Mannitol Solution Research Articles

Piezo1 Mediates Vasodilation Induced by Acute Hyperglycemia in Mouse Renal Arteries and Microvessels.

Acute hyperglycemia is a risk factor for developing acute kidney injury and poor renal outcome in critically ill patients, whereby the role of renal vasculature remains unclear. We hypothesize that hyperglycemia-associated hyperosmolarity facilitates vasodilation through Piezo1-mediated eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) activation. Vasoreactivity was analyzed using wire myography in isolated mouse mesenteric arteries and renal interlobar, and using microvascular perfusion in renal afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles, and vasa recta. Immunofluorescence and Western blot were used for molecular analyses of isolated mouse blood vessels and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Pretreatment with hyperglycemia (44 mmol/L glucose; 4 hours) increased acetylcholine-induced relaxation in interlobar arteries and mesenteric arteries, which was prevented by eNOS inhibition using Nω-nitro-L-arginine methylester hydrochloride. Hyperosmotic mannitol solution had a similar effect. Hyperglycemia induced an immediate, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methylester hydrochloride-inhibitable dilation in afferent arterioles, efferent arterioles, and vasa recta, whereby stronger dilation in afferent arterioles compared to efferent arterioles. Hyperglycemia also increased glomerular filtration rate in mice. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, hyperglycemia, and the Piezo1 activator Yoda-1 increased levels of Piezo1 protein, p-CaMKII (phosphorylated Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II), Akt, and p-eNOS (phosphorylated eNOS). The hyperglycemia effect could be prevented by inhibiting Piezo1 using GsMTx4 (Grammostola spatulata mechanotoxin 4) and CaMKII using KN93. Furthermore, in arteries and microvessels, inhibition of Piezo1 using GsMTx4 prevented the hyperglycemia -effect, while Yoda-1 caused relaxation and dilation, respectively. Results reveal that Piezo1 mediates renal vasodilation induced by hyperosmolarity in acute hyperglycemia. This mechanism may contribute to the pathogenesis of renal damage by acute hyperglycemia.

Experimental investigation on volumetric heat transfer coefficient during intermittent spray drying of mannitol solution

The paper presents a detailed experimental investigation on volumetric heat transfer during intermittent spray drying of a 20% w/w of mannitol solution in a custom-made spray dryer. Unlike the conventional intermittent drying process, which achieves intermittency by pulsating the properties of the carrier gas medium, the present works achieve intermittency by pulsating the nozzle spray. The estimated volumetric heat transfer coefficient varies between 0.8 and 2 kW/m3K, and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient is between 0.6 and 2.5 s−1. The correlation for heat and mass transfer coefficients is evolved that relates the heat and mass transfer coefficient with the flow properties and thermophysical properties of both the carrier gas and the precursor fluid in terms of Ohnesorge number and Nusselt number. The investigation uses response surface analysis to analyze the effect of Reynolds number of air and Ohnesorge number of precursors on the volumetric heat transfer coefficient. The results show that a decrease in Reynolds number for a wide range and Ohnesorge number causes the volumetric heat transfer coefficient to increase.

Effect of cell size distribution on mechanical properties of strawberry fruit tissue

Strawberry fruit are high value, but also perishable products, because of their soft texture. Better insight on the strawberry mechanics are requested for understanding postharvest decay due to bruising. To gain data on the volumetric cell size distribution of strawberry tissue capturing the volume of 10 * 5 * 5 mm, fruit cells were suspended in 0.3 M mannitol solution. Cell size of 'Flair', 'Malwina', and 'Sonata' strawberry fruit, each in three commercially marketed ripeness stages (N = 135), was measured with particle size analyzer based on laser light scattering density analysis (LSD). The strawberry cell size distribution showed a wide range from 30–500 µm with frequency peak between 200 and 240 µm. The cell size of 'Flair' and 'Malwina' was smaller compared to 'Sonata' strawberry fruit. The volumetric cell size distribution obtained by LSD was correlated to microscopy results (R2 = 0.97–0.99) obtained on single cells (N = 1215), indicating that LSD can be used for measuring the percentages of different cell size ranges of volumetric fruit sample. The three ripeness stages were classified with Gaussian Naïve Bayes approach considering absorption coefficient of anthocyanins at 405 nm (GNBa) and percentage frequency of peak cell size (GNBc). For GNBa classes, ripening stage showed no interaction with failure stress, strain, and elastic modulus. Considering GNBc classes, the failure stress and elastic modulus of strawberry tissue increased with enhanced percentage frequency of peak cell size for all three cultivars. An enhanced percentage frequency of large cells resulted in increased susceptibility of the strawberry tissue. Overall, this study showed that LSD cell size distribution data from a volumetric tissue sample are related to fruit tissue mechanics, which is conducive to a better analysis of the actual stress and damage problems of strawberry fruit tissue specimens during compression in supply chain processes.

Investigation of Lyophilized Microspheres Loaded with Leuprolide Acetate

Abstract: Leuprolide acetate (LA) - a nonapeptide, used for the treatment of some hormone-depending diseases, is unstable and very susceptible to degradation in the aqueous media. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) is a copolymer of lactide and glycolide, that has generated tremendous interest in pharmaceutics because of their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. PLGA is used for the preparation of biocompatible biodegradable extended-release microspheres. However, the PLGA undergoes hydrolytic degradation in an aqueous environment through cleavage of its backbone ester linkages. As a consequence, PLGA-based microspheres loaded with LA are usually lyophilized to ensure the stability of LA and PGLA and reduce agglomeration, sedimentation, and size change of microspheres during storage. The aim of this present study is to evaluate the influence of lyoprotectants namely mannitol, trehalose, lactose, and saccharose on the stability of LA and characteristics of PLGA-based microspheres loaded with LA upon lyophilization. DSC and FTIR were used to evaluate the biocompatibility of LA and lyoprotectants. The results showed that there was no incompatibility between the LA and lyoprotectants. Mannitol solution 1.25% was used in freeze-drying PLGA-based microspheres loaded with LA. The obtained lyophilized microspheres had a good appearance and low moisture. Lyophilized microspheres after reconstitution had no significant change in drug content, size, and size distribution in comparison to that before freeze-drying.
 Keywords: Leuprolide acetate, PGLA, lyophilized, stability, biodegradable microspheres.
 

Real-time observation of the freezing stage of the mannitol solution using high-resolution optical microscopy

Vacuum freeze-drying has been expanding its influence in many fields, and the freezing stage is of utmost importance for the freeze-drying process. However, the limited understanding of the freezing stage has posed a major challenge for developing the vacuum freeze-drying process. An experimental setup was designed and employed in this paper to experimentally investigate the freezing stage of the mannitol solution. The cooling rate and solute mass fraction are chosen as the key freezing parameters. The nucleation temperature, the morphology and velocity of the freezing front, the morphology and size distribution of the ice crystals at the combination of different freezing conditions were studied. The results show that the nucleation temperature (supercooling degree) distribution could be better described by the Gauss distribution. The morphology of the freezing front is more strongly affected by the cooling rate compared with the mass fraction. In addition, the morphology of ice crystals also exhibits differences under different freezing conditions. The average size decreases with the increase of the cooling rate, while the uniformity of particle size distribution increases when increasing the cooling rate. The research could help deepen the understanding of the freezing stage in a qualitative way, and provide a reference for the theoretical research.

Capsazepine antagonizes TRPV1 activation induced by thermal and osmotic stimuli in human odontoblast-like cells.

Dental pain, which is the main reason for patients consulting dentists, is classified as a public health concern. The study of cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to pain is a fundamental element for developing new analgesics. By using a selective antagonist in an in vitro model, this study aimed to establish the role of TRPV-1 in human odontoblast-like cells (OLCs) as a therapeutic target for dental pain mediated by noxious thermal and osmotic stimuli. OLCs were differentiated from dental pulp mesenchymal cells and TRPV1 expression was evaluated. Activation of TRPV-1 was determined by evaluating changes in calcium concentration after stimulation with mannitol and xylitol hyperosmotic solutions or DMEM heated at 45°C, using the fluorescent calcium probe Fluo-4 AM. In addition, changes in fluorescence (F/F0) due to calcium flux were evaluated using fluorometry and flow cytometry. Simultaneously, the cells were co-stimulated with the selective antagonist capsazepine (CZP). OLCs expressed DSPP and DMP-1, confirming their cellular phenotype. TRPV1 was expressed, and its activation by different stimuli produced an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ which was reduced by the antagonist. Both methods used to evaluate TRPV1 activation through the measurement of calcium probe fluorescence showed similar patterns. These results suggest that TRPV-1 modulation using an antagonist can be implemented as a pharmacological strategy for managing dental pain mediated by hyperosmotic and thermal stimuli.

PSXIII-B-7 Effect of Replacing soy Protein Concentrate with Corn Fermented Protein on Growth Performance and gut Integrity of Weaned Pigs

Abstract NexPRO™, a corn fermented protein (CFP) derived from the dry-mill bioethanol production process, has demonstrated potential as a high-quality protein ingredient in weaned pig diets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of increasing dietary inclusion of CFP to replace soy protein concentrate (SPC) in the diet on weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and gut integrity of weaned pigs in a large-scale system. A total of 1144 pigs were distributed evenly into 44 pens (13 barrows and 13 gilts/pen; initial BW 6.0±0.1 kg) with 286 pigs assigned per treatment and 11 replications. The four treatments were designed as a titration of CFP inclusion at 0%, 4%, 8% and 12% in Phase 1 (3.6 kg/hd budget) and 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% in Phase 2 (5.5 kg/hd budget) replacing SPC. Pigs were fed a common diet through Phase 3. To determine gut integrity, a differential sugar absorption test (DSAT) administered a 5% lactulose and 5% mannitol solution on the tenth day to representative pigs consuming the 0% and 12% CFP diets. Urine was collected to measure differences in sugar ratios to access gut permeability. Average daily gain responded similarly for the 0%, 4% and 8% CFP diets during Phase 1, however greater than 12% (P< 0.01; 0.15 vs. 0.11 kg/d). Pigs fed diets with 4% and 8% CFP in Phase 1 had a greater ADFI than pigs fed 12% CFP (0.19 vs. 0.17 kg/d; P˂0.01); 0% diets were intermediate. At the end of Phase 2, pigs fed 0%, 2%, and 4% CFP diets had greater (P˂0.01) ADFI than pigs fed diets with 6% CFP (0.60 vs. 0.44 kg/d), but lower (P< 0.01) G:F (0.62 vs. 0.78). No observed differences were measured between treatments for gut permeability. Due to similar responses in performance, CFP can replace soy protein concentrate in nursery diets.

A high yield method for protoplast isolation and ease detection of rol B and C genes in the hairy roots of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Protoplasts represent a unique experimental system for the circulation and formation of genetically modified plants. Here, protoplasts were isolated from genetically modified hairy root tissues of Brassica oleracea L. induced by the Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain (ATCC13332). The concentration of enzyme solutions utilized for protoplast isolation was 1.5 % Cellulase YC and 0.1 % Pectolyase Y23 in 13% mannitol solution, which resulted in high efficiency of isolation within 8 hours, in which the protoplast yield was 2 x 104 cells ml-1 and the percentage of viability was 72%. Each protoplast has one nucleus with a nucleation of 48%. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay verified the presence of rol B and rol C genes in hairy root tissues by detaching a single bundle of DNA replication from these roots using a specific pair of primers. The current study demonstrated that A. rhizogenes strain (ATCC13332) is a vector for the incorporation of T-DNA genes into cauliflower plants, as well as the success of the hairy roots retention of rol B and rol C genes transferred to it.

Development of a Nondestructive Monitoring Technique for Vial Freeze-Drying Process using Microwave Resonance Spectroscopy

In this study, we developed a nondestructive monitoring technique for the drying progress of products in vials during the freeze-drying process using microwave resonance spectroscopy. An aqueous mannitol solution, commonly used as an excipient for injectable drugs, was used as the model material. The drying progress was determined using a mathematical model (i.e., Rp−Kv model), in which the parameters of mass and heat transfer were experimentally determined while considering the variation of the drying progress and position of the product on the drying shelf. A strong correlation was found between the extent of drying and changes in the microwave resonance spectrum. The simulation results were regressed against the changes in the resonance peak frequency and resonance intensity. Using this regression equation, the extent of drying could be predicted from the acquired spectral data. In this way, we were able to estimate the design space (the relationship between the operating conditions, internal temperature of the product, and sublimation rate), which changed with the extent of drying from the spectrum obtained inline, showing that it is possible to set the appropriate operating conditions based on the spectra.

Feasibility of Simple Oral Preparation Contrast-Enhanced CT Colonography (SOP-CE-CTC) Using Mannitol as a Neutral Oral Contrast Agent

Abstract Purpose This article prospectively assesses the feasibility of simple oral preparation contrast-enhanced computed tomography colonography (SOP-CE-CTC) using a large volume of oral 3% mannitol for good colonic distension along with mural and mucosal fold visualization. Methods A total of 100 patients in whom contrast CT abdomen was requested, recruited as per selection criteria, were advised to take mild oral bowel preparation for two nights, prior to the investigation. Then, after fasting overnight, they were asked to consume 1,500 to 2,000 mL of 3% mannitol solution in about an hour. Thirty minutes after completing the ingestion of oral mannitol, intravenous contrast was injected and SOP-CE-CTC was acquired at 55 seconds. Distension of six segments of the colon was evaluated by assigning scores 1 to 4 for qualitative assessment; and measuring the maximum luminal diameter of the colon, for quantitative assessment. Colonic mucosal and mural visualization were evaluated subjectively. All observations were recorded by two reviewers (with varying levels of experience) independently. Results On qualitative analysis, the colon showed optimal distension (score 4) in 58 to 89% cases on SOP-CE-CTC. There was agreement between both the reviewers in 89 to 99% cases (weighted kappa 0.820–0.979; p < 0.001). On quantitative analysis, the mean of the maximum colonic diameter ranged between 3.4 and 5.2 cm; and both the reviewers agreed in 89 to 97% cases (weighted kappa 0.777–0.967; p < 0.001). Mural and mucosal fold visualization in the proximal four segments of the colon was excellent (in 90–98%) but in the rectum and sigmoid it was 45 and 66%, respectively; both the reviewers agreed in 100% cases (weighted kappa 1.0 and p < 0.001). Conclusion Good colonic distension, mural, and mucosal fold visualization can be achieved on SOP-CE-CTC using 1,500 to 2,000 mL of 3% oral mannitol and mild oral bowel preparation agents.

Isolation of gametes and zygotes from Setaria viridis.

Setaria viridis, the wild ancestor of foxtail millet (Setaria italica), is an effective model plant for larger C4 crops because S. viridis has several desirable traits, such as short generation time, prolific seed production and a small genome size. These advantages are well suited for investigating molecular mechanisms in angiosperms, especially C4 crop species. Here, we report a procedure for isolating gametes and zygotes from S. viridis flowers. To isolate egg cells, ovaries were harvested from unpollinated mature flowers and cut transversely, which allowed direct access to the embryo sac. Thereafter, an egg cell was released from the cut end of the basal portion of the dissected ovary. To isolate sperm cells, pollen grains released from anthers were immersed in a mannitol solution, resulting in pollen-grain bursting, which released sperm cells. Additionally, S. viridis zygotes were successfully isolated from freshly pollinated flowers. Isolated zygotes cultured in a liquid medium developed into globular-like embryos and cell masses. Thus, isolated S. viridis gametes, zygotes and embryos are attainable for detailed observations and investigations of fertilization and developmental events in angiosperms.

Hybrid Self-Assembling Nanoparticles Encapsulating Zoledronic Acid: A Strategy for Fostering Their Clinical Use.

Self-assembling nanoparticles (SANPs) promise an effective delivery of bisphosphonates or microRNAs in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) and are obtained through the sequential mixing of four components immediately before use. The self-assembling approach facilitates technology transfer, but the complexity of the SANP preparation protocol raises significant concerns in the clinical setting due to the high risk of human errors during the procedure. In this work, it was hypothesized that the SANP preparation protocol could be simplified by using freeze-dried formulations. An in-depth thermodynamic study was conducted on solutions of different cryoprotectants, namely sucrose, mannitol and trehalose, to test their ability to stabilize the produced SANPs. In addition, the ability of SANPs to deliver drugs after lyophilization was assessed on selected formulations encapsulating zoledronic acid in vitro in the T98G GBM cell line and in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model. Results showed that, after lyophilization optimization, freeze-dried SANPs encapsulating zoledronic acid could retain their delivery ability, showing a significant inhibition of T98G cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these results suggest that freeze-drying may help boost the industrial development of SANPs for the delivery of drugs to the brain.

Trichilia catigua and Turnera diffusa phyto-phospholipid nanostructures: Physicochemical characterization and bioactivity in cellular models of induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity

Flavonoid-based therapies supported by nanotechnology are considered valuable strategies to prevent or delay age-related and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Egg yolk phospholipids were combined with flavonoid-rich extracts obtained from Trichilia catigua A.Juss. (rich in flavan-3-ols and phenylpropanoid derivatives) or Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult (dominated by luteolin derivatives) to prepare nanophytosomes. The nanophytosomes showed that size and surface charge of the lipid-based vesicles are dependent of their phenolic composition. In vitro assays with SH-SY5Y cells showed that both formulations protect cells from glutamate-induced toxicity, but not from 6-hydroxydopamine/ascorbic acid. T. diffusa nanophytosomes promote a decrease of nitric oxide produced by BV-2 cells stimulated with interferon-γ. Nanophytosomes dialysed against a mannitol solution, and then lyophilised, allow to obtain freeze-dried products that after re-hydration preserve the essential physicochemical features of the original formulations, and exhibit improved colloidal stability. These results indicate that these flavonoid/phospholipid-based nanophytosomes have suitable features to be considered as tool in the development of therapeutic and food applications.

A Simple, Robust, and Convenient HPLC Assay for Urinary Lactulose and Mannitol in the Dual Sugar Absorption Test.

Background: Heterogeneous laborious analytical methodologies for the determination of urinary lactulose and mannitol limit their utility in intestinal permeability testing. Methods: We developed an assay using a Shimadzu HPLC system, an Aminex HPX87C column, and refractive index detection. The test was calibrated using a series of dilutions from standard stock solutions of lactulose and mannitol ‘spiked’ into urine samples. The utility to quantify urinary excretion during the dual sugar absorption test over 6 h was also determined. Results: Lactulose and mannitol were eluted isocratically at 5.7 and 10.1 min, respectively, with water as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min−1, 858 psi, 60 °C. The calibration curves for both sugars were linear up to 500 µg mL−1 with a limit of detection in standard solutions at 4 µg mL−1 and in ‘spiked’ urine samples at 15 µg mL−1. The intra-assay and inter-assay CVs were between 2.0–5.1% and 2.0–5.1% for lactulose and 2.5–4.4% and 2.8–3.9% for mannitol. The urinary profiles of the 6 h absorption of lactulose and mannitol showed similar peak-retention times to standard solutions and were well-resolved at 5.9 and 10.4 min, respectively. Conclusions: The assay was easy to automate, using commonly available equipment and convenient requiring no prior laborious sample derivatization. The simplicity, reproducibility, and robustness of this assay facilitates its use in routine clinical settings for the quantification of intestinal permeability.

Hyperosmolar Therapy in the Management of Intracranial Hypertension.

Hyperosmolar Therapy in the Management of Intracranial Hypertension.

A teaspoon of sugar and a pinch of salt: Reviewing hyperosmolar therapy.

The traditional hyperosmolar agents used to treat patients with elevated intracranial pressure are mannitol and hypertonic sodium chloride solution. This article focuses on some of the pros and cons of these treatments for managing cerebral edema.

Novel Unsteady State Method of Measuring Permeability Tested on Fabric Materials

The necessity of measuring permeability is encountered in number of applications and some of them have adequate measurement techniques available. However, in the fields of freeze drying, composite scaffolds, 3D printed materials, etc., the sample materials have unique shapes and sizes, which disables the use of standardized equipment. Hence, a novel method was developed to determine the permeability of a sample material by analyzing a high frequency unsteady state pressure measurement acquired during the permeation of a working fluid. The method is also suitable for in-line measurements due to the rapid acquisition and analysis. The developed method is novel, hence a comparison of the acquired results and the permeabilities measured with a standard device designed for measuring air permeability of fabric materials was made. Air was the permeating fluid in the novel unsteady state as well as in the referential steady state measurements. The measured permeabilities ranged from approximately 8 Da to 50 Da for the analyzed five fabric materials. The comparative analysis yielded an encouraging linear fit with a R2 = 0.98 by including only one unsteady state measurement of each fabric sample. In addition, the presented method was capable of detecting the difference in permeability of the freeze-dried 5 wt% and 12 wt% aqueous mannitol solutions, which exhibit different permeabilities due to the different porosities after the same process of lyophilization. The possibility of determining permeabilities of freeze-dried pharmaceuticals is essential for lyophilization process optimization.

The Influence of Polyols on the Process Kinetics and Bioactive Substance Content in Osmotic Dehydrated Organic Strawberries.

In recent years, an increasing interest in reducing sugar consumption has been observed and many studies are conducted on the use of polyols in the osmotic dehydration process to obtain candied or dried fruits. The studies in the literature have focused on the kinetics of the process as well as the basic physical properties. In the scientific literature, there is a lack of investigation of the influence of such polyol solutions such as sorbitol and mannitol used as osmotic substances during the osmotic dehydration process on the contents of bioactive components, including natural colourants. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of polyols (mannitol and sorbitol) in different concentrations on the process kinetics and on chosen physical (colour and structural changes) as well as chemical (sugars and polyol content, total anthocyanin content, total polyphenol content, vitamin C, antioxidant activity) properties of osmotic-dehydrated organic strawberries. Generally, the results showed that the best solution for osmotic dehydration is 30% or 40% sorbitol solutions, while mannitol solution is not recommended due to difficulties with preparing a high-concentration solution and its crystallization in the tissue. In the case of sorbitol, the changes of bioactive compounds, as well as colour change, were similar to the sucrose solution. However, the profile of the sugar changed significantly, in which sucrose, glucose, and fructose were reduced in organic strawberries and were partially replaced by polyols.

Особливості впливу деяких інфузійних розчинів на церебральну гемодинаміку при гострому ішемічному інсульті

Вибір інфузійної терапії при гострій церебральній ішемії є однією з найбільш складних проблем в комплексі консервативного лікування хворих. Для ґрунтовного з’ясування впливу ізоосмолярного розчину 0,9% NaCl та гіперосмолярного розчину маніт на перебіг гострого ішемічного інсульту становило інтерес дослідження впливу курсової терапії цими розчинами на стан церебральної гемодинаміки в ішемізованому головному мозку. Досліджувані розчини вводили в умовно ефективній дозі (визначеній в експерименті) одразу при підтвердженні діагнозу, далі — щодоби через кожні 12 год впродовж 7 діб. Оцінка церебральної гемодинаміки проводилася за допомогою допплерографії церебральних артерій. Результати допплерографії екстракраніальних церебральних артерій продемонстрували відсутність будь-яких переваг застосування розчину маніт у хворих із гострим ішемічним інсультом порівняно з групою, що отримувала лише 0,9% NaCl. У досліджуваних хворих при проведенні інфузійної терапії 0,9% NaCl та манітом визначається тенденція до зниження мозкового кровотоку, що може спричинити гіпоперфузію головного мозку.

Оцінка терапевтичної ефективності 0,9% розчину NaCl та розчину маніту в пацієнтів із гострим ішемічним інсультом за неврологічним дефіцитом

Неврологічне обстеження хворих із гострим інсультом є обов’язковим компонентом діагностики інсульту. Для ґрунтовного з’ясування впливу ізоосмолярного розчину 0,9% NaCl та гіперосмолярного розчину маніту на перебіг гострого порушення мозкового кровообігу за ішемічним типом становило інтерес дослідження впливу курсової терапії цими розчинами на перебіг неврологічного дефіциту за допомогою різних неврологічних шкал. Досліджувані розчини вводили в умовно ефективній дозі (визначеній в експерименті) одразу при підтвердженні діагнозу і далі щодоби кожні 12 год впродовж 7 діб. Контроль результатів терапії в дослідженні проводився щодня за допомогою шкали коми Глазго, шкали FOUR та NIHSS. Застосування 0,9% NаСl та маніту не мало вірогідного впливу на динаміку неврологічного дефіциту за показниками шкал коми Глазго, FOUR та NIHSS упродовж 7 діб спостереження (р > 0,05). Міжгруповий аналіз неврологічного дефіциту показав вірогідно гірший результат у групі маніту порівняно з 0,9% NaCl за показниками шкали FOUR (р = 0,02).