MANOVA Method Research Articles

Multiple Mean Comparison for Clusters of Gene Expression Data through the t-SNE Plot and PCA Dimension Reduction

This paper introduces a novel methodology for multiple mean comparison of clusters identified in gene expression data through the t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) plot, which is a powerful dimensionality re- duction technique for visualizing high-dimensional gene expression data. Our approach integrates the t-SNE visualization with rigorous statistical testing to validate the differences between identified clusters, bridging the gap between exploratory and confirmatory data analysis. We applied our methodology to two real-world gene expression datasets for which the t-SNE plots provided clear separation of clusters corresponding to different expression levels. Our findings underscore the value of combining the t-SNE visualization with multiple mean comparison in gene expression analysis. This integrated approach enhances the interpretability of complex data and provides a robust statistical framework for validating observed patterns. While the classical MANOVA method can be applied to the same multiple mean comparison, it requires a larger total sample size than the data dimension and mostly relies on an asymptotic null distribution. The proposed approach in this paper has broad applicability in the case of high dimension with small sample sizes and an exact null distribution of the test statistic. Objective: Propose a two-step approach to analysis of gene expression data. Gene expression data usually possess a complicated nonlinear structure that cannot be visualized under simple linear dimension reduction like the principal component analysis (PCA) method. We propose to employ the existing t-SNE approach to dimension reduction first so that clusters among data can be clearly visualized and then multiple mean comparison methods can be further employed to carry out statistical inference. We propose the PCA-type projected exact F-test for multiple mean comparison among the clusters. It is superior to the classical MANOVA method in the case of high dimension and relatively large number of clusters. Results: Based on a simple Monte Carlo study on a comparison between the projected F-test and the classical MANOVA Wilks’ Lambda-test and an illustration of two real datasets, we show that the projected F-test has better empirical power performance than the classical Wilks’ Lambda-test. After applying the t-SNE plot to real gene expression data, one can visualize the clear cluster structure. The projected F-test further enhances the interpretability of the t-SNE plot, validating the significant differences among the visualized clusters. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the combination of the t-SNE visualization and multiple mean comparison through the PCA-projected exact F-test is a valuable tool for gene expression analysis. It not only enhances the interpretability of high-dimensional data but also provides a rigorous statistical framework for validating the observed patterns.

The Effect of On The Job Training on Problem Solving Skills and Self Efficacy of Aviation Polytechnic Cadets

Aviation Polytechnic is a vocational education that should follow the global vocational education. The Polytechnic prepares its graduates not only to achieve education but also to develop social attitudes and skills in various fields. On-the-job training (OJT) programs were then conducted to increase some of these skills, namely problem-solving and self-efficacy (confidence in their abilities). This study aimed to determine whether OJT affected problem-solving skills, self-efficacy, and both. It used a quantitative method with a questionnaire as the instrument for data collection. The data were analyzed by a series of tests that examined the instrument, the prerequisite test, and the hypothesis. They were examined using the MANOVA method. The study indicated that OJT affected the problem-solving skills of Palembang Aviation Polytechnic cadets. The study also found the effect of OJT on the cadets’ self-efficacy. Finally, it was found that OJT had an effect on both problem-solving skills and self-efficacy.

PENERAPAN MANOVA DALAM ANALISIS HUBUNGAN ANTARA LUAS WILAYAH DENGAN CAKUPAN VAKSINASI COVID-19 DI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

In Indonesia, the problem with the spread of COVID-19 is 1.35 million with 1.17 million recovered and 36,721 deaths as of March 5, 2021. From the data on the spread of COVID-19, it can be seen from the length of time that has passed, the number of cases has increased. Sinovac (CoronaVac) is a vaccine for COVID-19 produced by the Sinovac company, using inactivated virus technology or utilizing attenuated viruses. The coverage of vaccines for dose 1 and dose 2 in South Kalimantan Province is low compared to other provinces, even though South Kalimantan Province is a province that is classified as having the smallest area among other provinces included in Kalimantan Island. The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between area and coverage of COVID-19 vaccination in South Kalimantan Province. This study uses One-Way Manova because it analyzes one predictor variable, in the form of area and three response variables simultaneously, in the form of COVID-19 vaccination coverage based on the vaccination target category: health human resources, public officers and the elderly. The results of the study using the One-Way MANOVA method showed the Pillai's Trace value of 0.020. The results of the multivariate significance test obtained by Wilk's Lambda so that it rejects which means that the significant model or area () has an influence on vaccination coverage (). Based on alleged multivariate regression model and the results of the MANOVA test, both are directly proportional, namely there is a significant relationship that area area has an influence on COVID-19 vaccination coverage. Large areas have vaccination coverage that tends to be low when compared to small areas. Vaccination distribution for a small area can be said to be more efficient than other broad categories and for elderly vaccine recipients, it is lower than the category of vaccine recipients for public officials and health human resources

Analisis Tingkat Security Awareness-Personal Threat Terhadap Ancaman Phishing Dengan Metode Technology Threat Avoidance Theory (TTAT)

Phishing is a sort of cybercrime that involves obtaining sensitive information through the use of email, SMS, or compromised websites. The effects of phishing are caused by factors in the Technology Threat Avoidance Theory. The single best way to stop phishing attacks is to increase awareness of the risk of them happening among users or end users (human firewall). To determine the next steps in raising user knowledge, it is necessary to measure cybersecurity awareness, particularly against phishing assaults. Identify a few significant cybersecurity awareness of FTTI University of Jenderal Achmad Yani students in Yogyakarta. The investigation in this case included a phishing test and also employed online observation using observers who were asked questions based on the Technology Threat Avoidance Theory (TTAT). Using the MANOVA analysis method, factors influencing cybersecurity awareness analysis is conducted. Based on the analysis and testing of phishing tests as well as online questionnaires from the sample population, it shows that the sample is at a poor level of awareness. While the analysis of cybersecurity influence factors using the MANOVA analysis method shows that the results of the sig.> 0.05 value so that h0 is rejected. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that FTTI students were still vulnerable to phishing attacks. Factor analysis using the MANOVA method shows that the dependent factor affects the level of cybersecurity awareness of the respondents but there is no significant difference between the dependent factors.

An Investigation of Married Individuals' Relationship Maintenance Strategies in Terms of Gender and Gender Roles Attitudes

The aim of this study is to examine the behaviors of married individuals to maintain relationships according to their gender and gender role attitudes. The study group of the study consisted of 177 (52.8%) females and 158 males (%) aged between 24 and 50 (x̄=30.2), residing in İzmir, and having a relationship period of 2 to 20 years (x̄=5.9). 47.2), a total of 335 heterosexual married people. As data collection tools in the research, “Relationship Maintenance Strategies Scale”, “Gender Roles Attitude Scale” and “Personal Information Form” were used. Two-way MANOVA method was used in the analysis of the data. Findings from the two-way MANOVA analysis show that gender and gender roles have an impact on relationship maintenance behaviors. In this context, it has been determined that gender roles have a higher degree of influence than biological sex in maintaining relationships. According to the findings of the study, it was determined that female participants exhibited relationship-maintaining behaviors more frequently than male participants. In terms of gender roles attitude, It has been determined that the participants who have an egalitarian gender role attitude exhibit more frequent relationship maintenance behaviors than the participants who have traditional gender roles attitudes. As a result, gender and gender roles have a significant effect on relationship maintenance strategies.

Effect of Social Media Function on Student Graduation Rate

This observation aimed to determine the significant effect of social media facilities on improving the quality of scholars. The research stages began with some interviews with scholars. This observation utilizes the Manova method through the statistic software program. The period to graduate from college and the period of not working is eminently affected by the sort of social media function that student often searches for. This investigation was only conducted on students in Indonesia. This investigation is useful in Indonesia and useful in the fields of social science and industrial engineering.

Investigating health impacts of household air pollution on woman's pregnancy and sterilization: Empirical evidence from Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh

The health impacts of increasing household air pollution produced by inefficient cooking fuels on woman's health concerning pregnancy, fertility, and sterilization in the most populous South Asian countries have not got due attention previously. As these health issues are some of the most critical health indicators for women; therefore, the study investigates a robust statistical relationship between household air pollution produced by cooking fuels and above indicators of woman's health that are less focused. Because living in such an environment can increase more health risks unless effective strategies based on empirical research foundations are put in place to curb the rising health implications. The study uses cross-sectional data of the three most populous countries of South Asia (India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) and employs the MANOVA and OLS regression methods to examine this empirical relationship. The results have revealed that the type of cooking fuel is the topmost concern for a woman's health, such as termination and duration of current pregnancy, years since and age at sterilization, residence, and education. Moreover, cooking places also adversely impact age at sterilization. Based on findings, the study proposes effective policy suggestions to the governments and policymakers to take necessary measures to prevent health risks.

Impact of Corona Virus On Total Share In All Company Sectors In Indonesia Stock Exchange

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the corona virus on total shares in all company sectors on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study examines whether there are differences in total shares before and after Covid-19 was announced in Indonesia. The data consists of total shares on January 31, 2020 (30 days before the announcement of COVID-19) and total shares on March 31, 2020 (30 days after the announcement of COVID-19) for all company sectors on the IDX. The method used is descriptive quantitative. The analysis technique in this study consists of descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing using the nonparametric MANOVA method on the STATCAL software. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the total shares before and after the announcement of the first case of covid-19 in Indonesia in sectors 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9, indicated by a significant value per company sector in all sectors < 0, 05, while for sectors 2 and 5 there is no significant difference. The value of the permutation test p-value is 0.01, i.e. < 0.05 level of significance, it can be concluded that overall, there is a significant difference in total shares 30 days before and after the announcement of COVID-19.

Comparison of brain-behavioral systems (BAS/BIS), adjustment components and schizoid personality syndrome in patients with migraine and nervous peptic ulcer and normal subjects

Introduction: Migraine and nervous peptic ulcer are common psychosomatic diseases, that various psychological factors are effective in their occurrence and exacerbation. Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the Brain Behavioral Systems (BAS/BIS), adjustment components and schizoid personality syndrome in patients with migraine and nervous peptic ulcer and normal subjects. Method: The method of this research was comparative causative research. The statistical population of this study was all patients over 18 years of age with nervous peptic ulcer and migraine who referred to Bukan medical centers in 2019 and their normal counterparts. The sample size was 90 people. 30 patients over 18 years old were assigned to each group by simple random sampling and their normal counterparts were also selected by available sampling method. Carver and White's BIS/BAS Scales, Bells adjustment inventory and Millon clinical multiaxial inventory (MCMI-III) were provided for data collection. Data analysis was done by MANOVA and ANOVA method, using SPSS-PC (v.22). Results: Migraine patients had significantly higher mean of schizoid personality disorder symptoms and BAS/BIS than the other two groups (p<0.05). Both groups of patients had significantly lower mean in adaptation than normal subjects (p<0.05). Conclusion: Both groups of disease had the lowest rate of adjustment components. The findings also imply that the Migraine patients had the highest rates of schizoid personality syndrome and BAS/BIS.

Measuring Scientific Process Skills with Different Test Formats: A Research from the Perspective of Cognitive Styles

Considering that each student has a different cognitive structure, in addition to providing students with the perspective of a scientist, evaluating this acquisition; it is an important dimension of science education in the context of measurement and evaluation. In this context, the scientific process skills (SPS) of the students with different cognitive styles were examined and it was aimed to interpret the SPS measured in different test format according to cognitive styles. The study was a causal comparison and the study group consisted of 40 students at the seventh-grade level. Cognitive styles of the students were determined by using Group Embedded Figures Test. Open-ended, performance-based and multiplechoice tests were used to evaluate the scientific process skills. Criteria scales were used in the evaluation of open-ended and performance based SPS tests. The data were analyzed by MANOVA method which is a multivariate analysis of variance. Findings indicated that students with field independent cognitive style are more successful in multiple choice SPS test. However, it was concluded that there was no significant difference between mean scores of students in the fielddependent and field-independent cognitive style in both open-ended and performance-based SPS tests. Within the scope of the research, possible factors causing this result such as the difference of students' cognitive style tendencies, the test format used to measure scientific process skills, or the structure of the measured scientific process skills were discussed.

CAN STRUCTURAL GENOTYPES OF AGRICULTURE BE DISTINGUISHED IN INDIVIDUAL REGIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION?

The aim of this study is to verify the hypothesis that structural genotypes exist in EU agriculture. To verify the hypothesis, CSO data from the 2010 and 2016 Farm Structure Survey for 258 NUTS 2 regions were used. 21 structural variables were calculated on the basis of the data and then they were used to carry out a latent profile analysis. At the last stage of the research, the influence of structural genotypes on the productivity of production factors was verified using the MANOVA method. The obtained results confirm the existence of 5 structural genotypes: (1) small farms and a polarized agrarian structure, (2) very small, non-specialized, labour-intensive farms and a polarized agrarian structure, (3) large farms and non-polarized agrarian structure, (4) average farms, (5) very large farms – outliers. What differed the most among farms was the concentration of production. Additionally, the relative stability of the adherence of the regions to a given genotype was confirmed, as well as the influence of this relation on the productivity, in particular on labour productivity. Any transitions between clusters concerned, in the vast majority, those regions where the scale of production was higher.

MAHALLE KÜLTÜRÜNÜN KENTLİLİK BİLİNCİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: KARAMAN ÖRNEĞİ

The purpose of this study, In order to awareness of creating urban in individuals living in cities, it is necessary to establish the neighborhood culture. For this purpose, the effects of neighborhood culture on the awareness of creating urban are investigated. At the same time, the difference between the modern neighborhood and traditional neighborhoods in terms of the formation of neighborhood culture is analyzed in the study. The study was carried out with the survey method, which is one of the quantitative research techniques, on individuals living in 5 different districts of Karaman province. As a result of analyzing the data collected from 146 inhabitants by easy sampling method by survey technique; It is determined that there is a positive (48%) moderate relationship between neighborhood culture and awareness. Results showed that there was a moderate and positive relationship (%48) between neighborhood culture and urban awareness. Variables of neighborhood culture explained 14 % variance from total variance of variables of urban awareness. In this study, urban awareness and neighborhood culture among neighborhoods were evaluated according to demographic information. The hypotheses of the study were evaluated using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, MANOVA and Canonical Correlation methods.

THE EFFECTS OF 5E MODEL SUPPORTED BY LIFE BASED CONTEXTS ON THE CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING LEVELS MEASURED THROUGH DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of the learning process based on the 5E Model Supported by Real Life Based Context in the Unit of Force and Energy in the course of Science on the conceptual understanding levels of the students at the seventh grade which are measured various techniques. The research was designed with quasi-experimental design with pre-test post-test control group and the lessons were taught in the experimental groups through lesson plans developed according to 5E Model Supported by Life Based Contexts while, in the control groups, the lessons were conducted through methods based on transmitting or presenting information. The study group of the research consists of 80 students who study at the level of the seventh grade. The conceptual understanding levels of the students were measured through the Life-Based Concept Test and Concept Maps. The data of the research was analyzed via Manova method. The students in the experimental group were seen to have higher average statistically significant scores in both Life-Based Concept Test and Force and Energy Concept Maps when compared to the students in the control group. In the research, it was observed through tests in various formats that the teaching process which are conducted based on real life contexts through integrating the Life Based Approach into 5E Model was effective on the development of conceptual understanding levels of the students in the unit of Force and Energy.

Effects of Using Media of Chemondro and Video Conference on Teaching Learning towards Students’ Self-Efficacy and Students’ Self-Regulated Learning on the Subject of Hydrocarbon

This research aimed to analyze the effect of using media in the teaching learning toward the aspects of students’ selfefficacy and students’ self-regulated learning. The media used were chemondro and video conference on the subject of hydrocarbon. This research was set as a quasi-experimental post-test only design. The population was the students of 11 public senior high school in Purworejo regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The sampling technique was two steps of cluster random sampling. The samples of this study were the six eleventh grade students (the mean age was 16) in two public senior high school in those regency. The samples were classified into three classes depending the media used in the teaching learning, they are Class CG-2 using chemondro only, Class CG-1 using hybrid of video conference only, and Class E using both chemondro and video conference. The data of students’ self-efficacy and students’ self-regulated learning were collected through questionnaire for each class. The data are analyzed according to MANOVA method, and it was found that there are significantly differences among the three classes for both aspects.

Intensidad exportadora y fortalezas percibidas en la estrategia de marketing: Una perspectiva basada en la experiencia de empresas exportadoras españolas

Purpose: This paper studies if there are associations between export profiles of some Spanish companies –high or low export intensity- and the opinion of managers about strengths generated in the marketing mix.Design/methodology: Through a questionnaire to 64 export Spanish companies and the literature review, we defined the export intensity as the dependent variable. The explanatory variables used measure the importance granted by the companies to the different variables of the marketing mix as strengths for export activity. We used MANOVA method as it lets us analyze differences between two or more metrical dependent variables (quality, price, promotion and place) based on a mix of categorical variables that act like predictors (export volume).Findings: Our results indicate that a correct planning of the marketing strategy is a key aspect inside internationalization strategy. In contrast with other studies that analyze specific strategies within marketing mix, this research focuses on these as perceived competitive strengths, whichever the mix of variable strategy that generates these strengths is.Practical implications: The differences observed indicate that there are different patterns in the marketing mix strength evaluation. The results show that the firms which have the most export intensity have generated bigger capacities especially in distribution channels configuration and promotion strategies.Originality/value: The main differentiating element in this research is the combines focus on the marketing mix variables as competitive strengths while distinguishing each of them.

<b>Comparisons of multivariate GR&R methods using bootstrap confidence interval

This paper aimed to compare the performance of multivariate GR&R (gage repeatability and reproducibility) studies based on PCA (principal component analysis) and Manova (multivariate analysis of variance) methods. To estimate the multivariate gauge index, geometric and arithmetic means have been implemented with and without weighting strategies. Bootstrap confidence interval based on BC a (bias-corrected and accelerated) method has been adopted to determine multivariate gauge index adequacy. This confidence interval was calculated for the mean of univariate gauge indices estimated from each quality characteristic. The result analyses have shown that weighted approaches provided the best estimates of gauge index in multivariate GR&R studies.

대표성 기반 뉴스 추천 메커니즘이 온라인 뉴스 포탈의 독자 반응에 미치는 영향

News contents has been collected, selected, edited and sometimes distorted by the news recommendation mechanisms of online portals in nowadays. Prior studies had not confirmed the consensus of newsworthiness, and they had not tried to empirically validate the impacts of newsworthiness on audience reactions. This study challenged to summarize the concepts of newsworthiness and validate the impact of representativeness of both editor’s and audience’s perspective on audience reactions as perceived news quality, trust on news portal, perceived usefulness, service satisfaction, loyalty, continuous usage intention, and word-of-mouth intention by adopting the representativeness heuristics method and information adoption model. 357 valid data had been collected using a scenario survey method. Subjects in each groups are exposed by 3 news recommendation mechanisms: 1) the time-priority news exposure mechanism (control group), 2) the reference-score-based news recommendation mechanism (a single treatment group), and 3) the major-news-priority exposure mechanism sorting by the reference scores made by peer audiences (the mixed treatment group). Data had been analyzed by the MANOVA and PLS method. MANOVA results indicate that only mixed method of both editor and audience recommendation mechanisms impacts on perceived news quality and trust. PLS results indicate that perceived news quality and trust could significantly affect on the perceived usefulness, service satisfaction, loyalty, continuance usage, and word-of-mouth intention. This study would contributions to empathize the role of information technology in media industry, to conceptualize the news value in the balanced views of both editors and audiences, and to empirically validate the benefits of news recommendation mechanisms in academy. For practice, the results of this study suggest that online news portals would be better to make mixed news recommendation mechanisms to attract audiences.

Pre-Service Teachers’ Subject Matter Competency and Quality of Teaching Practices: An Exploratory Case Study

Aims: This study examined how the pre-service teachers with strong subject matter competence quantitatively and qualitatively differed from their counterparts in teaching practices. Methodology: Thirteen pre-service physical education teachers (8 females and 5 males) who enrolled in one secondary methods course voluntarily participated in this study. The data were collected through videotaping and coding 13 pre-service teachers’ playing two basketball games and teaching seven lessons with two instruments, writing descriptive lesson vignettes, and conducting formal interviews. The quantitative data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics, MANOVA, and ANOVA methods, whereas, the qualitative data was analyzed using the constant comparison technique. The mean score of the pre-service teachers’ overall game performance index was calculated to classify the participants into above-average group and below-average group. Results: The results of the MANOVA yielded a significant difference on the overall teaching

Preliminary evidences of colour differences in European sea bass reared under organic protocols

Product diversification, among which organic farming, is an important issue in modern aquaculture activities. Discriminating organic vs. conventional products is complex, but appearance may help in tracing different batches of produce. To test this fact, sea basses were fed a commercial or an organic diet, and fishes of each different group were photographed before and during the experiment. Body landmarks were digitized on each colour-calibrated (using the TPS-3D algorithm) image; on the basis of landmarks configuration, the RGB matrices were warped using a geometric morphometrics procedure. The calibrated colour matrix of each warped individual (195×135,225) was analyzed with a 50–50 MANOVA, followed by a partial least squares discriminant analysis. Finally, a cluster analysis on the diet/time groups was performed. Growth and changes in condition factor over time are not dependent on the rearing method. Colour (as represented by the pixel vector) does depend on time and on rearing method, based on the MANOVA method used. Standard length and condition factor were not good predictors of colour. The partial least square discriminant analysis was highly effective in detecting colour differences on the basis of the fish diet. The 9-group dendrogram showed that the wild sample and the organic fish cluster together. The head, darker in fishes raised conventionally, is the part showing the greatest difference; the longer the life spent under the 2 regimens, the stronger the differences. In conclusion, these preliminary results demonstrate that a colorimetric analysis is able to distinguish 2 batches of fishes fed different diets in different environmental conditions and – in the present instance – to certify the organically grown sea basses.

Approval Criteria for Multivariate Measurement Systems

Standard measurement-system analysis criteria assume the gauge measures a single variable. In automotive-body manufacturing, measurement systems take data for many quality characteristics, yet manufacturers evaluate each response independently. To support using these data as a multivariate response, this paper develops multivariate extensions of gauge-approval criteria precision to tolerance ratio, percent R&R, and signal-to-noise ratio. These criteria use the volume of constant-density contours to characterize variability, the role of the standard deviation in single-variable models. This paper contains a MANOVA method using expected mean squares for estimating the variance—covariance matrices for one-factor, two-factor, and three-factor gauge studies. The paper demonstrates how to fit the MANOVA model and estimate the multivariate criteria using automotive body panel gauge-study data.