Emotions In Man Research Articles

The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Laboratory Animals

Similarities between human and animal emotions served as justification for both animal advocacy and animal experimentation in the later nineteenth century. Evolutionary kinship played a central role, at this time, in the competing arguments regarding the legal and moral status of nonhuman animals. During the vivisection debates of the 1870s, natural hierarchies were redrawn to include emotional sensitivity as a defining category of evolutionary status: a lack of sensitivity to animal suffering in humans could be regarded as regressive, while the highly developed sensitivities of particular animals earned them a special eminence. But it was this same cross-species sympathy that ultimately banished the experimental animal from the public gaze, as scenes from the laboratory were considered too disturbing to readerly sensitivity.

New York Transfixed: Notes on the Expression of Fear

This article is about nine photographs and what may be seen in them (Figures 1–9). The images are part of a much larger collection conceived of and organized by a group of four friends—Alice Rose George, Gilles Peress, Michael Shulan, and Charles Traub— shortly after 11 September 2001. Their idea was to document what had happened and what was still occurring on the streets of New York City that infamous fall. The group also decided that this makeshift project should be open to ‘‘anybody and everybody’’ and they sent out word as widely as possible that any photograph submitted on this topic would be displayed in an exhibition at Michael Shulan’s SoHo gallery. Figure 1. Unknown photographer (#3029 from here is New York: a democracy of photographs).

Two New Volumes of Darwin’s Work: Essay Review

James D. Watson, ed., Darwin: The Indelible Stamp: The Evolution of an Idea, with commentary by James D. Watson (Philadelphia/London: Running Press, 2005), xiv + 1260 pp., illus., S29.95 (cloth); Edward O. Wilson, ed., From So Simple a Beginning: The Four Great Books of Charles Darwin: The Voyage of the Beagle; On the Origin of Species; The Descent of Man; The Expression of the Emotions in Man and the Ani? mals, with introductions and commentary by Edward O. Wilson (New York/London: W. W. Norton, 2006), xiii + 1706 pp., illus., $39.95 (cloth, boxed).

Stopping Stress at Its Origins

We know that the vasomotor system, which regulates the capillary circulation, is much influenced by the mind. —Charles Darwin, Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals The practice of medicine today is in need of transformation. The majority of diseases plaguing modern society are initiated by unhealthy lifestyle choices or events, often taking many years to develop and mature to a stage where symptoms and signs become manifest. It is only at this typically advanced stage that the healthcare system initially becomes engaged. Although many diagnoses share a common lifestyle-related etiology, we treat the silos of diagnoses with a growing list of pharmacotherapies, each targeting a single disease process, or invasively with repeated and often palliative procedures such as stents or bypass surgeries. Verbal recommendations are generally provided to our patients to curb poor lifestyle habits, but minimal investment is put forward by the healthcare industry to create an environment where successful lifestyle change can be effected. Of the many lifestyle events that impact our patients, none is more ubiquitous than stress and stress-related conditions. The global impact of stress-related conditions is expected to rise over this decade such that by 2020, depression and anxiety disorders, …

A Cross-species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

A comparative perspective has remained central to the study of human facial expressions since Darwin's [(1872/1998). The expression of the emotions in man and animals (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press] insightful observations on the presence and significance of cross-species continuities and species-unique phenomena. However, cross-species comparisons are often difficult to draw due to methodological limitations. We report the application of a common methodology, the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) to examine facial movement across two species of hominoids, namely humans and chimpanzees. FACS [Ekman & Friesen (1978). Facial action coding system. CA: Consulting Psychology Press] has been employed to identify the repertoire of human facial movements. We demonstrate that FACS can be applied to other species, but highlight that any modifications must be based on both underlying anatomy and detailed observational analysis of movements. Here we describe the ChimpFACS and use it to compare the repertoire of facial movement in chimpanzees and humans. While the underlying mimetic musculature shows minimal differences, important differences in facial morphology impact upon the identification and detection of related surface appearance changes across these two species.

Chimp Facial Action Coding: An Important Forward Brachiation in Method

(1872) The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. This work not only helped establish the conceptual basis of nonverbal behavior and communication but also sketched out the comparative method. In turn, comparing species on structure and function has played a key role in the development of the fields of physiology, neuroanatomy, ethology, and others, especially including nonverbal communication. One of the key benefits of cross-species comparisons is of course in providing insight into the functional value of particular communicative behavior (Marler & Vandenbergh, 1979). Animals living dense forests or dark waters or who are nocturnal are more likely to find their mates and alert their conspecifics with calls and other auditory cues than they are to rely on visual communication. There is thus also a significant selected increase in auditory acuity. Dogs and wolves, highly territorial and with their noses near the ground, use urine markers. Homo sapiens, with generally excellent visual acuity, detect their mates and potential aggressors mostly with visual cues rather than through sniffing. Such gross comparisons, tremendously important over the past century (Ekman, 1973), have become increasingly refined as particular nonverbal movements are better studied. Progress and refinements in the study of nonverbal behavior have often depended on methodological advances. Use of film and video, slow motion, the point-light technique, sound recordings and spectrograms, as well as statistical advances in coding and judgments have led to huge swings forward in understanding. Notably, in the area of facial behavior, the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), developed by Paul Ekman and colleagues, provided a standardized, neuro-anatomically based technique for the reliable coding and analysis of facial movement and expression (Ekman, Friesen, & Hager, 2002; Ekman & Rosenberg, 2005). The paper by Vick, Waller, Parr, Smith Pasqualini, and Bard (2007) in this issue describes a modification of the FACS for describing chimpanzee facial movement.

Leading Men to Violence and Creating Spaces for their Emotions

With this paper, I advocate an approach to violence in film that elaborates what Gilles Deleuze calls ‘preverbal intelligible content’. I focus on leading men and cinematic contrivances between emotions and violence with intent, ultimately, on saying something about how masculinities are differentiated spatially. I argue that masculinity is far from unassailable and I use filmic manifestations of leading men's emotions and violence to explore the contestable boundaries of that manliness. To demonstrate differentiated affective spaces, I use three movies that cast leading men in violent roles—Braveheart (1995), Pulp Fiction (1994) and Mystic River (2003)—as a foil against which larger theoretical issues find form. This offers insight into how spatiality and difference are inherent parts of film viewing, and how repetition invites multiple angles for engaging masculinities. Guiando los hombres a violencia y creando espacios para sus emociones Con éste artículo, propongo un enfoque en la violencia en el cine que elabora lo que llama Gilles Deleuze el ‘contenido preverbal inteligible’. Enfoco en los protagonistas masculinos y las artimañas cinematográficas entre emociones y violencia con intento, los cuales, últimamente, dicen algo sobre cómo las masculinidades son espacialmente diferenciados. Argumento que la masculinidad no es invulnerable, y utilizo manifestaciones cinematográficas de la violencia y las emociones de los protagonistas masculinos para explorar las fronteras impugnables de aquel virilidad. Para demostrar que los espacios son diferenciados y afectivos, utilizo tres películas que tiene protagonistas masculinos en papeles violentos—Braveheart (1995), Pulp Fiction (1994), y Mystic River (2003)—como un escenario en dónde se forman los asuntos teoréticos más grandes. Éste ofrece una comprensión de cómo la especialidad y la diferencia son partes elementales de viendo las películas, y de cómo las repeticiones invitan perspectivas múltiples para entender las masculinidades.

The Neuroscience of Pleasure. Focus on “Ventral Pallidum Firing Codes Hedonic Reward: When a Bad Taste Turns Good”

For more than 2,000 years, philosophers have struggled to define, let alone explain, pleasure or hedonics. With contemporary animal models and techniques, scientists now have the ability to provide a comprehensive description of this affective state by examining its neural underpinnings. In this issue of the Journal of Neurophysiology (p. 2399 –2409), Tindell and colleagues use an elegant, reductionist approach to take a profound step in defining these neural foundations (Tindell 2006). The authors control for various elements of reward that historically have confounded researchers ambitious enough to attempt to study such an intangible topic. Specifically, Tindell and colleagues establish a role for ventral pallidum (VP) neurons in encoding hedonics. The authors infused an unpalatable concentration of saline into the oral cavities of rats while recording the extracellular electrophysiological activity of single VP neurons. Aversive orofacial reactions to the unpalatable taste were simultaneously measured. Three days later, rats were made sodium deplete and retested. In a sodium-depleted state, these rats now exhibited a behavioral switch from aversive taste reactivity to appetitive taste reactivity coincident with increased VP activity to the infusion of saline (similar to responses for a palatable sucrose solution). The clever implicit controls indicate that the altered electrophysiological activity encodes a hedonic shift rather than alterations in motivated behavior or sensory coding.

Depression: epidemic or pseudo-epidemic?

D Summerfield (March 2006 JRSM1) reports that the epidemiology of depression is difficult as emotion is understood differently in Eastern and Western cultures. Emotion is a word that presents difficulty for us all. The Concise Oxford Dictionary records the word emotion as originating in the 16th century replacing the older word passion and that it is from the French emouvoir, to excite. The taxonomy of emotions presents many difficulties; in 1872 Darwin2 wrote only of emotional expression in man and animals. Shand in 18693 noted that sentiments were groups of emotions dependant on the environment. If one loved a person and something good happened to them, one was happy; if something adverse occurred, sadness resulted. A further refinement was suggested by McDougall,4 who in 1905 stated that moods were a tendency to primary emotion, e.g. rage or fear. Much was written in the 20th century about the lmbic system and emotion. Attempts were also made to divide emotions into primary, blended and derived—the latter are not shared with animals as they are constructed by cognitive functions. A current view has been expressed by Carpenter,5 who suggests that there are two basic emotions in man and animal—arousal and withdrawal. Arousal is associated with'fight or flight' and the sympathetic system: withdrawal is associated with a range of depressive states. It seems that human behaviour, as with other sciences, needs its own specific—a subject discussed by C P Snow (The Two Cultures. Cambridge University Press).

What's Love Got To Do With It? Equality, Equity, Commitment and Women's Marital Quality

The companionate theory of marriage suggests that egalitarianism in practice and belief leads to higher marital quality for wives and higher levels of positive emotion work on the part of husbands. Our analysis of women's marital quality and men's marital emotion work provides little evidence in support of this theory. Rather, in examining women's marital quality and men's emotional investments in marriage, we find that dyadic commitment to institutional ideals about marriage and women's contentment with the division of household tasks are more critical. We also show that men's marital emotion work is a very important determinant of women's marital quality. We conclude by noting that "her" marriage is happiest when it combines elements of the new and old: that is, gender equity and normative commitment to the institution of marriage.

Reply: Listening to the Past: History, Psychiatry, and Anxiety

Dear Editor: Andrea Tone explores the history of psychiatry and the rise of biological psychiatry and suggests ways in which the study of history can shed light on current psychiatric practice (1). Focusing on anxiolytics as a case study in the development of psychopharmacology, she shows how social and political factors converged to popularize, and later stigmatize, outpatient treatments for anxiety. However, the development and understanding of anxiety disorders, especially panic disorder, have been far from only a psychopharmacological evolution. Psychopharmacology for panic disorder became especially developed during the 20th-century. The evolution of psychopharmacology in relation to panic disorder can be divided into 3 main moments: first, Klein's observation of the effectiveness of the tricyclic antidepressants (2); second, the perception of the effectiveness of the benzodiazepines; and finally, the noted effectiveness of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (3). The biological perspective also entails putting anxiety in the frame of the evolutionist paradigm. Charles Darwin, in The Expression of Emotion in Man and in Animals (4), pointed the way to the search for the adaptive value of the behavioural and psychological processes. Anxiety and fear have their roots in the defensive reactions of animals observed in response to dangers normally found in the environment. The interpretation of a stimulus or a situation as dangerous depends on cognitive operations. In humans, cognitive factors acquire importance because of the intervention of socially codified verbal or nonverbal symbols. Behavioural responses to fear are accompanied by intense physiological alterations-physical symptoms-and alterations in the emotional state. The physiological alterations comprise objective measures of anxiety. Thus cardiac frequency, arterial pressure, respiratory frequency, and increased electrical conductivity of the skin brought on by sweating are the measures most frequently used to determine the degree of anxiety. The 21st-century will probably be marked by the development of genetic and neuroimaging data about panic and other anxiety disorders. Panic attacks seem to originate from a network of fear with altered sensibility. This network includes the prefrontal cortex, insula, thalamus, tonsils, and tonsil projections toward the brain stem and hypothalamus (5). Recent research on physiological consequences during a panic attack has shown remarkable findings in regional brain activity in different neuroimaging studies (5). The studies have shown significant increases in cerebral blood flow in panic disorder in several subcortical structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray region, in addition to the somatosensory and associative cortices, and the cingulate. Advances in the neuroimaging techniques and technologies available to study key areas involved in panic attacks, and the ability to induce laboratorial panic attacks, thus further detailing brain function during a panic attack, will greatly increase our understanding of the exact neuroanatomical substrates for panic and phobic avoidance. It will also further our understanding of the sites of action of effective therapies. …

The relationship between history of violent and criminal behavior and recognition of facial expression of emotions in men with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder

Social psychological research underscores the relation between aggression and emotion. Specifically, regulating negative affect requires the ability to appraise restraint-producing cues, such as facial signs of anger, fear and other emotions. Individuals diagnosed with major mental disorders are more likely to have engaged in violent behavior than mentally healthy members of the same communities. We examined whether violent and criminal behavior in men with schizophrenia is related to emotion recognition abilities. Forty-one men with schizophrenia underwent a computerized emotion discrimination test presenting mild and extreme intensities of happy, sad, angry, fearful and neutral faces, balanced for gender and ethnicity. History of violence was assessed by the Life History of Aggression Scale and official records of arrests. Psychopathology was rated using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale. Criminal behavior was associated with poor emotion recognition, especially for fearful and angry facial expressions. History of aggression was also associated with more severe positive symptoms and less severe negative symptoms. These findings suggest that misinterpretation of social cues such as angry and fearful expression may lead to a failure in socialization and adaptive behavior in response to emotional situation, which may result in a higher number of criminal arrests. Aggr. Behav. 32:1–8, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Des/orienterade maskuliniteter. Kroppar, känslor och rädsla

This article, "Dis/located masculinities. Bodies, fears and emotional life", departs from the critical situation in international politics after the l l t h of september 2001, where different global masculinities are confronting each other. The war in Iraq underlines that issues related to men and masculinities have assumed a particular global significance. The essay explores the significance of differences between masculinities in different cultures and generations, as well as central aspects in the history of western masculinities. Attention is specifically paid to the historical development of a close connection between manliness, reason and authority, accompanied by a disclaime of nature, the human body, sexuality, emotions and "weakness". The latter aspects where instead connected to women and femaleness to which a patriarchal white middle-class masculinity has risen above in a relation of dominace, as well as men of other ethnic origin, inside and outside the Western world. Men's studies is discussed in relation to early and postmodern feminist theory. Particularly Robert Connells influental theory of hegemonic masculinity iscritically discussed. Although the theory of Connell has contributed to an understanding of the relation between different masculinities, his theory remains caught in a theorethical and metodological framework that limits our possibilites to understand different masculine cultures and men's often ambivalent experiences of gender in a postmodern world. The theory of hegemonic masculinity, with its implicit univerialism, is trapped in a rationalistic framework that reduces men to issues of power. Even if questions of power remain vital in gender studies, attention has also to be paid to men's emotions, fears and other personal experiencies, which exist in more complex relationsto powerthan assumed in the theory of Connell.

Response to Naturalistic Fear Stimuli in Captive Old World Monkeys

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 1000, Issue 1 p. 91-93 Response to Naturalistic Fear Stimuli in Captive Old World Monkeys JASON E. DAVIS, Corresponding Author JASON E. DAVIS Psychology Department, Emory University, Tucker, Georgia 30084, USAAddress for correspondence: Jason E. Davis, Psychology Department, Emory University, 323 Bentley Place, Tucker, GA 30084. Voice: 678-697-5907; fax: 404-727-8372. [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorLISA PARR, LISA PARR Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USASearch for more papers by this authorHAROLD GOUZOULESA, HAROLD GOUZOULESA Psychology Department, Emory University, Tucker, Georgia 30084, USA Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USASearch for more papers by this author JASON E. DAVIS, Corresponding Author JASON E. DAVIS Psychology Department, Emory University, Tucker, Georgia 30084, USAAddress for correspondence: Jason E. Davis, Psychology Department, Emory University, 323 Bentley Place, Tucker, GA 30084. Voice: 678-697-5907; fax: 404-727-8372. [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorLISA PARR, LISA PARR Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USASearch for more papers by this authorHAROLD GOUZOULESA, HAROLD GOUZOULESA Psychology Department, Emory University, Tucker, Georgia 30084, USA Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 January 2006 https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1280.019Citations: 8Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume1000, Issue1EMOTIONS INSIDE OUT: 130 Years after Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and AnimalsDecember 2003Pages 91-93 RelatedInformation

Physiology: panel discussion.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 1000, Issue 1 p. 367-374 Physiology Panel Discussion Moderator RICHARD J. DAVIDSON, Moderator RICHARD J. DAVIDSONSearch for more papers by this author Moderator RICHARD J. DAVIDSON, Moderator RICHARD J. DAVIDSONSearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 January 2006 https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1280.017Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume1000, Issue1EMOTIONS INSIDE OUT: 130 Years after Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and AnimalsDecember 2003Pages 367-374 RelatedInformation

Emotions inside out. 130 Years after Darwin's "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animal".

Abstract:InThe Expression of Emotions in Man and AnimalsDarwin argued that emotions are not unique to humans, but can be found in many species; that many of the same social occasions that generate emotions in humans do so in other animals. He asked why this particular expression for a particular emotion, and his answer formed part of his demonstration of the continuity of the species and was thus crucial to his evolutionary theory. Darwin was one of the first scientists to use photographs as illustrations and to use the judgment method for studying the signal value of an expression—which has become the most frequently used method in the psychology of expression. The contents of the present volume extend, support, and sometimes contradict Darwin's remarkable contribution to the field of the expression of emotions.

Expression: panel discussion.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 1000, Issue 1 p. 266-278 Expression Panel Discussion Moderator PAUL EKMAN, Moderator PAUL EKMANSearch for more papers by this author Moderator PAUL EKMAN, Moderator PAUL EKMANSearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 January 2006 https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1280.013Citations: 3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume1000, Issue1EMOTIONS INSIDE OUT: 130 Years after Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and AnimalsDecember 2003Pages 266-278 RelatedInformation

Darwin's legacy and the study of primate visual communication.

After Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872, we had to wait 60 years before the theme of animal expressions was picked up by another astute observer. In 1935, Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts published a detailed comparison of the expressive behavior of a juvenile chimpanzee and of her own child. After Kohts, we had to wait until the 1960s for modern ethological analyses of primate facial and gestural communication. Again, the focus was on the chimpanzee, but ethograms on other primates appeared as well. Our understanding of the range of expressions in other primates is at present far more advanced than that in Darwin's time. A strong social component has been added: instead of focusing on the expressions per se, they are now often classified according to the social situations in which they typically occur. Initially, quantitative analyses were sequential (i.e., concerned with temporal associations between behavior patterns), and they avoided the language of emotions. I will discuss some of this early work, including my own on the communicative repertoire of the bonobo, a close relative of the chimpanzee (and ourselves). I will provide concrete examples to make the point that there is a much richer matrix of contexts possible than the common behavioral categories of aggression, sex, fear, play, and so on. Primate signaling is a form of negotiation, and previous classifications have ignored the specifics of what animals try to achieve with their exchanges. There is also increasing evidence for signal conventionalization in primates, especially the apes, in both captivity and the field. This process results in group-specific or "cultural" communication patterns.

The faces of positive emotion: prototype displays of awe, amusement, and pride.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 1000, Issue 1 p. 296-299 The Faces of Positive Emotion Prototype Displays of Awe, Amusement, and Pride MICHELLE N. SHIOTA, Corresponding Author MICHELLE N. SHIOTA Institute for Personality and Social Research, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720–5050, USAAddress for correspondence: Michelle N. Shiota, Institute for Personality and Social Research, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-5050. Voice: 650-346-5726; fax: 510-643-9334. Ishiota@socrates.berkeley.edu.Search for more papers by this authorBELINDA CAMPOS, BELINDA CAMPOS Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095–1563, USASearch for more papers by this authorDACHER KELTNER, DACHER KELTNER Institute for Personality and Social Research, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720–5050, USASearch for more papers by this author MICHELLE N. SHIOTA, Corresponding Author MICHELLE N. SHIOTA Institute for Personality and Social Research, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720–5050, USAAddress for correspondence: Michelle N. Shiota, Institute for Personality and Social Research, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-5050. Voice: 650-346-5726; fax: 510-643-9334. Ishiota@socrates.berkeley.edu.Search for more papers by this authorBELINDA CAMPOS, BELINDA CAMPOS Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095–1563, USASearch for more papers by this authorDACHER KELTNER, DACHER KELTNER Institute for Personality and Social Research, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720–5050, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 January 2006 https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1280.029Citations: 85Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume1000, Issue1EMOTIONS INSIDE OUT: 130 Years after Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and AnimalsDecember 2003Pages 296-299 RelatedInformation

Damage to the right hippocampal-amygdala formation during early infancy and recognition of fearful faces: neuropsychological and fMRI evidence in subjects with temporal lobe epilepsy.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 1000, Issue 1 p. 385-388 Damage to the Right Hippocampal-Amygdala Formation during Early Infancy and Recognition of Fearful Faces Neuropsychological and fMRI Evidence in Subjects with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy STEFANO MELETTI, Corresponding Author STEFANO MELETTI Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyAddress for correspondence: Stefano Meletti, Division of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Altura no. 2, Bologna 40139, Italy. Voice: 039 051 6225369. [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorFRANCESCA BENUZZI, FRANCESCA BENUZZI Department of Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorPAOLO NICHELLI, PAOLO NICHELLI Department of Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorCARLO ALBERTO TASSINARI, CARLO ALBERTO TASSINARI Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalySearch for more papers by this author STEFANO MELETTI, Corresponding Author STEFANO MELETTI Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyAddress for correspondence: Stefano Meletti, Division of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Altura no. 2, Bologna 40139, Italy. Voice: 039 051 6225369. [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorFRANCESCA BENUZZI, FRANCESCA BENUZZI Department of Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorPAOLO NICHELLI, PAOLO NICHELLI Department of Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorCARLO ALBERTO TASSINARI, CARLO ALBERTO TASSINARI Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalySearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 January 2006 https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1280.036Citations: 17Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume1000, Issue1EMOTIONS INSIDE OUT: 130 Years after Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and AnimalsDecember 2003Pages 385-388 RelatedInformation