Manpower Demand Research Articles

Auxiliary Health Personnel: Training and Use

Experience dictates that the demand for physicians and other high level manpower always exceeds supply. The use of auxiliaries working through a few dedicated physicians and paramedical personnel offers a much greater prospect for improving the health of the population in the unprivileged territories than other methods of delivering rural health services and achieving total outreach. Auxiliaries could be trained and typed according to the purpose and the need of the times and could be graded according to their basic level of education. A properly selected auxiliary student when adequately trained can fulfill the quantitative demands of services at a cost that a country can afford and can prevent the misuse of highly skilled manpower for mundane tasks. Their function is to practice empirical medicine and to use their judgment about where when and whom to refer after providing requisite first aid. The failure of an auxiliary to fulfill his role could be avoided by proper selection on the basis of reliability rather than academic fitness and training sufficiently for both the assistant and the substitute roles. Most important is constant supervision and continuing in-service training. The training of the auxiliaries should depend on good field analysis of jobs to be done; should be precise; and should combine use of the schoool classroom and an apprenticeship system. Auxiliaries are trained primarily in schools designed for this separate category. The proper training and utilization of the auxiliary permits the fullest advantage to be taken of the knowledge and skills of scarce high level manpower and enables them to obtain job satisfaction.

New demands for medical manpower

New demands for medical manpower

New Demands for Medical Manpower

The crisis in American medicine certainly has been diagnosed and treated in a hundred different ways in the last ten years. There is increasing concern that the eye of the storm is health manpower. In a recent series of articles in the<i>Los Angeles Times</i>, the outstanding<i>Times</i>reporter, Harry Nelson, noted as follows: Now that we have Medicare, and other far more revolutionary medical programs are on the horizon, where are we going to get all of the doctors to provide the services? The answer is, that the United States will not have enough doctors for a long, long time, if ever. An affluent society that is becoming increasingly health conscious is making greater demands than the medical and auxiliary health professions can supply. In a few words, Mr. Nelson summarized what I am presenting in more detail. We have a variety of factors influencing the rising tide of

Discussion: A Framework for Establishing Research Priorities

For example, in an agricultural experiment station, the evaluation procedure might involve three levels of operation-one at the staff level, one at the department-head level, and one at the station level. A set of staff panels could be organized to evaluate alternative research opportunities in each of a number of specialized areas. The department-head panel could establish priorities over all specialized areas by evaluating the relatively high-priority opportunities in the orderings developed by the staff panels. The money and manpower budgets involved in the departmenthead ordering likely would exceed the resources available to the station. The station evaluation would aim at bringing money and manpower demands into line with supplies in a manner most consistent with the ordering of research opportunities established by the department-head panel. If the entire operation were based on a common analytical framework and a consistent goal structure, the results might prove useful in planning a more rational allocation of research resources. The approach to research evaluation outlined here is likely to be most applicable to problem-solving research and to higher-level research that can be related directly or indirectly to problem-solving research. It is very questionable whether it has much if any application to the most basic kinds of research. In this research, there usually is little basis for judging either information outputs or the contributions of these outputs to particular goals. GEORGE K. BRINEGAR

Responsible Entry into the Profession—Some Current Issues

objectives of the educational system; man power demands; school enrollment and ex pansion in response to manpower needs; factors related to financing the educational program; and finally, alternative courses of action to be instituted in response to the issues raised, it is found that several schools and many agencies have already moved out in several directions.1 A larger proportion still have these major decisions on the table. For those still in the process of reexamina tion of concepts and ideas, discussion of several larger issues may prove helpful. Here are five such ideas for further exami

3. The Manpower Demands of Hungarian Agriculture

3. The Manpower Demands of Hungarian Agriculture

The demand for manpower—an East African case study1

The demand for manpower—an East African case study¹

Some notes on agricultural policy in Sweden after the Second World War

Abstract During the first three decades of the 20th century, Sweden's agricultural policy was characterized by an effort to occupy as many people as possible as independent enterprisers in agriculture. The underlying idea was to improve the conditions of the numerous unpropertied farm workers. It was also feared that industrial development would not be rapid enough to absorb the fast-growing population and that agriculture would not be able to cope with food supplies. It was not until the 1930's that it became obvious that agriculture had definitely won the race against the growth of population. With the restraint in population growth and an increase in the demand for manpower in other branches of industry, agricultural workers were regarded as a manpower reserve and not, as earlier, as a reserve for seasonal work.

Relation of Labor Force to Employment

It is the purpose of this study to ascertain the extent to which demand for labor has been reflected by changes in the postwar labor force. The analysis shows that there is a statistically significant relationship between changes in the labor force and the demand for manpower. The implications of this relationship for needed levels of economic activity and employment are traced through, it being estimated that a rise in employment of almost 1.5 million per year will be needed merely for unemployment not to increase beyond its 1962 level. (Author's abstract courtesy EBSCO.)

Britain's demand for scientific manpower in the next decade

Britain's demand for scientific manpower in the next decade

The Relation of Utilization to the Shortage of Scientists

The present utilization of engineers and scientists by industry and its significance to the ``shortage'' of scientific manpower has been investigated. Based upon available data, a limited-sample survey of scientific manpower in the aviation and electronic industries, and analyses, a rough estimate indicates that the probable average effectiveness of these scientists is somewhat less than ten per cent of perfect utilization. Various methods of increasing scientific productivity are examined. An operations research study is suggested. Improvements of communications, management techniques, and data processing methods are several recommendations. A brief history of scientific manpower supply and demand is presented. Motivations of scientists are studied, as are motivations which lead students into science careers. Estimates are made of the future supply of and demand for scientific manpower, assuming present utilization. These figures indicate the shortage will become a surplus by 1971.

Design for Nursing

We have described methods of presenting contemporary medical thinking to groups of workers including atomic scientists, clients of the herbalist, and those who are suspicious of anything that smacks of psychological understanding. Experience over the years has demonstrated the need for a carefully prepared and delivered program which is carried to the workers on an individual or on a group basis, for individual action or for group action. The industrial nurse can identify a worried employee and, through close rapport, help him to seek counsel. She can also point out to the physician certain needs in health education which he can meet. Although staid printed materials can easily be made available to employees, they fail to stimulate individuals in the way that a personal word, quiet listening, or active participation in a group session does. The use of educational skills in a health counseling program can ene industrial nurse can identify a rried employee and, through close port, help him to seek counsel. She also point ou to the physician lighten employees, whether they are sci ntists or laborers. The experiences t y encounter in the group living of industry influence individuals. In these days of great manpower demands, any effort to conserve men and women will lead to betterment of our resources, stabilization of our emo ional economy, and enrichment of the basic worth of man.

Social Changes and Their Effects on Race Relations in the South

T HERE has been a disposition, on the part of some observers, to regard the increasing evidences of racial tension in the South and in the country at large as prima facie evidence of the deterioration of race relations. In an earlier article, it was speculated that the racial incidents in themselves were not conclusive, rather that they were symptoms of basic social changes which, in the long run, might well prove wholesome. Recent developments seem to support these speculations. For not only have these developments appeared to be shaping themselves into a new pattern, but many southern leaders are beginning to recognize that the new conditions require new attitudes and techniques and are ready to take action which, a short while ago, seemed remote and unlikely. The usual assumptions back of the popular estimates about the state of race relations have been that where there is quiescence and an undisturbed status quo there are most satisfactory and wholesome race relations. But just such quiescence may be an indication of immobility and social stagnation. The racial as well as various other social tensions that have followed in the wake of the war are a symptom of social changes; and these changes in themselves may be interpreted as the incidental effects of profound forces moving toward a new equilibrium. As might be expected in a time of rapid change, many of these developments are imperfectly understood and regarded as a threat to traditions and customs of central importance. Racial incidents continue to occur, and there is considerable surface display of hostility. Where there is preoccupation with race and relative racial positions in the social system of the region, it is inevitable that many developments which are essentially non-racial in character will be invested with dangerous racial implications. Total war is a cataclysmic national event that shakes and loosens many traditions from their deep moorings, whether these traditions are economic, religious, racial or romantic. The impersonal and direct imperatives of sudden war cannot trace a careful path around the embedded orthodoxies of race any more than can a flood or earthquake. When these racial traditions have been disturbed, when the comfortable patterns of living have been broken or warped, a sense of insecurity is inevitable. New guides to behavior must be worked out, new situations must be met and solved by reference to new or at least altered values. The race problem in such situations becomes more personal, and in becoming more personal it becomes more emotional. The changes that the war brought to the South reached into the lives of its people and brought about several major crises. Although the South is primarily agricultural, it shared richly in the appropriations for cantonments, shipyards, and munitions plants. Industrial production in general was enormously accelerated. A result was the uprooting and migration of hundreds of thousands of workers from relatively isolated and rural areas to the cities and production centers. They carried their personal backgrounds with them into these new situations, and tried, as was natural, to find a basis of adjustment which would enable them to keep the old values so necessary to their sense of personal security. This alone was a personal and an industrial revolution of great significance crowded into a brief period. The major training camps for the ten million or more troops are in the South, and this has brought into new and disturbing contact northern Negroes and northern whites with southern Negroes and southern whites. The demands for manpower have pressed against the customary racial occupational categories; high wages, together with national minimum wage legislation have disturbed another traditional racial differential. The familiar and seemingly indispensable Negro domestic, unprotected by employment legislation and long underpaid by national standards, has disappeared into the new war industries, leaving a trail of dismay and bitter resentment among housewives. Changes have also been taking place in southern agriculture. The country has given up millions of its workers to the city, yet it has been able to 1 See SOCIAL FORCES, 23 (October 1944), pp. 2732.

The Present Status of Race Relations in the South

T HERE is fairly widespread agreement that race relations in the South have deteriorated in character since the beginning of the war. This, of course, is popular agreement based upon the assumption that quiescence and absence of racial tensions are a major, if not exclusive, index to the most wholesome race relations. The thesis of this paper is that the emotional disturbances of the present period, involving racial issues, are symptoms of accelerated social changes, and that these changes are wholesome, even if their temporary racial effects are bad. Where there is preoccupation with race and relative racial positions in the social system of the region, it is inevitable that many factors which are essentially non-racial in character will be invested with dangerous racial implications, and it is equally likely that many underlying elements responsible for the new stress on race will be overlooked. Total war is a cataclysmic national event that shakes and loosens many traditions form their deep moorings, whether these traditions are economic, religious, racial or romantic. The impersonal and direct imperatives of sudden war cannot trace a careful path around the embedded orthodoxies of race any more than can a flood or earthquake. When these racial traditions have been disturbed, when the comfortable patterns of living have been broken or warped, a sense of insecurity is inevitable. New guides to behavior must be worked out, new situations must be met and solved by reference to new or at least altered values. The race problem in such situations becomes more personal, and in becoming more personal it becomes more emotional. Several major crises induced by the war should be noted here as a background for understanding what is happening to race relations. There was, as is everywhere evident, a prompt necessity for accelerating mechanical production in the South, as in the rest of the Nation. Although the South is primarily agricultural it shared richly in the appropriations for cantonments, shipyards, munitions plants, and these were located in or near the cities. A result was the uprooting and migration of hundreds of thousands of workers to the industrial production centers. They carried their personal backgrounds with them and sought, as would be natural, to find a new basis of community, witnout risking the personal security incident to losing the values of these backgrounds. This alone was a personal and an industrial revolution of great significance crowded into a brief period. The major training camps for the ten million or more troops are in the South, and there is more current mobility than this country has ever before experienced. The demands for manpower have pressed hard again the old established racial occupational cleavages; the high wages, together with the national minimum wage legislation, have disturbed another traditional racial differential. New occupations have been created without racial definition. The familiar Negro domestic, unprotected by employment legislation, and long underpaid according to national standards, has disappeared into the new war industries, leaving a trail of dismay and bitter resentment among housewives. New economic and military hierarchies have intruded into the social system. There has been an inescapable penetration of more and more ational regulation into the region in the form of soldiers' family allowances, civilian defense measures, army regulations. These objective changes have been moving hand in hand with changes in southern agriculture. The country has yielded millions of its population to the city and, at the same time increased its production with fewer hands, thereby closing the door to the return of may of the emigres. AMore important still, these changes have been accompanied by a necessary emphasis upon the American creed of democracy as the ideological support of the total war effort. This campaign for democracy and the rights of the common man the world over has had unique effects in the sourthern region where the principle has encountered historical difficulties when applied *Read before the eighth annual meeting of the Southern Sociological Society, Atlanta, Georgia, March 31, 1944.

Information Service and the War Effort

Technically trained personnel are at a premium in this war, not only because of the manpower demands of the Armed Forces, but also because of actual shortages in the number of scientists and technicians available. For these reasons, it has been deemed of value to summarize briefly ways in which an information service can serve management and research by eliminating duplication of work and by acting as a catalyst to the proper coordination of wartime projects. Important functions of such an information service are: (1) summarisation of existing knowledge, (2) provision of information on current developments, gleaned from journals end the patent literature/ and (3) preparation of patent surveys, which may analyze information not available elsewhere end may point to more efficient processes of importance to the war effort. Information gained from records of the past cannot always replace actual research. The proper use of available information in this war emergency period, however, not only ...

Vocational Rehabilitation during and after the War

As the trend toward total war creates an ever increasing demand for manpower, the necessity for establishing a programme for the rehabilitation of the physically handicapped becomes a national necessity. Industry is forced to employ marginal workers and to plan conservation of manpower. Rehabilitation, therefore, can no longer be regarded solely as a welfare measure designed to salvage the morale of the disabled. The handicapped person is a valuable person; he must be rehabilitated because the nation needs him. He must be vocationally trained, not in some diverting handicraft, but in skills that will fit him for a place in war-time industry.The problem of the handicapped is essentially that of vocational maladjustment caused by social and economic prejudices. These prejudices are based on false concepts of working capacity which have developed social attitudes that serve to handicap the disabled in their efforts to earn a livelihood. Instead of utilizing their capacity for productive work, society has attempted to compensate them by providing relief.

Re-education of the Returned Soldier and Sailor

IF THE estimates of a long and bitter war now current in Washington are correct, the undeniable demands for manpower and womanpower for the purposes of the war's machinery will be increased to figures which relatively are far greater than those involved in any previous conflict in which the United States has participated. It is conservatively estimated that if the war runs for two more years, i.e., into the fall of 1945, there will be directly involved in its activities more than forty million men and women. Of this number, some twenty-nine million will be engaged in war industry. The remainder (variously estimated and depending upon the size of the army finally agreed upon) will be soldiers and sailors, marines, coast guardsmen, air force personnel in all branches of the service, plus the various women's services and auxiliaries. A total of eleven million persons seems to represent a median estimate for the armed forces, although of course, in the War Department itself there are advocates of an army which will reach the proportions of twelve or thirteen million men. This is a colossal effort wholly unprecedented in our history or, in fact, in the history of other nations, with the possible exception of Germany.

RECONSTRUCTION AND THE BUILDING INDUSTRY

NOW that building for war has reached, if not passed, its peak, while the demand for man-power and woman-power is still increasing, it is imperative that an attempt should be made to face the post-war problems if physical reconstruction is to be possible on anything like an adequate scale when hostilities cease. The Central Council for Works and Buildings has already issued a valuable memorandum on “Training and Recruitment for the Building Industry”, prepared by Mr. G. D. H. Cole for the Ministry on behalf of the Nuffield College Social Reconstruction Survey. Further, at a time when there is some public uneasiness at the delay in the Prime Minister's promised statement on reconstruction and over the supercession of Lord Reith and Mr. Greenwood, the Ministry of Works has issued a statement on the newly created Directorate of Post-war Building. The statement is reassuring evidence that, in one part of the field, preparation is being made to deal with problems which will become urgent immediately hostilities cease and which are indeed linked intimately with the question of demobilization.