca. NEW INTRODUCTIONS, INDEXES AND TYPESETTINGS Kenneth Blackwell Russell Research Centre / McMaster U. Hamilton, on, Canada l8s 4l6 blackwk@mcmaster.ca Bertrand Russell. Routledge Classics series. London and New York: Routledge, 2004–10. 30 vols. £9.99–£30; us$19.95–$31.95. Catalogue at: http://media. routledgeweb.com/catalogs/routledgeclassics_2010_us.pdf. … close examination shows that the cover illustrates a dark process of enchainment. Are these the mind-forged manacles of man? Or do they represent the freedom that will attend the reader once he has gone beyond them? (Ken Coates1 ) All 30 paperback covers are new for the series, with most not as enigmatic as zthat for What I Believez but suggestive of meaningful aspects of Russell’s texts. Still puzzling are the dominoes on The Philosophy of Logical Atomism. But let’s not judge editions by their covers. There is new text in some of them. It’s not new text by Russell, but new introductionsz—zby A.yC. Grayling (CHy), Anthony Gottlieb (HWP, but only in the hardcover edition), Alan Ryan (WIBzz), Thomas Gray (SEy), Simon Blackburn (WINCy), and Samuel Brittan (Py).2 The introductions are not bibliographical or textual-historical, but are generally worthy of their subjects. Previous introductions are retained. Titles that still lack introductions are OE, Philosophical Essays, Freedom and Organization and Education and the Social Order. Some titles are altered. The two volumes of Mortals and Others have been conveniently combined into one, with slight changes in subtitle. But PSRy has become Why Men Fight, the American title which Russell disliked. OEz and September 25, 2010 (2:45 pm) C:\Users\Milt\Desktop\backup copy of Ken's G\WPData\TYPE3001\russell 30,1 032 red corrected.wpd 94 Reviews HWPz have been shorn of their subtitles. The titles of PoMz and ABC of Relativityz are no longer deWnite denoting phrases. The Prospects of Industrial Civilizationz now denies title-page credit to its collaborator, Dora Russell. First publication dates are in error in several casesz—zby 35 years in the case of Prospects. The series employs a similar typographical page design. The text is set in Joanna, displayed quotations and running heads are in Gill Sans, and notes are usually, but inexplicably not always, still placed at the bottom of the page. Sometimes, especially in the large volumes, the text type is set small; indexes, however, are set generously. All of the titles can be purchased as e-books and thus are potentially searchable . It is a welcome development in the present day that many have still been provided with indexes. Some already had indexes but lost them over time in various paperback editions. Titles that were never before published with indexes are Fact and Fiction, Human Society in Ethics and Politics, Philosophical Essays, IPI, SE, BWz (a mammoth job), UEz and WIB. These indexes are new, although several of the titles had been professionally indexed in Russellz by Roma Hutchinson . These indexes do not cover all of Routledge’s investment in the series, for several other indexes are new (despite their existence in the Wrst editions), and still others appear to be revised versions of original indexes. This is not always a welcome intervention. The original index to PoMz was compiled by Russell himself, who bolded definition references. Still unindexed in the series are Mortals and Othersz (but Russell 29 (2009) provides one), Marriage and Moralsz and OEz (but their Wrst editions were indexed), AIz (but Russellz 19 (1999) has one), and Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare. All these indexes need to be collected and uniWed, just as those to the Collected Papers have been in the Russell Research Centre, to enhance access for Russell studies. For scholars the main question will be: are the texts reliable? Original paginations are not preserved, so all of scholarship’s previous references have to be approximated . HWPzz’s new...

Dirty Water: One Man’s Fight to Clean Up One of the World’s Most Polluted Bays

Review: Dirty Water: One Man’s Fight to Clean Up One of the World’s Most Polluted Bays By Bill Sharpsteen Reviewed by Ryder W. Miller Sharpsteen, Bill. Dirty Water: One Man's Fight to Clean Up One of the World's Most Polluted Bays. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010. 288pp. ISBN 9780520256606. US$27.50,cloth. Alkaline paper. Los Angeles reporter Bill Sharpsteen presents here in a dramatic telling the somewhat successful efforts by Heal the Bay to clean up and protect Santa Monica Bay. This Los Angeles story with cinematic potential provides an environmental case study which has ramifications for all of the California coast and the oceans everywhere. Even though it was too late to remove the municipal and industrial waste that was pumped into Santa Monica Bay, the tides turned and efforts by activists turned this into a California environmental success story. Though well told, the story is historical, taking place in the mid 1980s and to some extent the accounts are at the mercy of the actor's memories. Sharpsteen also does not spare his criticism, even for some of the heroes of the story, but there is not a lot of self-deprecation here which seems wanted at some points. Some will find Sharpsteen annoying when he questions everybody's verisimilitude. The book does provide fascinating descriptions of the key folks involved. Sharpsteen succeeds at sharing elements of the life stories of the key actors and their motivations. There are the scientists, whistleblowers, concerned citizens, activists, politicians, bureaucrats, legislators, and journalists. Though about pollution, which is often a downer of a subject, the account is compelling and inspirational. At stake was efforts by municipal governments to get a waiver from needing to put all sewage disposed through secondary treatment, a cost which Los Angeles County sought to avoid. Some scientists felt that sewage dumped out to sea would biodegrade and result in more food for sea life, but there was also a lot of DDT discharged before efforts were made not to use it anymore. The sewage also contained assorted dangerous chemicals. Though the battle is over, the clean up is not fully over and the problem is not fully solved. This book would serve as a useful contribution to the study of Los Angeles's environmental history. The book would also be helpful for those studying cceanography, sewage treatment, and toxicology. As a textbook it would also be helpful for beginning students of environmental studies who would like to have a deeper understanding of the roles that they can play. This work can help clarify for students they what part they would like to take in this field if so inclined. This book could also serve as a supplemental textbook for an environmental journalism class. It would help reporters who seek to understand the process of fighting for environmental change. Depicted here are the strengths and motivations of many of the key players involved in the process of fighting for a clean Santa Monica Bay in the 1980s, and can serve as a useful case study. As such it would also be helpful for environmental education students. There is also mention of the roles that journalists play in these efforts. As Sharpsteen points out, it's that symbiotic relationship between protester and reporter that gets the most done (p.89) and recognizing that when all else fails, you must get a reporter to stir the pot (p.112). Whistleblower Dave Brown, probably the biggest hero, the innocent party who lost the most, was to reflect from his experiences: Although years later Brown says he doesn't regret any of what happened, he was briefly stunned by the circus he entered that day (p.130), but “he was just a scientist trying to get the information out (p.131). This upbeat Los Angeles story could make an inspiring movie. The degraded ocean still inspires, as Sharpsteen eloquently writes, If nothing else, all one had to do was turn one's back to the east and face the ocean. One could easily fool oneself into believing nothing else existed. (p.4). Ryder W. Miller , Freelance environmental and science reporter who has been published in Sierra Magazine, California Coast & Ocean, California Wild, and Hydrosphere. Electronic Green Journal, Issue 30, Spring 2010, ISSN:1076-7975

The Andrapodizing of War Captives in Greek Historical Memory

The fundamentals of "andrapodizing" in Greek historical memory need reexamining on lexical and moral grounds. Defining the term "sell into slavery" proves fallacious. "Enslave," though at core correct, fails to recognize that adult fighting men were not andrapodized when captured, subjugated, and kept alive. Rather, andrapodizing is a type of premeditated and semi-lethal warfare aimed expressly against inhabitants not trained, or too old or too young, to fight back. Soldiers, when andrapodizing, abduct and dominate mainly the youthful-young women and self-mobile girls and boys-rather than other abused inhabitants who are abandoned as rejects, including old people and infants. The pandemic "andrapodizing of a locale or populace" follows this sorting procedure.

FIGHTING FOR SERGEANT CALDWELL: THE NAACP CAMPAIGN AGAINST "LEGAL" LYNCHING AFTER WORLD WAR I

Immediately following World War I racial violence swept across the United States, and many cities erupted in race rioting. In areas throughout the South African Americans faced the terror of and mob violence as the preferred way of enforcing white supremacy. Among those persecuted were African American soldiers and veterans. Even while still wearing their uniforms, these soldiers were victims of shootings and beatings, and were even burned alive. (1) Sergeant Edgar Caldwell, a decorated soldier in the 24th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army, had already served in the Philippines for two years by 1912. Having acquired an unblemished record and an award for sharp-shooting, he returned to the United States, voluntarily joining the military again where he was stationed at Camp McClellan in Anniston, Alabama, in the 157th Depot Brigade. The last few years had been especially rewarding for Edgar C. Caldwell; he got married and was promoted to the rank of sergeant. (2) On 13 December 1918, Sergeant Caldwell traveled into Anniston, and boarded the Oxford Lake streetcar. Upon entering, however, Caldwell and the white conductor, Cecil Linton, began to argue over the fare. Caldwell insisted that he paid the fare, but Linton claimed he had not. Aside from the disagreement over the fare, Linton was outraged that the black soldier had seated himself in the white section of the car. Linton ordered Sergeant Caldwell off the train and attempted to manhandle him into compliance. During the struggle Caldwell resisted, shoving the conductor into a glass divider with enough force for slivers of glass to rain down over both men, as well as nearby passengers. Then, Linton enlisted the assistance of the car's motorman, Kelsie Morrison, and the two men attempted to throw the soldier off of the streetcar. As the men fought, Caldwell was punched twice in the face before all three tumbled out of the streetcar into the city street. Caldwell landed flat on his back, while his adversaries managed to remain upright; but instead of leaving the soldier there and continuing with their car's route, they decided to beat Caldwell. The motorman, Morrison, kicked the fallen soldier in his ribs and stomach until his victim, who was facing up, unsheathed his service revolver and delivered two rounds from his prone position. The first shot fatally wounded Linton; the second wounded Morrison in the neck. Though his injury was not life threatening, the motorman remained in the hospital for several weeks. (3) After the smoke cleared and the startled passengers realized what had happened, a group of whites at the scene held Caldwell until military police (MP) from Camp McClellan arrived. (4) Over the next twenty months, fierce debates within the judicial system and the court of public opinion raged over the soldier's fate. While the Alabama prosecutors treated the incident as an example of an unruly black passenger defying the state's Jim Crow laws and murdering a white streetcar conductor, the NAACP used Caldwell's case to focus national attention on southern injustice. The NAACP took Sergeant Caldwell's case all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court in April 1920 in an attempt to use the federal courts to prevent yet another legal carried out by the southern judicial system. (5) The NAACP argued that Caldwell, still a member of the U.S. Army, should have been subject to a court martial and that if the federal officials agreed with the earlier courts, decisions it would be nothing short of lynching Caldwell themselves. (6) Sergeant Caldwell's case gave the NAACP the opportunity to revisit the peonage case of Pink Franklin in 1910. Franklin shot a white intruder, who had broken into his house to serve a warrant, then avoided and an execution, only to serve the rest of his life in the South Carolina prison system. Historian Charles Flint Kellogg argued that although the case was a Pyrrhic victory for the NAACP, it did lay the groundwork for future contests. …

“The Idumaeans” in Josephus' The Jewish War

Abstract“The Idumaeans” constitute a single, although collective, character in Josephus' The Jewish War. This article discusses whom Josephus meant by “the Idumaeans,” and considers whether, in his mind, they were, as others have suggested, “Jews” from Idumaea or a separate nation or ethnic group. It argues that the character “the Idumaeans” is not in fact a representative picture of Idumaeans of Josephus' time, but may be understood in terms of modern ethnic stereotyping, and that Josephus' stereotype of “the Idumaeans” as bloodthirsty hooligans is ultimately drawn from a continuous Idumaean military tradition. The article concludes by re-reading the War stripped of Josephus' ethnic prejudice against Idumaeans to learn more about the role of Idumaean fighting men in the first war against Rome.

Everyman's War: A Rich and Poor Man's Fight in Lee's Army

Everyman's War: A Rich and Poor Man's Fight in Lee's Army

When Soldiers Speak Out: A Survey of Provisions Limiting Freedom of Speech in the Military

war in Iraq violates our democratic system of checks and balances. It usurps international treaties and conventions that by virtue of the Constitution become American law. The wholesale slaughter and mistreatment of the Iraqi people with only limited accountability is not only a terrible moral injustice, but a contradiction to the Army's own Law of Land Warfare. My participation would make me a party to war crimes. --Lieutenant Ehren Watada (1) a nation is at war many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right. --Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (2) As America continues surging troops into Baghdad, a number of active-surging duty service members have publicly condemned President George W. Bush and criticized his handling of the war in Iraq. Remarks against the President have become more prevalent among service members because they communicate through a host of mediums unfathomable to yesterday's generation of fighting men and women. Soldiers frequently post digital journals, cell phone photos, and music videos on popular Internet sites such as YouTube and MySpace. A few techno-savvy troops even manage their own milblogs, or online personal diaries where they can communicate in cyberspace about virtually anything to virtually anyone. In fact, some military blogs and videos have become so popular that they garner tens of thousands of visits each day. One byproduct of Internet-related technology is the growing number of soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines who use these tools as a means to publicly express their disapproval of the President and his foreign policy agenda. For instance, one particularly astute group of active-duty war protesters came to Capitol Hill to formally present a petition titled for to Representatives Dennis Kucinich (D-Ohio) and Jim McGovern (D-Mass.). The group created their own Web site where they explained their purpose and posted a short petition calling for the immediate withdrawal of American military forces from Iraq. Over the course of three months, approximately 1,000 active-duty personnel, reservists, and National Guardsmen signed the online petition. (3) In addition to Web-based technology, service members continue to rely on traditional methods of communication to vent frustrations. For example, members of the group Appeal for Redress appeared on the CB S program 60 Minutes to discuss why they oppose the war and support a timeline for redeploying all US forces from Iraq. Army Lieutenant Ehren Watada is scheduled to be courts-martialed later this year for a series of damning statements he made about President Bush at an antiwar convention in Seattle, Washington, last year. Watada also published a series of contemptuous remarks about the President in a number of local newspapers following his refusal to deploy to Iraq. As service members become more vocal about the war, commanders need to become more familiar with how freedom of speech is applied in a military context. For instance, when a company commander openly questions the futility of serving another tour in Iraq is his conduct heroic or is it conduct unbecoming an officer? When Corporal Smith posts a blog alleging that the war is the result of corporate greed and that none of the troops support it is he simply expressing a personal opinion or does his speech present a threat to the morale and discipline of his unit? Soldiers are citizens in uniform, after all, and the Constitution they swear to defend bestows upon each of them the freedom of speech. But what happens when that speech has a detrimental impact on the good order, discipline, and morale of a particular unit or individual within the unit? This article will examine the dilemma of dissension in the ranks--a dilemma that has largely remained dormant for more than 40 years. …

Give Them Their Due: A Reassessment of African Americans and Union Military Service in Florida during the Civil War

During the Civil War in Florida, African American played a significant role in the Union victory. In sheer numbers alone, the African American units comprised a major Union presence within the state. Not allowed to enlist in regional regiments until 1862, the newly mustered black had to quickly prove their ability as soldiers. In the numerous skirmishes, raids, and larger conflicts that extended to every corner of Florida, African Americans often with bravery and distinction, despite the risk of slavery or execution if captured. Nevertheless, their aggregate roles in Union land and sea campaigns, their impact in driving home the magnitude of the war, and their own special cause of destroying slavery through force of arms in the southernmost Confederate state have often been ignored or underrepresented by early chroniclers and revisionist historical studies. Most wartime accounts of Confederate Florida seldom refer to the black units, except in tangential references to Colored troops appearing in the area. In 1865 Union and Provisional Governor of Florida, William Marvin, set the premise for this inaccurate assessment by declaring that African Americans in his state had fought in no battles; or if engaged at all in such, they were trifling affairs. (1) His comments served to obfuscate African Americans' contribution to the war for generations to come. William Watson Davis in The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida, a seminal work on the conflict in Florida, observed that African Americans' most valuable services to the Union were as spy, and plunderers, [who] usually gave way under determined attack. Charlton Tebeau's standard work, A History of Florida, devotes but one sentence to African Americans' contributions to the Union effort. Tebeau limited his observations to the following: General Rufus Saxton, the Union commander of the Department of the South, toward the end of the war used refugee Negroes as guides and received permission to enroll them as soldiers ... mostly at the end of the conflict. (2) Indeed, a common thread running through Civil War literature is that African American servicemen, with the sometimes exception of their duty at the noteworthy Battle of Olustee, served only briefly and peripherally in Florida and that they and their actions lacked both individuality and agency. Consequently, the depth and breadth of the African Americans' military service in Florida during the Civil War has been missing in the literature for almost a century and a half. Indeed for much of this period, the rhetorical makeover of these events relegated African Americans to such minor and perhaps ignoble roles as guide, spy, and plunderer. (3) However, military records in the National Archives and elsewhere document clearly that African American fighting men added a deep and meaningful dimension to the Union efforts in the southernmost theater of Civil War military operations. This needs scrutinizing by those interested in an accurate synthesis of the Civil War because African Americans made a major contribution to the Union strategy and impact in remote southern states such as Florida, both on land and at sea. EAGER FOR THE FIGHT The black that served in Florida arrived from units created during the first wave of African American enlistment in Union military service. Although African Americans had flooded the War Department with petitions to serve from the fall of Fort Sumter in 1861, the federal government and War Department refused to allow mass African American enlistment until 1863. Some commanders, among them Adjutant Lorenzo Thomas, supported emancipation and recruited free African Americans in the South. In the spring of 1862, Department of the South commander, Major David (Black David) Hunter, had proclaimed that martial law liberated all slaves in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida (an order Lincoln later revoked), and sanctioned raising the initial black regiment, the First South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, which completed early action in Florida. …

Recent Journal Articles

Recent Journal Articles Wendy A Swik U.S. Military Academy Library The bibliography is compiled by the systematic search of approximately four hundred periodicals, a check of several general journal bibliographies, and the welcomed contribution of interested subscribers. Many times older citations will be included simply because the compiler had not come across them earlier or, more frequently, because the periodicals are behind publication schedule. Those wishing to be assured of having their articles listed in this section are urged to notify the compiler. References should include the following: author(s), full title (including subtitle), name of periodical, volume number, issue date, and pagination. Address all contributions to Wendy Swik, Military Affairs Librarian, U.S.M.A. Library, West Point, NY 10996–1799. General Military Affairs Cassidy, Robert M. "Winning the War of the Flea." Military Review , Special Edition (October 2006): 2–26. Weinert, Richard P., Jr. "Saga of Old Fort Wool." Journal of America's Military Past 32 (Fall 2006): 80–88. Ancient and Medieval Warfare Gray, Jefferson M. "Rebellion Rocks the Western Empire." MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History 19 (Winter 2007): 17–25. 1500–1815 Military Affairs Copeland, Peter F. "Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment." Military Collector & Historian 58 (Winter 2006): 208–15. Lyons, Chuck. "France's Fateful Strike against the Iroquois." MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History 19 (Winter 2007): 34–44. Nihart, Brooke. "Early West Point, Norwich University, and the American Military Philosophical Society." Military Collector & Historian 58 (Winter 2006): 201–3. Sprackland, Teri and Robert. "Dutch Navy's Surrender to French Cavalry." MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History 19 (Winter 2007): 74–83. [End Page 620] 1816–1869 Military Affairs Anbinder, Tyler. "Which Poor Man's Fight? Immigrants and the Federal Conscription of 1863." Civil War History 52 (December 2006): 344–72. Boy, Donald S. "A Hard War: East Tennessee 1861–1865." Journal of America's Military Past 32 (Spring-Summer 2006): 21–31. Dahlgren, Charles B. "The Dahlgren Shell-Gun and Its Services during the Late Civil War." Artilleryman 28 (Winter 2006): 6–13. Gorenfeld, Will, and George Stammerjohan. "Infantry in Antebellum California." Military Collector & Historian 58 (Winter 2006): 238–44. Hamilton, Daniel W. "The Confederate Sequestration Act." Civil War History 52 (December 2006): 373–408. Hogan, Mark H. "Major General Sherman and the March to the Sea." Military Collector & Historian 58 (Winter 2006): 198–200. Jackson, Richard C., II. "Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Worthy Role Model for Today's Warriors?" Journal of America's Military Past 32 (Spring-Summer 2006): 46–56. Kroll, C. Douglas. "Civil War Defenses of San Francisco Bay." Journal of America's Military Past 32 (Spring-Summer 2006): 5–20. LaFantasie, Glenn W. "Last Assault on Little Round Top." MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History 19 (Winter 2007): 26–33. Potter, Dennis L. "Desperate Courage: An Account of the Texas Lancer Charge at the Battle of Valverde, New Mexico." Military History of the West 36 (2006): 1–33. Riales, Clay. "The Railroads: Key to Union Victory and Confederate Defeat." Journal of America's Military Past 32 (Spring-Summer 2006): 32–45. Siegler, Robert. "James Armstrong, Jr.: Hero of One War and Five Hundred Banquets." Journal of America's Military Past 32 (Spring-Summer 2006): 57–66. 1870–1920 Military Affairs Altieri, Jayson A., and others. "Practical Lessons from the Philippine Insurrection." Armor 16 (January-February 2007): 26–34. Cunningham, Roger D. "'Always a storm centre': The Trials and Tribulations of Lt. Col. Asa Bird Gardiner." Journal of America's Military Past 32 (Fall 2006): 5–28. Fleming, Thomas. "Getting the Real Message to Garcia." MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History 19 (Winter 2007): 64–73. Gibson, Charles Dana. "The Militarization of Sealift to France, 1917–1918." Journal of America's Military Past 32 (Fall 2006): 49–71. Smith, Angel. "The Catalan Counter-Revolutionary Coalition and the Primo de Rivera Coup, 1917–1923." European History Quarterly 37 (January 2007): 7–34. 1921–1949 Military Affairs Barton, Michael. "T. B. Pitman: A Most Unusual Artist." Military Collector...

Rich Man's War, Poor Man's Fight: Race, Class, and Power in the Rural South during the First World War

Rich Man's War, Poor Man's Fight: Race, Class, and Power in the Rural South during the First World War

Reflections on Suffering and Culture in Iraq: An Army Nurse Perspective

The United States Army (U.S. Army) has a fine tradition of providing healthcare on the battlefield. In March 2003, the United States military (U.S. military) entered the Iraqi theater of operations. Included in the military package were medical “assets” dedicated to sustain the health of the military fighting men and women, as well as the health of Iraqi detainees. Detainee medical care was a completely new setting where American nurses had not practiced before but where they were vitally needed. The purpose of this article is to describe the broad themes of suffering and healing at Abu Ghraib Internment Facility in Iraq and the mutual culture shock experienced by both sides of the war effort.