Manner Of Preservation Research Articles

Analysis of Clay Humidity Behavior for the Preservation of Historical Monuments

This paper is an investigation of the humidity behavior of clay according to the design of historical monuments related to different dynasties in Morocco and classified as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO. The first step consisted of a diagnosis of the capillarity behavior of different design wall’s dynasties’. The second step consisted of a comparison of the humidity behavior of clay according to a different kind of the wall’s design located in Rabat as c and Fez as a dry and continental climate cities built by those dynasties’ Al Mohade and Alaouite. The method X-Ray was used for the identification of the material studied and samples were produced to analyze the humidity behavior of walls, according to their design: full walls or hollowed ones. Results indicate that the hallowed walls loosed water quickly in a very short time doesn’t exceed five days, however, the full ones keep water until the tenth day. According to the results authors’ advice on the manner of preservation of historical monuments to increase their lifetime.

'WE WANTED þE TREWE COPY þEREOF': JOHN PAGE'S "THE SIEGE OF ROUEN", TEXT AND TRANSMISSION

Introduction: in search of 'pe trewe copy'London, British Library, Eger ton MS 650 is a manuscript of the Middle English prose Brut chronicle, the work descended from Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Anglo-Norman prose Brut that recorded British history from its Trojan origins and its mythical past up to its medieval present in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The prose Brut was hugely popular: it survives in almost two hundred manuscripts (second in number among Middle English works only to the Wycliffite Bible), and over twenty versions and continuations, as successive generations of historians brought its accretive narrative up to date.1Eger ton 650, however, is a unique copy of the Brut. Its text is one of the standard early fifteenth-century continuations, until it reaches the account of Henry V's siege of the city of Rouen in 1418. At this point the scribe broke off, and instead of finishing the account of the siege, he wrote in red ink and a decorated script, as though it were a capitulum rubric:Here is no more of the sege of Rone and joat is be cause we wanted j^e trewe copy hereof bot who so euer ow[n]ys jois boke may wryte it oute in he henderend of his boke or in he forh end of it whene he gettes he trew copy Where it is wryttyn wryte in heis iii voyde lyne where it may be foundyn.2This is a remarkable intervention, not only for the direct address it makes to imagined future owners and readers, but also for the specific codicological instructions issued to them (rivalled only, perhaps, by the famous marginal note to the Roman d'Alexandre in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Laud 264, fol. 67')d Many things about it merit comment: the tantalizing insight it offers into the workings of the community of readers, book-owners, and copyists of the chronicle, which it clearly envisaged; the lack of a dividing line between readers and writers, addressed together and indiscriminately as 'who so euer ow[n]ys his boke'; and the tension implied between the neat visual presentation of the rubric (suggesting that its scribe was concerned with the cosmetic appearance of his book as a finished product) and the implication of its content that he explicitly did not envisage his chronicle as a finished product, but anticipated a recopying that would attend the future discovery of a 'trewe copy', and would occupy the flyleaves and margins. All of this is peculiar to the context of the Brut, a work that was unusual in being authored not individually but collectively and serially; and in being deliberately and permanendy unfinished, imagining (and in this case soliciting) its own continuation.Most pertinent to the purposes of this article, however, is the idea of a 'trewe copy', the implications and complexities of which the following argument will seek to unravel. For whatever reason, the scribe regarded his exemplar for the account of the siege of Rouen as defective. On a practical level, the ubiquity and availability of the Brut in many different versions presumably made the chances of a later reader finding a 'trewe copy' fairly high; although the rubricator seems to take for granted that the anticipated continuator would agree with him on what exacdy what would constitute such a 'trewe copy'. But on an ideological level, the concept of a 'trewe copy' was far from straightforward in the textual culture of the Middle Ages (as if we needed persuading of this, Chaucer's exasperated 'wordes unto Adam' to 'wryte more trewe' come to mind).4 This article suggests that the reason the rubric appears where it does, and the motivating factor underpinning its concern over the absence of a 'trewe copy', is that behind the Bruts account of the siege of Rouen stood another work, John Page's The Siege of Rouen, whose manner of preservation and incorporation in the chronicle was the particular source for this rubricator's unease. It then ponders what exacdy that phrase might mean in relation to that text, whose own trajectory of transmission and variation fundamentally challenges the assumptions on which the idea, and the possibility, of a 'trewe copy' hinges. …

In situ stems: preservation states and growth habits of the Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) calamitaleans based upon new studies of Calamites Sternberg, 1820 in the Duckmantian at Brymbo, North Wales, UK

AbstractCalamitalean stems that are preserved in growth position in Carboniferous sedimentary deposits have been described many times in the literature as either pith casts or stem casts. Many of these in situ stems show branching, which gives some information on their patterns of growth. Their manner of preservation is discussed in the light of a new stand of well‐preserved in situ stem and branch pith casts of Calamites discovered in mid to upper Duckmantian sandstone at Brymbo in the Wrexham Coalfield of North Wales. Analysis of a brown mineralized layer surrounding the casts and below the black compression remains of the stem tissues has shown the presence of goethite, muscovite, quartz and kaolin. Deposition of these minerals around the inside of the central stem cavity would have provided rigidity and sufficient support, while the pith cavity filled with sediments. The outer tissues would then have been compressed to form a thin coal layer around the mineralized infill of the pith cavity. Cross sections of stems were found clustered together in relatively small areas, and kernel density map and nearest neighbour analysis suggest that each small patch of these pith casts represents an individual plant spread by rhizomatous growth. Stems found in ironstone nodules are external casts of leafy stems preserved by the deposition of siderite on their surfaces. A length of rhizome found at Brymbo was similarly preserved as a cast in ironstone.

Environment and Economy of the Early Medieval Settlement in Žatec

Environment and Economy of the Early Medieval Settlement in Žatec

Fossil evidence for the early ant evolution

Ants are one of the most studied insects in the world; and the literature devoted to their origin and evolution, systematics, ecology, or interactions with plants, fungi and other organisms is prolific. However, no consensus yet exists on the age estimate of the first Formicidae or on the origin of their eusociality. We review the fossil and biogeographical record of all known Cretaceous ants. We discuss the possible origin of the Formicidae with emphasis on the most primitive subfamily Sphecomyrminae according to its distribution and the Early Cretaceous palaeogeography. And we review the evidence of true castes and eusociality of the early ants regarding their morphological features and their manner of preservation in amber. The mid-Cretaceous amber forest from south-western France where some of the oldest known ants lived, corresponded to a moist tropical forest close to the shore with a dominance of gymnosperm trees but where angiosperms (flowering plants) were already diversified. This palaeoenvironmental reconstruction supports an initial radiation of ants in forest ground litter coincident with the rise of angiosperms, as recently proposed as an ecological explanation for their origin and successful evolution.

The dynamic variation of several important taxane content in post-harvest Taxus chinensis clippings

The dynamic variations of several important taxanes, taxol, baccatin III (B-III), 1-acety-5,7,10-deacetyl-baccatin I (DAB-I) and baccatin VI (B-VI), were investigated in post-harvest clippings of Taxus chinensis. The clippings were preserved over 20 days at two different temperatures (4°C and room temperature), or by cuttage in the light and in the dark, or promptly dried. The accumulation of taxol in needles of the clippings was found increase in the initial stages of the stored period and then decreased gradually. The maximum accumulation of taxol occurred in the case of cold storing (4°C) at day 3, doubling the data on the day when the biomass was harvested. In contrast, in the cases of cold storage and cuttage the contents of the other three taxanes showed a sharp decrease at the beginning and then an increase from 3 to 6 days, and subsequently a drop until day 20. The similar variation of taxane contents was not found in the needles of immediately dried clippings as well as in the stem samples of clippings. These results indicated that the content variation of taxol and related taxanes of post-harvest clippings was related to the manner of preservation, timing and plant tissue. Moreover, the mechanism of the fluctuation of the taxane contents in post-harvest clippings is discussed, in particular taxol biosynthesis in response to mechanical wounding of harvest.

Food plants from late bronze age lagoon sites in Languedoc, southern France: Reconstruction of farming economy and environment

During the late Bronze age, settlements in Languedoc, southern France, were located on the shore of lagoons lining the Mediterranean, while, in the hinterland, settlements were mainly in the form of villages or cave sites. Information on food plants has been restricted, until now, to sites in the hinterland. In this paper, the archaeobotanical results obtained from two lagoon-shore settlements, La Fangade at Sete, and Portal Vielh at Vendres, are reported. The former provides the first waterlogged assemblage for this period in the French Mediterranean while the latter consists of a dry settlement. Emmer and hulled, six row barley are the most common cereals occurring at the two sites. Other cereals are less frequent, although einkorn chaff is common at La Fangade. Flax, and especially opium poppy, are well represented while faba bean is the only pulse of some importance. Many wild fruits were gathered, especially acorns. Comparison with data from the hinterland suggests that the main difference lay in the cultivation of opium poppy and flax in the lagoon sites. However, may be largely an impression, resulting from the differences in manner of preservation at hinterland and lagoon sites. Local production as distinct from importation of crops is considered and the conclusion is drawn that, at least at La Fangade, hulled barley was grown locally. The arable weed flora indicates that sowing took place during both autumn and spring at La Fangade.

BLOOD PLASMA

In previous papers we have discussed the technical details of various methods of preservation applicable to human blood plasma and pointed out certain limitations of each method. 1 In this paper we will discuss the effect that the various methods of preservation have on the quality and therapeutic value of plasma. Brief mention will also be made of the dosage in some of the more common conditions. The following three premises seem generally acceptable: (1) blood plasma is used with satisfactory results in a large number of clinical conditions; (2) the effect of plasma depends on the action of certain elements contained therein; (3) these elements are variously affected by the manner of preservation of the plasma, as will be shown in this presentation. Acceptance of these three premises justifies the conclusion that any method of preservation applied to human plasma will profoundly influence its therapeutic value, and for this

Supplementary Notes on Aclisina De Koninck and Aclisoides Donald, with Descriptions of New Species

In 1898 I communicated a paper to this Society on the genus Aclisina and on Aclisoides , a new section or subgenus of Murchisonia . Since that date I have had the opportunity of studying a larger number of specimens, which has not only enabled me to learn more about the species then described, but also to add to their number. Fifteen species of Aclisina with several varieties, and a single species of Aclisoides with one variety, were dealt with in 1898. I am now referring seven more species to the former, six of which have not been previously noted, and am regarding the form considered a variety of the latter as a distinct species. Thus we have a total of twenty-two possible species of Aclisina and two of Aclisoides . In addition to these there are in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, three small shells resembling Aclisina , one from Poolvash, the others from Settle, all too much embedded in the matrix to be accurately determined. The numbers given can only be regarded as approximate, for paucity of specimens and defects in the manner of preservation sometimes render the definition of genera and species difficult. It is, therefore, possible that some shells at present considered as distinct species may afterwards prove to be varieties only, while others now grouped together may need to be separated. In the previous paper no holotypes were selected. I am now supplying the omission, and also stating in which collections they are deposited. Although I have already remarked on

The “Lost Atlantis” and the “Challenger” Soundings 1

IT may perhaps not be at first apparent what is the connection between those tubes and masses of metal and other apparatus on the right and these fossil leaves in the cases on the left. Those are some of the sounding apparatus used on board the Challenger in her four years' voyage. They have been brought from the galleries of the Loan Collection of Scientific Apparatus, where they are deposited by the Admiralty, into this theatre, in order to illustrate the method by which deep-sea soundings and temperatures are ascertained. It is the results obtained from soundings in the Atlantic Ocean alone that we shall consider this evening. While the working out of these results, as shown in the diagram, has been accomplished by the staff of the Challenger, there are some few other ships to which passing allusion will have to be made. These fossil leaves, deposited by Mr. J. Starkie Gardner, F.G.S., are also brought in from the Loan Collection. It is not these particular leaves we have to consider; these are all English: but we shall have to consider the teachings of collections of leaves similar as regards their manner of preservation, obtained from different parts of Europe and America. There are no specimens at present in the collection besides these, though until recently there was the small typical collection of the Baron von Ettingshausen. These English specimens will, however, serve our purpose very well as illustrations to convey an idea of what Tertiary fossil leaves look like.

Scientific Serials

Scientific Serials