Mannan Oligosaccharide Supplementation Research Articles

The Influence of Mannan Oligosaccharides and Beta Glucan Supplementation on Growth Performance, Blood Constituents, and Cecal Parameters of Broiler Chickens

The Influence of Mannan Oligosaccharides and Beta Glucan Supplementation on Growth Performance, Blood Constituents, and Cecal Parameters of Broiler Chickens

Effects of mannan-oligosaccharide supplementation on gut health, immunity, and production performance of broilers.

The study was designed to investigate the effect of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on intestinal histomorphology, immunity against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and productive parameters of broilers. A total of 1800, day old broiler chicks of Cobb-500 strain were selected and randomly assorted into 6 treatment groups: T1 (basal diet without antibiotics as negative control); T2 (basal diet plus antibiotics as positive control group); T3 (basal diet plus 200g/ton MOS); T4 (basal diet plus 400g/ton MOS); T5 (basal diet plus 600g/ton MOS) and T6 (basal diet plus 800g/ton MOS). Each treatment was having 6 replicates and the feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded on weekly basis. Results showed that, MOS supplemented birds have significantly higher feed intake, weight gain and FCR (P < 0.05). Similarly, supplementation of MOS showed positive effect on villus height and crypt depth both in jejunum and ilium. Goblet cell density was unaffected by MOS addition (P < 0.05). Furthermore, birds fed with diets containing MOS, exhibited better productive performance in comparison to positive and negative control groups. In conclusion, MOS can replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) as non-microbial performance-enhancing feed advocates.

Ameliorative effect of BIO-MOS® as a dietary supplementation on growth performance, physiological response, oxidative status, and immunity-linked gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila.

Mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) usage in fish production has drawn more attention because of their positive benefits on disease resistance and fish performance. The ongoing research was executed to assess the potential advantages of Bio-Mos® dietary supplementation regarding the growth outcomes, physiological response, oxidative biomarkers, and immunity-linked gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings exposed to bacterial infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Four experimental diets were developed using a 30% protein baseline diet, with Bio-Mos® added at variable levels; 0.0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg, respectively. 240 healthy Nile tilapia fingerlings were split into 4 groups at random and assigned to 12 glass aquariums (three replicates of 20 fish/treatment). Diets were admitted at a 3% rate of fish biomass/aquarium for 8 weeks. Following the feeding trial, fish from every treatment were intraperitoneally injected with pathogenic A. hydrophila, and then observed for 15 days to record the survival rate percent (SR%) post challenge. Results revealed significant improvement in growth performance, physiological response, immunological parameters (phagocytic index, phagocytic activity, and lysozyme), and antioxidant parameters [catalase, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] among Bio-Mos® treated groups. Moreover, Bio-Mos® increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and Interleukin 1β, genes linked to the liver immune system. Growth-related genes (GHr), antioxidant-related genes (SOD and GSH-Px). In fish subjected to pathogens, dietary MOS supplementation could significantly lower oxidative stress, showing promise as a preventative supplement for Nile tilapia in place of antibiotics. On the other hand, Bio-Mos® considerably improved each of the three intestinal morphological measures (villus width, villus length, and crypt depth), showing the best overall intestinal structure-improving impact. The challenge with A. hydrophila caused marked degenerative alterations in the intestine, hepatopancreas, spleen, and posterior kidney of Nile tilapia, in the control group. However, lesion severity was greatly decreased and showed marked amelioration with an increased concentration of Bio-Mos®. The A. hydrophila-challenged groups revealed a 100% SR% mainly among the Bio-Mos® supplemented groups. It is recommended to enrich the Nile tilapia fingerlings diets with 2 g.kg-1 of MOS for better results on the growth rate, physiological response, immunological response, and intestinal absorptive capacity.

Exploring the efficacy of a novel prebiotic-like growth promoter on broiler chicken production performance

This study attempts to isolate a candidate growth promoter from the ovine paunch waste and scrutinize its effects on the production performance of broiler chickens as compared to mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS), a prebiotic, and lincomycin, an antibiotic growth promoter (AB). The paunch waste collected from slaughtered sheep was processed to remove particulate matter. The clarified liquid was then added to an excess of ethanol (1:9 ratio), and the resultant precipitate {(novel growth-promoting paunch extract (NGPE)} was collected, dried, and stored. In vitro increase in cell density for probiotic bacteria viz. Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecalis (Log10 CFU/ml) were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in NGPE supplemented media (2.78 ± 0.11 and 2.77 ± 0.10) as compared to that on MOS (1.28 ± 0.05 and 2.49 ± 0.09) and glucose (1.09 ± 0.04 and 1.12 ± 0.04) supplemented media. In the in-vivo trial of six weeks duration with broiler chickens (Cobb-400), NGPE supplementation resulted in significantly higher growth in weeks IV (P < 0.05) and VI (P < 0.01) of age in comparison to MOS and AGP supplemented groups, a lower (P < 0.01) cumulative feed conversion ratio in comparison to MOS supplemented groups, and a higher (P < 0.01) cumulative protein efficiency ratio compared to MOS and AGP supplementation. NGPE supplementation also lowered lipid peroxidation (P < 0.01), increased reduced glutathione activity (P < 0.01) in chicken erythrocytes, and boosted the lactic acid bacteria count in the cecal contents (P < 0.01). This is the first report of the isolation of a paunch waste extract that increased the in vitro growth of probiotic bacteria and improved the production performance of broiler chickens.

Dietary mannan-oligosaccharides enhance hematological and biochemical parameters, reproductive physiology, and gene expression of hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus)

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) on physiological performance, reproduction capacity and gene expression of hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis. niloticus x O. mossambicus) broodstock reared in concrete tanks (3.5 × 3.2 × 0.9 m). Four isonitrogenous (30% cp), isocaloric (18.72 MJ kg−1) diets containing 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g kg‐1 MOS were prepared. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of red tilapias broodfish (155 ± 5.65 g) stocked at a male: female ratio of 1:3, to satiation twice a day for two months. At the termination of the feeding trial, fish in each tank were netted and weighed. Blood samples were collected from five fish per tank to determine the hematological and biochemical parameters. The fish were then dissected for assessing the reproductive performance and its related genes. The results indicate that the values of hematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, and Htc) total protein, albumin, globulin, and reproductive hormones (testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) were significantly increased by MOS dietary inclusion (1.0–1.5 g kg-1), while liver function enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly decreased in fish fed with 1.5 g /kg of MOS (p < 0.05). Reproductive performances, including GSI, total number of fries per female and mean fry weight were significantly improved with increasing dietary MOS to 1.5 g kg−1. Gonads maturation was also enhanced with supplemental MOS to 1.5 g kg−1. In males, the highest testosterone concentration was recorded at 1.5 g MOS kg−1 diet. In females, FSH and LH were significantly increased with increasing MOS levels up to 1.0 g kg−1, and then leveled off. Conversely, the highest E2 and Prog concentration was obtained at 1.5 g kg−1. The expression of CYP19a, FSHR, FOXL2, CYP1A, ESR1, and ESR2A were significantly upregulated in the gonads of fish fed diets treated with MOS, up to a concentration of 1.5 g kg-1. These results suggest that a dietary supplementation of MOS (1.5 g kg−1) could enhance the reproductive performance of red tilapia.

Effects of Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides on Growth, Nonspecific Immunity and Tolerance to Salinity Stress and Streptococcus iniae Challenge in Golden Pompano, Trachinotus ovatus

The effects of dietary supplementation with mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on growth performance, haematological parameters, abundance of intestinal Vibrio spp., immune response, and tolerance to low salinity stress and Streptococcus iniae challenge were evaluated in pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Pompano (3.24 ± 0.45 g) were fed six diets including a basal diet as control, and the basal diets supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, or 0.8% MOSs for 8 weeks. The results showed that pompano fed 0.1%–0.4% MOS had significantly improved specific growth rates ( P ≤ 0.039 ). Dietary MOS did not affect the survival rate of pompano ( P = 0.192 ). WBC count was significantly higher in fish fed diets containing 0.1%–0.6% MOS. Dietary MOS increased lymphocytes count ( P ≤ 0.042 ) and reduced monocytes and basophils counts ( P ≤ 0.019 ); however, no effects were found on neutrophils and eosinophil numbers ( P ≥ 0.064 ). Intestinal Vibrio spp. counts reduced in fish fed diets containing 0.1%–0.4% MOS ( P ≤ 0.035 ). The phagocytic ratio significantly increased in pompano fed diets containing 0.1%–0.6% MOS ( P ≤ 0.015 ), while the phagocytic index and serum lysozyme activity in fish fed 0.1%–0.4% MOS were significantly higher than the control ( P ≤ 0.035 ). There were significant positive correlations between MOS levels and fish growth on days 14, 28, 42, and 56 ( P ≤ 0.049 ). In addition, dietary MOS levels were highly correlated with blood parameters, abundance of intestinal Vibrio spp., and immune responses. Optimal dietary MOS requirements for maximal growth were estimated to be 0.440% on day 21 (R2 = 0.861), 0.385% on day 28 (R2 = 0.877), 0.371% on day 42 (R2 = 0.891), and 0.365% on day 56 (R2 = 0.750), showing decreasing tendency in MOS requirement as fish size increased. Furthermore, the optimal MOS concentration for maximal immunity based on lysozyme activity was estimated to be 0.431% (R2 = 0.817) on day 56. In addition, fish fed 0.1%–0.4% MOS showed better resistance to low salinity stress and Streptococcus iniae challenges ( P ≤ 0.014 ). In conclusion, MOS supplementation effectively reduced the prevalence of intestinal Vibrio spp. and enhanced the growth, immune responses, and tolerance to low salinity stress and Streptococcus iniae in juvenile pompano.

Influence of dietary mannan-oligosaccharides supplementation on hematological characteristics, blood biochemical parameters, immune response and histological state of laying hens

This study aimed to determine the influence of dietary mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) on the immune system, hematological traits, blood biochemical parameters, and histological state of laying hens. At 34 wk of age, The Mandarah chicken strain's 120 laying hens and 12 cocks were divided into 4 groups, each with 30 hens and 3 cocks. The first group performed as a control group, which nourished on a basal diet. The second, third, and fourth experimental groups received 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 g/kg of MOS and a base diet, respectively. Birds obtained MOS at numerous doses significantly (P ˂ 0.05) raised serum levels of immunoglobulin Y (IgY), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and avian influenza (AI) antibodies compared to control birds. Furthermore, adding MOS at a level of 0.1 g/kg diet significantly improved the immune response of the control group. Additionally, compared to the control group, treated birds with MOS at various dosages did not significantly enhance hematological parameters such as red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Compared to control birds, birds fed MOS at all levels exhibited considerably lower serum cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values. Also, compared to other treated birds, MOS-treated birds displayed improved histological examination of the small intestine, isthmus, and testis compared to the control group, particularly in birds fed MOS at 0.1 and 0.2 g/kg diet. It could be concluded that using MOS at 0.1 or 2 g/kg diet can successfully improve the physiological performance and overall health of laying hens.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of L-Carnitine and Mannan-Oligosaccharides on Growth Performance, Selected Carcass Traits, Content of Basic and Mineral Components in Liver and Muscle Tissues, and Bone Quality in Turkeys

The study aimed to determine the effect of L-carnitine and Bio-Mos administration on selected production performance, slaughter parameters, elemental and mineral content of liver, breast and thigh muscles, and physical, morphometric, strength and bone mineral composition parameters of turkeys. The experiment was conducted on 360 six-week-old Big-6 turkey females, randomly divided into three groups of 120 birds each (six replicates of 20 birds). The turkeys of the control group were fed standard feed without additives; group II was fed with drinking water, a preparation containing L-carnitine at a dose of 0.83 mL/L, while group III was provided mixed feed with 0.5% Bio-Mos. The addition of L-carnitine and Bio-Mos increased body weight at 16 weeks (p = 0.047) and reduced the proportion of fat in the breast muscle (p = 0.029) and liver (p = 0.027). It also modified the content of some minerals in breast muscle, thigh muscle, liver, and bone. Furthermore, the addition of L-carnitine and Bio-Mos increased bone mass and length and modified the value of selected morphometric and strength parameters. The results indicate a positive effect of the applied feed additives on selected rearing indices and carcass quality while improving the elasticity and fracture toughness of the femur. There is a need for further research to determine optimal doses of L-carnitine and Bio-Mos in poultry nutrition.

Immunostimulatory effect of mannan-oligosaccharides supplementation diet in milkfish (Chanos chanos)

The current study was designed to examine the impacts of dietary mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) on growth, hemato-biochemical changes, digestive-antioxidant enzyme activity, immune response, and disease resistance of milkfish (Chanos chanos) fed diets contained MOS i.e. 1g, 2g, and 3g MOS. The growth parameters were significantly influence in milkfish fed all MOS diets, whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly influence with 2g or 3g MOS diets. The total protein (TP), globulin (GB), and glucose (GLU) levels, amylase, protease, liver enzymes were found significantly high in fish fed 2g or 3g MOS diets; but, lipase, trypsin, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes were increased significantly at 3g MOS diet. All MOS inclusion levels were significantly increased total and Lactobacillus intestinal microflora population. The oxidative enzymes activity as superoxide desmutase (SOD) and catalyze (CAT) were progressively increased with all MOS supplementation diet, but the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content were found significantly high in fish fed 2g or 3g MOS diets. Similarly, the reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione reductase (GR) contents were observed significantly high level in fish fed 3g MOS diet. The phagocytic (PC) and lysozyme (LYZ) activities were found gradually increase in fish fed increasing level of MOS diets, while the respiratory burst (RB) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activities were seen significant in fish fed 2g and 3g MOS diets. The current research work confirmed that C. chanos fed diets contained 3g kg−1 MOS recorded better growth performance, digestive-antioxidant, immune response, and disease resistance.

Comparative Expression Profiling Reveals the Regulatory Effects of Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides on the Intestinal Immune Response of Juvenile Megalobrama amblycephala against Aeromonas hydrophila Infection.

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) are functional oligosaccharides with beneficial effects on the non-specific immunity of Megalobrama amblycephala, but systematic studies on the immunomodulatory mechanisms of MOS are still lacking. To investigate the protective mechanisms of three different levels of dietary MOS supplementation on the intestinal immunity of juvenile M. amblycephala, comparative digital gene expression (DGE) profiling was performed. In this study, 622 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, while the similar expression tendency of 34 genes by qRT-PCR validated the accuracy of the DGE analyses. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in two functional categories of biological process and molecular function. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly related to complement and coagulation cascades, coagulation cascades, platelet activation, natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis and antigen processing and presentation. In addition, the pro-inflammatory, apoptosis and tight junction-related genes were more significantly up-regulated upon infection in the dietary MOS groups to enhance host immune functions and maintain the stability of the intestinal barrier. These results will be helpful to clarify the regulatory mechanism of MOS on the intestinal immunity of M. amblycephala and lay the theoretical foundation for the prevention and protection of fish bacterial diseases.

Mannan Oligosaccharides Promoted Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy through the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Mice.

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOSs) have been implicated in the animal growth rate, health indices, and lipid oxidative stability. MOSs have been indicated to maintain intestinal health and anti-inflammatory effects via modulation of gut microbiota. Furthermore, the role of MOSs in modulating skeletal muscle function is largely unknown. Here, this study aimed to investigate the effects of MOS supplementation on muscle function and muscle mass in mice. Additionally, the possible underlying mechanisms, including the contributions of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites, were explored. In our study, 3-week-old C57BL/6J male mice (body weight of approximately 10.7 ± 1.1 g) were given pure water or pure water with 1% MOS. To study the effect of MOSs on gut-microbiota-derived metabolites, serum metabolic profiles were analyzed through untargeted metabolomic profiling. Moreover, we detected the downstream signals of differential metabolites, and decanoic acid (DA) was selected as our target spot. Then, DA was used to treat C2C12 cells, and we found that DA promotes C2C12 cell differentiation via the GPR84 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. In conclusion, these results showed that MOS supplementation improves muscle function and muscle mass. Additionally, gut microbiome and microbial metabolites were regulated by MOSs, and DA may be one of the most important links between the gut microbiome and skeletal muscle function regulation.

Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on growth performance, immunity, inflammatory and antioxidant responses of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under ammonia stress

This study evaluated the potential effects of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on the health status of common carp under ammonia stress. The experimental fish were equally divided into four groups. The control group was fed with a basal diet. The ammonia stress group (Am group) was fed with a basal diet and set in the culture environment with 0.15 mg/L NH3. The MOS group was fed 0.2% MOS with a basal diet. The treatment group (MOS/Am group) was fed 0.2% MOS feed under ammonia exposure (NH3, 0.15 mg/L). These groups were fed for 30 d. The results showed that under ammonia stress, the growth performance decreased significantly, and the activities of non-specific immune factors, intestinal digestive enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes decreased significantly. Dietary supplementation of MOS, the growth performance, the activities of non-specific immune factors, intestinal digestive enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes increased. Histopathological studies showed that adding MOS reduced liver, gill, and intestine tissue damage under ammonia exposure. Our study suggests that adding MOS to the diet can improve growth performance, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of the common carp. MOS can effectively alleviate the oxidative damage and inflammatory response caused by ammonia poisoning to common carp.

Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles and Mannan Oligosaccharide Supplementation on Growth Performance, Stress Indicators, and Intestinal Microarchitecture of Broilers Reared under High Stocking Density.

The current study investigated the potential of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation in ameliorating high stocking density (HSD) stress in broilers. A total of 392 day-old male chicks were divided into seven groups with eight replicates (n = 7): NSD [basal diet (BD) + normal stocking density: 10 bird/m2], HSD [BD + high stocking density: 16 bird/m2], Se-HSD [BD + Selenium (Se) 0.15 mg/kg], MOS-HSD (BD + MOS 5 gm/kg), Se-MOS-HSD (BD + Se 0.15 mg/kg and MOS 5 gm/kg), SeNPs-HSD (BD + SeNPs 0.15 mg/kg) and SeNPs-MOS-HSD (BD + SeNPs 0.15 mg/kg and MOS-5 gm/kg). HSD stress decreased (p &lt; 0.05) weekly body weight and body weight gain and increased (p &lt; 0.05) FCR compared to the NSD group. Supplementation with SeNPs and the SeNPs-MOS combination improved (p &lt; 0.05) the weekly body weight and FCR in HSD-stressed broilers during the 5th and 6th weeks. On day 21, HSD stress decreased (p &lt; 0.05) duodenal villus height (VH) and villus surface area (VSA) and increased (p &lt; 0.05) serum corticosterone and cholesterol compared to the NSD group. Supplementation with the SeNPs-MOS combination increased (p &lt; 0.05) duodenal VH and VH:CD, and jejunal total goblet cell (TGC) density and decreased (p &lt; 0.05) serum corticosterone and cholesterol and ileal intra-epithelial lymphocyte (IEL) density in HSD-stressed broilers. On day 42, HSD stress decreased (p &lt; 0.05) duodenal and jejunal VH, VSA, VH:CD, PCNA positive cell density and TGC density, Ileal VSA and TGC density, and increased (p &lt; 0.05) serum cholesterol and ileal IEL density compared to the NSD group. Supplementation with the SeNPs-MOS combination increased (p &lt; 0.05) spleen and bursa absolute weights, duodenal VH, VSA, VH:CD, PCNA positive cell density and jejunal VH, VH:CD, and decreased (p &lt; 0.05) serum cholesterol and ileal IEL density in HSD-stressed broilers. Our findings signify that HSD is stressful for broilers particularly during the finishing phase. Supplementation with the SeNPs-MOS combination mitigated HSD stress by partially improving the gut microarchitecture, gut barrier function and performance indicators.

Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) supplementation on metabolism, inflammatory response and gut microbiota of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with high carbohydrate diet

High-carbohydrate diet could achieve cost-sparing effect in aquafeed, but it may cause adverse effects on the growth condition or health status of fish. In order to reduce the adverse effects caused by high carbohydrate diet, mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), a commonly used prebiotics, was used as the feed additive to feed juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (1.19 ± 0.01g) for ten weeks. Three treatments including CON (35% carbohydrate diet), HC (45% carbohydrate diet) and HM (45% carbohydrate supplemented diet with 5 g/kg MOS) were involved. The results showed that MOS supplementation increased the weight gain and body length of juvenile Nile tilapia compared with the HC group. Addition of MOS decreased serum glucose and liver glycogen by increasing enzymes activity related to glycolysis. Furthermore, supplementation of MOS decreased the high carbohydrate diet induced triglycerides accumulation in liver by reducing the expression level of genes related to TG synthesis. Dietary MOS also down-regulated the gene expression level of inflammation factors in liver. Intestinal bacterial composition analyses showed that supplementation of MOS in high carbohydrate diet altered the gut microbial composition and enriched pathways related to the glucose metabolism based on KEGG analyses. In general, our results demonstrated that MOS supplementation in high carbohydrate diet could regulate glucose and lipid homeostasis which may be related to the alteration of gut microbiota. These findings shed light on the application of prebiotics to increase the growth performance, alleviate the metabolic disorders and regulate inflammatory response in aquaculture.

Effects of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on glucose and lipid metabolism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed with high carbohydrate diet

The application of high-level of carbohydrates is regarded as an efficient way to promote “protein-sparing effects” in aquafeed, but the utilization efficiency of carbohydrates is poor in carnivorous fish. Alleviating the negative effects induced by high carbohydrate diet, including hyperglycemia and hepatosteatosis, is important for the rapid development of aquaculture. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on metabolic disorders induced by high-carbohydrate diet in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Largemouth bass (13.64 ± 0.12 g) were supplied with 8 % carbohydrate (CON), 18 % carbohydrate (HC) and 18 % carbohydrate + 5 g/kg MOS (HM) diets for ten weeks. High carbohydrate diet significantly decreased the weight gain of largemouth bass (P < 0.05), while supplementation of MOS in high carbohydrate diet had no effect on weight gain compared with HC group. Dietary MOS significantly decreased the content of total lipid in the body compared to the HC group (P < 0.05). Addition of MOS significantly increased serum glucose (P < 0.05) but had no effect on the enzyme activity related to glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Dietary MOS decreased the content of TG in liver by inhibiting the expression of genes correlated with lipolysis. In addition, dietary MOS alleviated liver fibrosis induced by high-carbohydrate diet in largemouth bass. Collectively, our study indicated that dietary MOS supplemented in high carbohydrate diet could improve the liver health in largemouth bass, but it did not alleviate the glucose metabolism disorders. In general, the different effects of prebiotics on metabolism should be considered when prebiotics were applied in aquaculture.

Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides Enhance the Non-Specific Immunity, Intestinal Health, and Resistance Capacity of Juvenile Blunt Snout Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) Against Aeromonas hydrophila.

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) have been studied and applied as a feed additive, whereas their regulation on the growth performance and immunity of aquatic animals lacks consensus. Furthermore, their immunoprotective effects on the freshwater fish Megalobrama amblycephala have not been sufficiently studied. Thus, we investigated the effects of dietary MOS of 0, 200, and 400 mg/kg on the growth performance, non-specific immunity, intestinal health, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in juvenile M. amblycephala. The results showed that the weight gain rate of juvenile M. amblycephala was not significantly different after 8 weeks of feeding, whereas the feed conversion ratio decreased in the MOS group of 400 mg/kg. Moreover, dietary MOS increased the survival rate of juvenile M. amblycephala upon infection, which may be attributed to enhanced host immunity. For instance, dietary MOS increase host bactericidal and antioxidative abilities by regulating the activities of hepatic antimicrobial and antioxidant enzymes. In addition, MOS supplementation increased the number of intestinal goblet cells, and the intestine was protected from necrosis of the intestinal folds and disruption of the microvilli and junctional complexes, thus maintaining the stability of the intestinal epithelial barrier. The expression levels of M. amblycephala immune and tight junction-related genes increased after feeding dietary MOS for 8 weeks. However, the upregulated expression of immune and tight junction-related genes in the MOS supplemental groups was not as notable as that in the control group postinfection. Therefore, MOS supplementation might suppress the damage caused by excessive intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, dietary MOS affected the richness and composition of the gut microbiota, which improved the gut health of juvenile M. amblycephala by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial gut microbiota. Briefly, dietary MOS exhibited significant immune protective effects to juvenile M. amblycephala, which is a functional feed additive and immunostimulant.

An Antioxidant Supplement Function Exploration: Rescue of Intestinal Structure Injury by Mannan Oligosaccharides after Aeromonas hydrophila Infection in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) are a type of functional oligosaccharide which have received increased attention because of their beneficial effects on fish intestinal health. However, intestinal structural integrity is a necessary prerequisite for intestinal health. This study focused on exploring the protective effects of dietary MOS supplementation on the grass carp’s (Ctenopharyngodon idella) intestinal structural integrity (including tight junction (TJ) and adherent junction (AJ)) and its related signalling molecule mechanism. A total of 540 grass carp (215.85 ± 0.30 g) were fed six diets containing graded levels of dietary MOS supplementation (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg) for 60 days. Subsequently, a challenge test was conducted by injection of Aeromonas hydrophila for 14 days. We used ELISA, spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscope, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and Western blotting to determine the effect of dietary MOS supplementation on intestinal structural integrity and antioxidant capacity. The results revealed that dietary MOS supplementation protected the microvillus of the intestine; reduced serum diamine oxidase and d-lactate levels (p < 0.05); enhanced intestinal total antioxidant capacity (p < 0.01); up-regulated most intestinal TJ and AJ mRNA levels; and decreased GTP-RhoA protein levels (p < 0.01). In addition, we also found several interesting results suggesting that MOS supplementation has no effects on ZO-2 and Claudin-15b. Overall, these findings suggested that dietary MOS supplementation could protect intestinal ultrastructure, reduce intestinal mucosal permeability and maintain intestinal structural integrity via inhibiting MLCK and RhoA/ROCK signalling pathways.

Performance and environmental impact of egg production in response to dietary supplementation of mannan oligosaccharide in laying hens: a meta-analysis

A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the effect of supplementing mannan oligosaccharide (MOS; Bio-Mos, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) in the diets of laying hens on the performance and environmental impact of egg production. Data on production performance (feed intake, hen-day production [HDP], feed conversion ratio [FCR], and mortality) and egg quality attributes (egg weight, egg mass, and eggshell thickness) were extracted from 18 studies to build a database of comparisons between nonsupplemented diets (control) and diets supplemented with MOS. A total of 4,664 laying hens were involved in the comparisons and the average MOS dosage and age of hens were 0.97 kg/ton and 44 wk, respectively. The dataset was analyzed using the random-effects model to estimate the effect size of MOS supplementation on production performance and egg quality attributes. The impact of feeding MOS on the carbon footprint (feed and total emission intensities) of egg production was evaluated by using the meta-analysis results of production performance to develop a scenario simulation that was analyzed by a life cycle assessment (LCA) model. Overall pooled effect size (raw mean difference) indicated that MOS supplementation did not affect feed intake. In contrast, HDP increased by +1.76% and, FCR and mortality reduced by −26.64 g feed/kg egg and −2.39%, respectively. Dietary MOS did not influence egg weight while egg mass increased (P < 0.01) by +0.95 g/day/hen and eggshell thickness tended to increase (P = 0.07) by +0.05 mm. Subgroup analysis indicated that dietary MOS exhibited consistent improvement on HDP and FCR under several study factors (age of hens, number of hens, production challenges, MOS dosage, and study duration). Additionally, the simulated LCA revealed that supplementing MOS decreased feed and total emission intensities of egg production by −1.3 and −1.5%, respectively. Overall, dietary supplementation of MOS at 1.0 kg/ton improved the production performance of laying hens and reduced the carbon footprint and, therefore, can enhance the sustainability credentials of egg production.

Supplementing Mannan Oligosaccharide Reduces the Passive Transfer of Immunoglobulin G and Improves Antioxidative Capacity, Immunity, and Intestinal Microbiota in Neonatal Goats.

Successful establishment of passive immunity (PIT) and regulation of intestinal microbiota are crucial for ruminants to maintain body health and reduce the risk of disease during the neonatal period. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on passive transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG), serum inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant levels as well as bacteria composition in the ileal digesta. A total of 14 healthy neonatal Ganxi black goats with similar birth weight (BW: 2.35 ± 0.55 kg) were selected and allocated into two groups, only fed colostrum and milk replacer (CON, n = 7) and supplemented MOS (0.06% of birth BW) in the colostrum and milk replacer (MOS, n = 7). The results indicated that MOS supplementation significantly reduced (p < 0.05) serum IgG level at 3 and 6 h after colostrum feeding. Serum GLP-1 level of goats in the MOS group was significantly lower (p = 0.001) than that in the CON group. Goats in the MOS group had higher serum CAT and lower MDA level than those in the CON group (p < 0.05). Serum anti-inflammatory cytokine level of interleukin 4 (IL-4) was increased (p < 0.05), while pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 level was reduced (p < 0.05) in the MOS group when compared with the CON group. In addition, MOS supplementation remarkably increased (p < 0.05) the level of secretory IgA (sIgA) in the ileal digesta. Principal coordinate analysis of 16S rRNA sequence based on Brinary jaccard, Bray curtis, and weighted UniFrac distance of ileal microbiota showed a distinct microbial differentiation between the CON and MOS groups (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the MOS group was higher than that in the CON group, while the abundance of Verrucomicrobia was lower in the MOS group than that in the CON group at the phylum level (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Proteobacteria tended to decrease (p = 0.078) in the MOS group at the phylum level. The results of LEfSe analysis showed that MOS group was characterized by a higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus, while the CON group was represented by a higher relative abundance of Akkermansia and Ruminiclostridium_5. Our findings demonstrated that MOS supplementation during the neonatal period increases antioxidant capacity and reduces the inflammatory response, and promotes IgA secretion and Lactobacillus colonization in the ileum. Thus, MOS induced positive effects are more pronounced in neonatal goats that might be an effective approach to maintain intestinal health and improve the surviving rate of neonatal ruminants.

Effect of selenium nanoparticles and mannan oligosaccharide supplementation on muscle and lymphoid histomorphometry and morphometry of tibia bone in broilers reared under high stocking density

The current study investigated the potential of selenium-nanoparticles (SeNPs) and mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation in ameliorating the high stocking density (HSD) stress on breast muscle, immune organs, and tibia bone in broilers. Three hundred and ninety two (392) day-old Ross chicks were divided in seven groups with eight replicates each (n = 7): as NSD [basal diet (BD) + normal stocking density: 10 chicks/m$^{2}$], HSD (BD + high stocking density: 16 chicks/m$^{2}$), Se-HSD [BD + Selenium (Se) 0.15 mg/kg of BD], MOS-HSD (BD + MOS 05 g/kg of BD), Se-MOS-HSD (BD + Se 0.15 mg/kg of BD + MOS 05 g/kg of BD), SeNP-HSD (BD + SeNP 0.15 mg/kg of BD), and SeNP-MOS-HSD (BD + SeNP 0.15 mg/kg of BD + MOS 05 g/kg of BD). HSD decreased (p < 0.05) breast muscle fibre diameter, density and area, pH at 0 h, pH at 24 h postslaughter, and water holding capacity (WHC), area of lymphoid tissue in caecal tonsil and bursa of Fabricius, tibia bone morphometric parameters, and Se and Copper (Cu) concentrations in bone, muscle, and serum in the HSD group compared to the NSD group. Breast muscle fibre diameter and density increased (p < 0.05) in the Se-MOS-HSD and SeNP-MOS-HSD groups and WHC only increased (p < 0.05) in the SeNP-MOS-HSD group. The area of lymphoid tissue in caecal tonsil and bursa of Fabricius increased (p < 0.05) in the SeNP-MOS-HSD group. The tibia bone weight, medullar canal diameter, tibio-tarsal index, weight/length index, and ash% improved (p < 0.05) in the SeNP-HSD and SeNP-MOS-HSD groups. Se and Cu concentration improved (p < 0.05) in bone, muscle, and serum of the Se-MOS-HSD, SeNP-HSD, and SeNP-MOS-HSD groups. We concluded that supplementation of SeNPs-MOS proved to be a more superior combination in mitigating HSD stress on breast muscle, lymphoid organs, and tibia bone.