Mannan Oligosaccharide Research Articles

EFFECT OF Lemna gibba AND Ulva lactuca ON HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN JUVENILES OF NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)

Currently, mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) are added to the production costs of Nile tilapia to prevent and avoid diseases. An alternative are aquatic plants rich in biologically active compounds such as Lemna gibba, a freshwater macrophyte, and Ulva lactuca, a green seaweed, which have shown productive and economic efficiency as feed for livestock, poultry, and fish, but their effect as a functional ingredient has not been evaluated. The objective was to demonstrate that dietary supplementation of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with L. gibba and U. lactuca can have a beneficial effect on the health and productive performance of tilapia allowing to consider these supplements as functional ingredients such as mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS). The base diet was supplemented with L. gibba and U. lactuca at percentages 0, 10, 15 and 20 % (L0, L10, L15, L20; U0, U10, U15, U20; M0, M10, M15, M20) and compared to a mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) control. Health parameters (hematological study, lysozyme and complement C3 activities) and productive performance (survival, S; final weight, FW; protein efficiency ratio, PER, and feed conversion factor, FCF) were evaluated. Statistical difference was found (p ≤ 0.05) among treatments and supplementation percentages. The U20 diet showed the greatest effect (p ≤ 0.05) on health parameters and L15 showed the best results (p ≤ 0.05) in productive performance. It is concluded that U. lactuca and L. gibba can be used as a functional ingredient at a proportion of 15 % to produce feed for Nile tilapia juveniles in order to promote health and growth.

Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) supplementation on metabolism, inflammatory response and gut microbiota of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with high carbohydrate diet

High-carbohydrate diet could achieve cost-sparing effect in aquafeed, but it may cause adverse effects on the growth condition or health status of fish. In order to reduce the adverse effects caused by high carbohydrate diet, mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), a commonly used prebiotics, was used as the feed additive to feed juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (1.19 ± 0.01g) for ten weeks. Three treatments including CON (35% carbohydrate diet), HC (45% carbohydrate diet) and HM (45% carbohydrate supplemented diet with 5 g/kg MOS) were involved. The results showed that MOS supplementation increased the weight gain and body length of juvenile Nile tilapia compared with the HC group. Addition of MOS decreased serum glucose and liver glycogen by increasing enzymes activity related to glycolysis. Furthermore, supplementation of MOS decreased the high carbohydrate diet induced triglycerides accumulation in liver by reducing the expression level of genes related to TG synthesis. Dietary MOS also down-regulated the gene expression level of inflammation factors in liver. Intestinal bacterial composition analyses showed that supplementation of MOS in high carbohydrate diet altered the gut microbial composition and enriched pathways related to the glucose metabolism based on KEGG analyses. In general, our results demonstrated that MOS supplementation in high carbohydrate diet could regulate glucose and lipid homeostasis which may be related to the alteration of gut microbiota. These findings shed light on the application of prebiotics to increase the growth performance, alleviate the metabolic disorders and regulate inflammatory response in aquaculture.

Isolation and Characterization of Mannanase-Producing Bacteria for Potential Synbiotic Application in Shrimp Farming.

Simple SummaryMannooligosaccharides (MOS) can promote growth and immunity in aquatic animals. Although most commercial MOS are derived from yeast, the use of MOS from copra meal, a waste product of the coconut industry, is of interest. MOS from copra meal, when given as a dietary supplement to shrimp, could help improve resistance to pathogenic Vibrio and could also act as an immunostimulant. Our objective was to identify bacterial isolates that could be used as probiotics for shrimp and together with MOS as synbiotics to synergistically improve shrimp performance and feed utilization. In this study, two bacterial candidates, Man26 and Man122, were isolated from shrimp intestines and screened for mannanase, the enzyme for mannan digestion. The crude enzymes were evaluated for their biological properties and potential application in the digestion of feedstuffs in vitro. Both strains were able to produce and secrete mannanase to digest MOS and other mannan-rich materials and could tolerate a wide pH range. The addition of crude enzymes significantly increased the reducing sugars of copra meal, palm kernel cake, and soybean meal (p < 0.05) as well as protein release. The synergistic effect of our bacteria and MOS on shrimp growth performance will be further explored in the field.Prebiotics such as mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) are a promising approach to improve performance and disease resistance in shrimp. To improve prebiotic utilization, we investigated the potential probiotics and their feasibility of synbiotic use in vitro. Two bacterial isolates, Man26 and Man122, were isolated from shrimp intestines and screened for mannanase, the enzyme for mannan digestion. The crude mannanase from both isolates showed optimal activities at pH 8 with optimum temperatures at 60 °C and 50 °C, respectively. The enzymes remained stable at pH 8–10 for 3 h (>70% relative activity). The thermostability range of Man26 was 20–40 °C for 20 min (>50%), while that of Man122 was 20–60 °C for 30 min (>50%). The Vmax of Man122 against locust bean gum substrate was 41.15 ± 12.33 U·mg−1, six times higher than that of Man26. The Km of Man26 and Man122 were 18.92 ± 4.36 mg·mL−1 and 34.53 ± 14.46 mg·mL−1, respectively. With the addition of crude enzymes, reducing sugars of copra meal, palm kernel cake, and soybean meal were significantly increased (p < 0.05), as well as protein release. The results suggest that Man26 and Man122 could potentially be used in animal feeds and synbiotically with copra meal to improve absorption and utilization of feedstuffs.

Effects of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on glucose and lipid metabolism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed with high carbohydrate diet

The application of high-level of carbohydrates is regarded as an efficient way to promote “protein-sparing effects” in aquafeed, but the utilization efficiency of carbohydrates is poor in carnivorous fish. Alleviating the negative effects induced by high carbohydrate diet, including hyperglycemia and hepatosteatosis, is important for the rapid development of aquaculture. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on metabolic disorders induced by high-carbohydrate diet in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Largemouth bass (13.64 ± 0.12 g) were supplied with 8 % carbohydrate (CON), 18 % carbohydrate (HC) and 18 % carbohydrate + 5 g/kg MOS (HM) diets for ten weeks. High carbohydrate diet significantly decreased the weight gain of largemouth bass (P < 0.05), while supplementation of MOS in high carbohydrate diet had no effect on weight gain compared with HC group. Dietary MOS significantly decreased the content of total lipid in the body compared to the HC group (P < 0.05). Addition of MOS significantly increased serum glucose (P < 0.05) but had no effect on the enzyme activity related to glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Dietary MOS decreased the content of TG in liver by inhibiting the expression of genes correlated with lipolysis. In addition, dietary MOS alleviated liver fibrosis induced by high-carbohydrate diet in largemouth bass. Collectively, our study indicated that dietary MOS supplemented in high carbohydrate diet could improve the liver health in largemouth bass, but it did not alleviate the glucose metabolism disorders. In general, the different effects of prebiotics on metabolism should be considered when prebiotics were applied in aquaculture.

Dietary mannan oligosaccharides strengthens intestinal immune barrier function via multipath cooperation during Aeromonas Hydrophila infection in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella).

In recent years, mannose oligosaccharide (MOS) as a functional additive is widely used in aquaculture, to enhance fish immunity. An evaluation of the effect of dietary MOS supplementation on the immune barrier function and related signaling molecules mechanism of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) was undertaken in the present study. Six diets with graded amounts of MOS supplementation (0, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg) were fed to 540 grass carp over 60 days. To examine the immune response and potential mechanisms of MOS supplementation on the intestine, a challenge test was conducted using injections of Aeromonas hydrophila for 14 days. Results of the study on the optimal supplementation with MOS were found as follows (1) MOS enhances immunity partly related to increasing antibacterial substances content and antimicrobial peptides expression; (2) MOS attenuates inflammatory response partly related to regulating the dynamic balance of intestinal inflammatory cytokines; (3) MOS regulates immune barrier function may partly be related to modulating TLRs/MyD88/NFκB and TOR/S6K1/4EBP signalling pathways. Finally, the current study concluded that MOS supplementation could improve fish intestinal immune barrier function under Aeromonas hydrophila infected conditions.

Effects of Dietary Mannan-Oligosaccharide (Mos) and Multi-Species of Bacillus on Growth and Feed Utilization in Leopard Coral Grouper Plectropomus leopardus Juvenile

This study assessed the growth and feed utilization in leopard coral grouper Plectropomus leopardus juvenile fed dietary prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) and multi-species of probiotic bacteria (Bacillus cereus BS6, B. subtilis BS3, and B. amiloliquefaciens BS4). The experiment was performed by feeding four replicates groups of juveniles weighing 3.61±0.60 g on four experimental diets, and each diet included: only MOS (PRE); the multi-species of Bacillus (PRO); a combination of MOS and the multi-species of Bacillus (SYN) and without supplementation (CON). When MOS (PRE) or the multi-species of Bacillus (PRO) was included in the diet solely, the growth of the fish was fairly good, although there was no significant difference with the control diet (p&gt;0.05). Unexpectedly, the combined inclusion of MOS and the multi-species of Bacillus (SYN) did not increase the growth and feed utilization in Plectropomus leopardus juvenile. Presumably, MOS did not exert any favorable effects on the multi-species of Bacillus. This study suggested that no advantage was obtained when MOS and the multi-species of Bacillus were included in the diet simultaneously. In addition, the inclusion of MOS in higher levels may be necessary for better feed utilization and growth in leopard coral grouper Plectropomus leopardus.

Field Experiment: Synbiotic Microcapsule Dietary Supplementation Improved the Health Status of the White Shrimp under the Challenge of Coinfection Diseases through Improvement the Beneficial Microbial Composition.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectivity of microencapsulated synbiotic (MS), Bacillus sp. NP5 and mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) dietary in different feeding frequencies in Pacific white shrimp culture field experiment. The MS was administered as a feed supplementation to enhance the immunity for prevention against co-infection with WSSV (White Spot Syndrome Virus) and Vibrio harveyi. The synbiotic was microencapsulated by the spray dryer method. Shrimps were reared in the floating net cages in the pond. Treatments included the administration of MS at different frequencies i.e, daily (A), twice a week (B), once a week (C), and without MS supplementation (consisted of negative and positive controls) with a feeding rate of 6% of shrimp biomass (5 times a day). During the challenge trial, shrimps were removed and further reared in plastic tanks, for 7 days. The shrimps (except negative control treatment) were intramuscularly injected by WSSV filtrate at the infective dosage of 10-4 copies.ml-1. Twenty four hours after WSSV injection the shrimps were immersed in the water-containing cells suspension of V. harveyi at the cell’s population dosage of 106 CFU.ml-1. Immune responses were observed for 7 days after experimental infection. The shrimps that have been treated with daily MS supplementation (A) showed better immune responses i.e., total haemocyte counts, phenoloxidase, respiratory burst, and the lower pathogenic cells abundance in the intestine compared to other treatments groups.

Immunomodulatory activity of mannosylglycerate and two unnatural mannosyl‐oligosaccharides obtained from microbial fermentation on RAW264.7 macrophages

AbstractMannosyl compounds have been widely used in nutrition, fodder, and vaccine adjuvant industries. In our previous study, the engineered strains for the biosynthesis of three mannosyl compounds including β‐1,2‐mannobiose (M2‐β‐1,2), β‐1,2‐mannotriose (M3‐β‐1,2), and mannosylglycerate (MG) have been developed. However, their biological activities have not been reported. Here, those three compounds were successfully purified after fermentation of the engineered strains, and their potential immunomodulatory activities on RAW264.7 macrophages were investigated with commercialized β‐1,4‐mannotriose (M3‐β‐1,4) as control. Our results showed that M3‐β‐1,2 and MG promoted the viability and phagocytic function of RAW264.7. Meanwhile, the cytokine TNF‐α and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) level of RAW264.7 macrophages were significantly enhanced upon the stimulation of M3‐β‐1,2 and MG compared with M3‐β‐1,4. Moreover, MG significantly stimulated macrophages to secrete IL‐10 compared with other mannan oligosaccharides. Finally, this study proved that the immunomodulatory activity of M3‐β‐1,2 and MG on RAW 264.7 cells was mainly through mitogen‐activated protein kinases and myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88)‐dependent signaling pathways. All these findings suggested that M3‐β‐1,2 and MG exhibited immunomodulatory activities in the innate and adaptive immune systems, thus facilitating the application potential in developing of mannosyl compounds as an immunomodulator available for food and pharmaceutical area.

Metabolome Analysis Reveals Potential Mechanisms of Mannan Oligosaccharides to Improve Health, Growth Performance, and Fatty Acid Deposition in Hu Lambs

The effect of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on health, growth performance, fatty acids deposition, serum, and urine metabolites, as well as the correlation between differential metabolites and other indexes, were investigated in Hu lambs. In total, 30 seven-day-old Hu male lambs were fed a milk replacer with or without 0.2% MOS (15 lambs in each). The lambs were placed on this diet until they were 28 days old. MOS significantly increased the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) proportion, and decreased the diarrhea rate and saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportion in lambs (p &lt; 0.05). MOS upregulated 20 metabolites in serum and 1 in urine and downregulated 11 metabolites in serum and 2 in urine (p &lt; 0.05). Most of these metabolites comprised glycerophosphoethanolamines and glycerophosphocholines, which are significantly correlated with nutrient digestibility and fatty acid composition (p &lt; 0.05). Overall, our results suggest that MOS benefited the health, nutrient utilization, and fatty acid profiles in Hu lambs via glycerolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways.

Prebiotics modify host metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed with a total plant-based diet: Potential implications for microbiome-mediated diet optimization

The use of plant-based ingredients in aquafeeds is increasing because marine sources of protein and oil are unsustainable. However, plant-based ingredients cause certain metabolic complications in carnivorous species such as rainbow trout. Here, we examined whether prebiotics have the potential to affect the metabolism of juvenile trout (Average weight: 25.88 ± 0.91 g) via microbially derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), inulin or mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) were used at 1% or 2% in a 12-week feeding experiment. We measured changes in the intestinal microbiome, SCFA levels and metabolic responses in the intestine, liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. In the intestine, gene expression and SCFA production did not change significantly with prebiotics, although the MOS fed groups were clustered differently. Prebiotics had a significant effect on the intestinal abundance of Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Weissella in a dose dependent manner, although the microbial diversity (alpha and beta) did not change significantly after feeding prebiotics. Two operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the genus Mycoplasma dominated all samples with an average relative abundance of >95% per group. Intestinal microvillar structures were significantly improved in length in the inulin-fed groups.Systemically, overall hepatic gene expression was significantly different from control with inulin-fed groups showing upregulation of several metabolic and the fatty acid receptor genes. MOS fed groups showed a dose-dependent but contrasting response in liver and muscle. In addition, a significant effect of prebiotic and the interaction between the 2 factors (prebiotic and dose) on final weight and SGR respectively, was observed. The relative abundance of OTUs belonging to Lactobacillus and Bacillus correlated with hepatic gene expression and final weight of the fish.Inulin and MOS appear to differentially affect host metabolism, mainly in the liver and muscle. Differential abundance of Lactobacillus and Bacillus in the prebiotic-fed groups and their correlations with hepatic gene expression could indicate a prebiotic-microbiome-host axis, although this was not conclusively shown through the levels of SCFAs. In combination with a total plant-based diet, inulin could be a promising prebiotic for trout but need to be further investigated. These findings could implicate in microbiome-mediated dietary optimization of rainbow trout.

Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides Enhance the Non-Specific Immunity, Intestinal Health, and Resistance Capacity of Juvenile Blunt Snout Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) Against Aeromonas hydrophila.

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) have been studied and applied as a feed additive, whereas their regulation on the growth performance and immunity of aquatic animals lacks consensus. Furthermore, their immunoprotective effects on the freshwater fish Megalobrama amblycephala have not been sufficiently studied. Thus, we investigated the effects of dietary MOS of 0, 200, and 400 mg/kg on the growth performance, non-specific immunity, intestinal health, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in juvenile M. amblycephala. The results showed that the weight gain rate of juvenile M. amblycephala was not significantly different after 8 weeks of feeding, whereas the feed conversion ratio decreased in the MOS group of 400 mg/kg. Moreover, dietary MOS increased the survival rate of juvenile M. amblycephala upon infection, which may be attributed to enhanced host immunity. For instance, dietary MOS increase host bactericidal and antioxidative abilities by regulating the activities of hepatic antimicrobial and antioxidant enzymes. In addition, MOS supplementation increased the number of intestinal goblet cells, and the intestine was protected from necrosis of the intestinal folds and disruption of the microvilli and junctional complexes, thus maintaining the stability of the intestinal epithelial barrier. The expression levels of M. amblycephala immune and tight junction-related genes increased after feeding dietary MOS for 8 weeks. However, the upregulated expression of immune and tight junction-related genes in the MOS supplemental groups was not as notable as that in the control group postinfection. Therefore, MOS supplementation might suppress the damage caused by excessive intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, dietary MOS affected the richness and composition of the gut microbiota, which improved the gut health of juvenile M. amblycephala by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial gut microbiota. Briefly, dietary MOS exhibited significant immune protective effects to juvenile M. amblycephala, which is a functional feed additive and immunostimulant.

Prebiotic Mannan-Oligosaccharides and Their Role in the Gut Microbiota

ObjectivesPathogenic bacterial infections in the gastrointestinal tract compromise the health and function of the gut microbiome, and the rising incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains has resulted in initiatives seeking alternative treatments. Some prebiotic fibers, such as mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), may be a promising alternative. In addition to selectively growing commensal bacteria and creating a diverse gut microbiota, MOS have a high affinity for specific binding arms on the structure of some pathogenic bacteria and can prevent bacterial adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells. The ability of MOS to bind pathogenic bacteria and selectively grow commensal bacteria is influenced by its carbohydrate structure. However, there are no published studies to our knowledge on the optimization of MOS structure for both pathogen binding and commensal bacterial growth. Therefore, the focus of this work is to (1) assess the effectiveness of MOS on in vitro agglutination of various pathogenic bacterial species and, (2) explore the impact of MOS carbohydrate structure on pathogen binding.MethodsCharacterization of MOS will be performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). To assess the ability of MOS to bind pathogenic bacteria, in vitro agglutination and growth inhibition assays will be performed. Prebiotic performance of MOS on commensal bacterial growth will be assessed using in vitro mixed culture analyses of both commensal and pathogenic bacterial species.ResultsProtocol ConclusionsThis research will inform further investigations of the ability of prebiotics such as MOS to support intestinal health through the selective growth of commensal bacteria and binding of pathogenic bacteria, as a nutritional supplement and as an alternative to antibiotics.Funding SourcesNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Inclusion of Mannan-Oligosaccharides in Diets for Tropical Gar Atractosteus tropicus Larvae: Effects on Growth, Digestive Enzymes, and Expression of Intestinal Barrier Genes

Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) are non-digestible carbohydrates, and their use in aquaculture as prebiotics is well documented. The objective of this work was to test whether MOS supplemented in the diet of A. tropicus larvae (2, 4, and 6 g kg−1) influence growth parameters, the activity of digestive enzymes, and the expression of genes related to the intestinal barrier. The highest total length was observed in larvae fed 6 g kg−1 MOS compared to control larvae. Trypsin activity increased with the addition of MOS to the diets, but leucine aminopeptidase activity only increased with 6 g kg−1 MOS. Lipase and α-amylase activities increased in larvae fed with 2 and 4 g kg−1 MOS. The expression of zo-2 was higher with the 6 g kg−1 MOS treatment. The cl-3 transcripts were lower with 2 g kg−1 MOS but higher with 6 g kg−1 MOS. All tested concentrations of MOS increased the expression of muc-2. In this study, incorporating mannan-oligosaccharides into the diet of A. tropicus larvae had a positive effect, and the concentration of 6 g kg−1 produced the best results. Therefore, including this prebiotic in the diets for the culture of A. tropicus larvae is suitable.

Yeast-Derived Products: The Role of Hydrolyzed Yeast and Yeast Culture in Poultry Nutrition-A Review.

Simple SummaryYeast and yeast-derived products are largely employed in animal nutrition to support animals’ health and to improve their performance. Thanks to their components, including mannans, β-glucans, nucleotides, vitamins, and other compounds, yeasts have numerous beneficial effects. Among yeast-derived products, hydrolyzed yeasts and yeast cultures have received less attention, but, although the results are somewhat conflicting, in most of the cases, the available literature shows improved performance and health in poultry. Thus, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of hydrolyzed-yeast and yeast-culture employment in poultry nutrition, exploring their effects on the production performance, immune response, oxidative status, gut health, and nutrient digestibility. A brief description of the main yeast bioactive compounds is also provided.Yeasts are single-cell eukaryotic microorganisms that are largely employed in animal nutrition for their beneficial effects, which are owed to their cellular components and bioactive compounds, among which are mannans, β-glucans, nucleotides, mannan oligosaccharides, and others. While the employment of live yeast cells as probiotics in poultry nutrition has already been largely reviewed, less information is available on yeast-derived products, such as hydrolyzed yeast (HY) and yeast culture (YC). The aim of this review is to provide the reader with an overview of the available body of literature on HY and YC and their effects on poultry. A brief description of the main components of the yeast cell that is considered to be responsible for the beneficial effects on animals’ health is also provided. HY and YC appear to have beneficial effects on the poultry growth and production performance, as well as on the immune response and gut health. Most of the beneficial effects of HY and YC have been attributed to their ability to modulate the gut microbiota, stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria and reducing pathogen colonization. However, there are still many areas to be investigated to better understand and disentangle the effects and mechanisms of action of HY and YC.

CMOS enhanced the mucosal immune function of skin and gill of goldfish (Carassius auratus Linnaeus) to improve the resistance to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection

Methodsof supporting mucosal immune barrier integrity and prevention of some pathogenic infections in aquatic species, are key areas of active study, often focusing on feed additives. The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of feeding cMOS (concentrated mannan oligosaccharide) on the gill and skin mucosal barriers of goldfish (Carassius auratus Linnaeus) and evaluate health status during Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection. After feeding the cMOS-containing diet for 60 days, Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed greater length of gill lamella and thicker dermal dense layer, while Alcian Blue and Periodic acid–Schiff (AB-PAS) staining showed higher numbers of mucin cells in cMOS fed fish. Chemical analysis showed that fish fed cMOS had greater enzyme activity of lysozyme (LZM) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in gill and skin tissues, while qRT-PCR revealed higher expression of Muc-2 and IL-1β, as well as lower expression of IL-10. After Ichthyophthirius multifiliis challenge, goldfish fed the cMOS diet had lower mortality and infection rates, as well as fewer visible white spots on the body surfaces. Histologically, the gill and skin of these fish presented less tissue damage and fewer parasites, and had a greater number of mucus cells. In addition, the expression of Muc-2 and IL-10 were notably higher while the expression of IL-1β was significantly lower in cMOS fed goldfish than control fed fish. In this study, cMOS fed goldfish had stronger immune barrier function of skin and gill mucous, and better survival following Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection.

Inflection in nutrient transporter genes leads to potential changes in small intestine histomorphology with improved nutrient retention in chicken under dietary synbiotic supplementation

This study investigated the role of synbiotic supplementation on gut histomorphology, expression of nutrient transporters, and nutrient utilization in broiler chicken. Bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD), Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus (LBA), and prebiotic Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) were used to formulate total 6 dietary treatments viz. T1 (control; basal diet), T2 (BMD @ 20 mg/kg diet), T3/T4 (0.1% MOS with 106 and 107 cfu LBA/g diet), and T5/T6 (0.2% MOS with 106 and 107 cfu LBA/g diet). A total of 288 day old chicken were allocated at random among six treatments, each with six replicates of eight chicken (48 birds/treatment). Results revealed higher villus height, crypt depth, villus height: crypt depth ratio, and histological surface magnification ratio values in chicken fed a combination of MOS (0.2%) and LBA (106 or 107 cfu/g diet). BMD supplemented birds had higher values of these parameters compared to control birds. The villus width, villus bottom area, and mucosal unit bottom area were all increased in birds supplemented with BMD, but were similar to birds fed a combination of MOS (0.1 percent) and LBA (107 cfu/g diet). The villus width, villus bottom area, and mucosal unit bottom area were higher in BMD supplemented birds which were similar to the birds fed a combination of MOS (0.1%) and LBA (107 cfu/g diet). The birds fed a combination of MOS (0.2%) and LBA (106 or 107 cfu/g diet) revealed upregulation of SGLT1 and GLUT5 expression in jejunum but no significant effect was observed on the expression of PePT1 and EAAT3 gene. The AME Diet, nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium retentions were higher in birds fed a combination of MOS (0.2%) and LBA (106 or 107 cfu/g diet). However, the organic matter digestibility was higher in birds fed a combination of MOS (0.2%) and LBA (106 cfu/g diet) and BMD supplementation also improved the organic matter utilization compared to control. In conclusion, the supplementation of a combination of MOS (0.2%) and LBA (106 or 107 cfu/g diet) improves the intestinal architecture along with upregulation of SGLT1 and GLUT5 nutrient transporters and increase in nutrient digestibility in broiler chicken.

An Antioxidant Supplement Function Exploration: Rescue of Intestinal Structure Injury by Mannan Oligosaccharides after Aeromonas hydrophila Infection in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) are a type of functional oligosaccharide which have received increased attention because of their beneficial effects on fish intestinal health. However, intestinal structural integrity is a necessary prerequisite for intestinal health. This study focused on exploring the protective effects of dietary MOS supplementation on the grass carp’s (Ctenopharyngodon idella) intestinal structural integrity (including tight junction (TJ) and adherent junction (AJ)) and its related signalling molecule mechanism. A total of 540 grass carp (215.85 ± 0.30 g) were fed six diets containing graded levels of dietary MOS supplementation (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg) for 60 days. Subsequently, a challenge test was conducted by injection of Aeromonas hydrophila for 14 days. We used ELISA, spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscope, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and Western blotting to determine the effect of dietary MOS supplementation on intestinal structural integrity and antioxidant capacity. The results revealed that dietary MOS supplementation protected the microvillus of the intestine; reduced serum diamine oxidase and d-lactate levels (p < 0.05); enhanced intestinal total antioxidant capacity (p < 0.01); up-regulated most intestinal TJ and AJ mRNA levels; and decreased GTP-RhoA protein levels (p < 0.01). In addition, we also found several interesting results suggesting that MOS supplementation has no effects on ZO-2 and Claudin-15b. Overall, these findings suggested that dietary MOS supplementation could protect intestinal ultrastructure, reduce intestinal mucosal permeability and maintain intestinal structural integrity via inhibiting MLCK and RhoA/ROCK signalling pathways.

Seleksi, Karakterisasi Morfologi, dan Identifikasi Aktinobakteri Penghasil Mananase Asal Hutan Tanah Jambi untuk Produksi Mananoligosakarida

&#x0D; As the world's largest producer of crude palm oil, Indonesia also produces high palm kernel cake (PKC) by-products. PKC has a high mannan content, so it can be used to produce prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS). Enzymatic MOS production can be carried out using actinobacterial mannanase's microbiological approach. The HJ45B-1 isolate was the best isolate, with a peak enzyme production of 0,338 U/mL on the 10th day of incubation. The mannanase enzyme was stable in storage at 27°C. MOS production using 1% PKC substrate produced MOS with the best degree of polymerization (2-4) with incubation for 1-3 hours. Morphological characteristics and molecular identification based on the 16S rRNA gene indicated that the HJ45B-1 isolate was Streptomyces spp.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: actinobacteria, mannanase, mannan-oligosaccharides, palm kernel cake, Streptomyces

Can Supplemented Skim Milk (SKM) Boost Your Gut Health?

The incorporation of functional ingredients, such as prebiotics and probiotics in food matrices, became a common practice in the human diet to improve the nutritional value of the food product itself. Worldwide, skim milk (SKM) is one of the most consumed food matrices, comprising all the essential nutrients desired for a balanced diet. Thus, the modulation of the human gut microbiota by SKM supplemented with different well-known functional ingredients was evaluated. Four well-studied prebiotics, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and inulin, and one probiotic product, UL-250® (Saccharomyces boulardii) were added at 1% (w/v) to SKM and subjected to a gastrointestinal in vitro model. The impact of each combination on gut microbiota profile and their fermentation metabolites (i.e., short-chain fatty acids–SCFA) was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The addition of FOS to SKM had promising results, showing prebiotic potential by promoting the growth of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Clostridium cluster IV. Moreover, the increment of SCFA levels and the decrease of total ammonia nitrogen were observed throughout colonic fermentation. Overall, these results demonstrate that the combination SKM + FOS was the most beneficial to the host’s health by positively modulating the gut microbiota.

Evaluation of the prophylactic potential of non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (non-ETEC) vaccine immunization and dietary mannan oligosaccharide competitive exclusion benefits against ETEC infections in weaned pigs

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains expressing F4 and F18 fimbriae are the most common causative agents of post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) in pigs. The growing global restriction on the use of antibiotics in food animals has encouraged research into the development of nutritional and feeding strategies as well as vaccination against PWD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a live oral F4ac+ F18ac+ non-ETEC vaccine candidate (VAC) to stimulate gut and systemic cellular immunity in 4-week old pigs over 5 weeks following immunization. The onset and duration of protective immunity against on-farm occurring PWD, growth performance, diarrhoea scoring and mortality, as well as the phenotypic proportions of immune cells, were determined. Faecal and ileal samples were taken for determining the microbial composition or phenotyping of naïve/memory T cells. Also, the effect of prebiotic supplement mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) in the prevention of small intestinal colonization by ETEC, and its potential adjuvanticity in combination with the vaccine (VAC+MOS) were assessed. The pigs supplemented with MOS or that received VAC had significantly higher body weight (BW) (P&lt;0.05) on Day 14, whereas the VAC+MOS treated pigs had significantly lower BW on Day 35. Treatment with VAC+MOS resulted in considerably reduced clinical PWD, in particular the incidence and severity of diarrhoea and mortality. The total bacterial load in the ileum was much lower in the pigs from all 3 principal groups (MOS, VAC, and VAC+MOS) than in the control (CON) group (19 x 107, 17 x 107 and 12 x 107 vs. 23 x 108 CFU/mL, respectively) on Day 35. The pigs from the principal groups had significantly higher proportions of tested immune cells (P&lt;0.05) on Days 28 and 35. The localization and frequency of naive CD45RA+ and memory CD45RC+ T lymphocytes indicated their different distribution patterns within particular tissue structures, such as the villi, crypts, epithelium, lamina propria and areas (interfollicular follicular and Peyer’s patches) of ileal mucosa. This may indicate their different functions in intestinal immune responses to intraluminal microbes and their products, vaccinal immunogens and/or immunomodulators/adjuvants. To conclude, active mucosal immunity is needed to protect pigs against PWD. Hence, oral vaccination of pigs against both F4 and F18 ETEC, in combination with prebiotic supplementation represents a sustainable, practical and effective approach in PWD control.