Mann's Model Research Articles

Measured aerodynamic forces on a full scale 2MW turbine in comparison with EllipSys3D and HAWC2 simulations

Design loads on turbines are normally simulated with an aeroelastic model using an engineering BEM type model with the turbulent inflow generated with a turbulence model like the Mann model. There are several fundamental uncertainties in this approach, e.g. how well the unsteady induction in response to the turbulent flow is computed. However, within the last few years full 3D CFD rotor computations with turbulent inflow have been performed which can provide detailed insight into this complex load response. In the present work we present computations with the EllipSys3D solver on the 80m diameter NM80 turbine used in the DANAERO project where surface pressure measurements at four radial positions were conducted. The aerodynamic loads integrated from the pressure distributions have been derived and compared with computations by the aeroelastic code HAWC2. Overall a very good correlation is found by comparing PSD spectra of the measured sectional blade forces with HAWC2 simulations using specific flow input from the meteorology mast at six heights. In another comparison using purely turbulent inflow for the simulations on the NM80 rotor some deviations between the force spectra are found between EllipSys3D results and HAWC2 simulations at the inboard part of the blade and at high frequencies.

The Long distance wake behind Horns Rev I studied using large eddy simulations and a wind turbine parameterization in WRF

The aim of the present paper is to obtain a better understanding of long distance wakes generated by wind farms as a first step towards a better understanding of farm to farm interaction. The Horns Rev I (HR) wind farm is considered for this purpose, where comparisons are performed between microscale Large Eddy Simulations (LES) using an Actuator Disc model (ACD), mesoscale simulations in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) using a wind turbine parameterization, production data as well as wind measurements in the wind farm wake. The LES is manually set up according to the wind conditions obtained from the mesoscale simulation as a first step towards a meso/microscale coupling.The LES using an ACD are performed in the EllipSys3D code. A forced boundary layer (FBL) approach is used to introduce the desired wind shear and the atmospheric turbulence field from the Mann model. The WRF uses a wind turbine parameterization based on momentum sink. To make comparisons with the LESs and the site data possible an idealized setup of WRF is used in this study.The case studied here considers a westerly wind direction sector (at hub height) of 270 ± 2.5 degrees and a wind speed of 8 ± 0.5 m/s. For both the simulations and the site data a neutral atmosphere is considered. The simulation results for the relative production as well as the wind speed 2 km and 6 km downstream from the wind farm are compared to site data. Further comparisons between LES and WRF are also performed regarding the wake recovery and expansion.The results are also compared to an earlier study of HR using LES as well as an earlier comparison of LES and WRF. Overall the results in this study show a better agreement between LES and WRF as well as better agreement between simulations and site data.The procedure of using the profile from WRF as inlet to LES can be seen as a simplified coupling of the models that could be developed further to combine the methods for cases of farm to farm interaction.

Effects of normal and extreme turbulence spectral parameters on wind turbine loads

Loads simulations as performed to obtain design loads on wind turbines, requires wind turbulence as an input, characterized by parameters associated with the turbulence length scale, dissipation and anisotropy. The effect of variation in these turbulence spectral parameters on the magnitude of design loads is investigated with a focus on the commonly used Mann turbulence model. Quantification of the Mann model parameters is made through wind measurements acquired from the Høvsøre site. The parameters of the Mann model fitted to site specific observations can differ significantly from the recommended values in the IEC 61400-1 Ed.3 that is used for wind turbine design. The present paper investigates the impact of Mann turbulence model parameter variations on the design loads envelope for 5 MW and 10 MW reference wind turbines. Specific focus is made on the blade root loads, tower top moments and tower base loads under normal turbulence and extreme turbulence, whereby the change in operating extreme and fatigue design loads obtained through turbulence model parameter variations is compared with corresponding variations obtained from random seeds of turbulence. The investigations quantify the effects of turbulent length scale and anisotropy on the major wind turbine component extreme and fatigue loads.

A Simple Model for the Turbulence Intensity Distribution in Atmospheric Boundary Layers

In the current work, we examine the distribution of turbulence intensity (TI) in simulations of atmospheric boundary layers (ABL) for wind turbine applications. We relate the turbulent fluctuations to the mean wind shear profile for neutrally stable ABL based on turbulent boundary layer theory. The results are then compared to corresponding LES data for various shear conditions. From this, a model for the TI distribution across a rotor disc is devised and calibrated. In addition, a second simpler version of the model is derived by assuming a power law for the velocity profile. The models are related to the Mann model and shown to have a similar scaling, however they are simpler and based on assumptions for turbulent boundary layers rather than homogeneous turbulence. The models are then tested for a range of stability conditions and shear values of the ABL including waked conditions from upstream wind turbines that stretch the assumptions made.

Application of simulated lidar scanning patterns to constrained Gaussian turbulence fields for load validation

We demonstrate a method for incorporating wind velocity measurements from multiple-point scanning lidars into three-dimensional wind turbulence time series serving as input to wind turbine load simulations. Simulated lidar scanning patterns are implemented by imposing constraints on randomly generated Gaussian turbulence fields in compliance with the Mann model for neutral stability. The expected efficiency of various scanning patterns is estimated by means of the explained variance associated with the constrained field. A numerical study is made using the hawc2 aeroelastic software, whereby the constrained turbulence wind time series serves as input to load simulations on a 10 MW wind turbine model using scanning patterns simulating different lidar technologies—pulsed lidar with one or multiple beams—and continuous-wave lidars scanning in three different revolving patterns. Based on the results of this study, we assess the influence of the proposed method on the statistical uncertainty in wind turbine extreme and fatigue loads. The main conclusion is that introducing lidar measurements as turbulence constraints in load simulations may bring significant reduction in load and energy production uncertainty, not accounting for any additional uncertainty from real measurements. The constrained turbulence method is most efficient for prediction of energy production and loads governed by the turbulence intensity and the thrust force, while for other load components such as tower base side-to-side moment, the achieved reduction in uncertainty is minimal. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Wake downstream of the Lillgrund wind farm - A Comparison between LES using the actuator disc method and a Wind farm Parametrization in WRF

Simulations of the Lillgrund wind farm (located between Malmo and Copenhagen) are performed using both Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and mesoscale simulations in WRF. The aim is to obtain a better understanding of wakes generated by entire wind farms in order to improve the understanding of farm to farm interactions. The study compares the results from the two used models for the energy production and the wake characteristics downstream of the wind farm. A comparison is also performed with regards to the production data from the Lillgrund wind farm which has been filtered to be comparable to the case used in the simulations.The studied case, based on a prerun in WRF without any wind farm, has an inflow angle of 222 ± 2.5 deg, a wind speed at hub height of 9.8 m/s and a near neutral atmosphere. A logarithmic wind shear is used in LES and the turbulence intensity is 5.9%.The WRF simulations use a parameterization for wind farms. The wind farm is treated by the model as a sink of the resolved atmospheric momentum. The total energy extraction and the electrical power are respectively proportional to specified thrust and power coefficients. The generated turbulent kinetic energy arethe difference between the total and the electrical power.The LES are performed using the EllipSys3D code applying the actuator disc methodology for representing the presence of the rotors. Synthetic atmospheric turbulence is generated with the Mann model. Both the atmospheric turbulence and the wind shear are introduced using body forces.The production was found to be better estimated in LES. WRF show a slightly higher recovery behind the farm. The internal boundary layer is for the compared simulation setups higher in LES while the wake expansion is about the same in both models. The results from the WRF parameterization could potentially be improved by increasing the grid resolution. For farm to farm interaction a combination of the two methods is found to be of interest.

A spectral model of stably stratified surface-layer turbulence

A new model to determine the spectral velocity tensor in a stably stratified flow is proposed. This model is complementary to the Mann model as it solves the stratified inviscid Rapid Distortion Theory equations analytically, allowing for the determination of the single and two-point velocity spectra as well as the temperature-velocity cross-spectra. The model has been here calibrated and validated against field measurements conducted over a forested area with measurements up to 140 m, therefore covering a region of interest for wind-energy applications.

Coupled multi-body dynamics and CFD for wind turbine simulation including explicit wind turbulence

A high fidelity approach for wind turbine aero-elastic simulations including explicit representation of the atmospheric wind turbulence is presented. The approach uses a dynamic overset computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code for the aerodynamics coupled with a multi-body dynamics (MBD) code for the motion responses to the aerodynamic loads. Mann's wind turbulence model was implemented into the CFD code as boundary and initial conditions. The wind turbulence model was validated by comparing the theoretical one-point spectrum for the three components of the velocity fluctuations, and by comparing the expected statistics from the CFD simulated wind turbulent field with the explicit wind turbulence inlet boundary from Mann model. Extensive simulations based on the proposed coupled approach were conducted with the conceptual NREL 5-MW offshore wind turbine in an increasing level of complexity, analyzing the turbine behavior as elasticity, wind shear and atmospheric wind turbulence are added to the simulations. Results are compared with the publicly available simulations results from OC3 participants, showing good agreement for the aerodynamic loads and blade tip deflections in time and frequency domains. Wind turbulence/turbine interaction was examined for the wake flow. It was found that explicit turbulence addition results in considerably increased wake diffusion. The coupled CFD/MBD approach can be extended to include multibody models of the shaft, bearings, gearbox and generator, resulting in a promising tool for wind turbine design under complex operational environments.

Study of the influence of imposed turbulence on the asymptotic wake deficit in a very long line of wind turbines

The influence of imposed turbulence on the development of the flow along a long row of wind turbines is studied, in search for an asymptotic wake deficit state. Calculations are performed using EllipSys3D, a CFD code that solves the Navier–Stokes equations in their incompressible form using a finite volume approach. In this code, the Large-Eddy Simulation technique is used for modeling turbulence, and the wind turbine rotors are represented as actuator discs whose loading is determined through the use of tabulated airfoil data by applying the blade-element method.Ten turbines are located along a row and separated from each other by seven rotor diameters, which is representative of the distance used in today's offshore wind farms. Turbulence is pre-generated with the Mann model, with imposed turbulence intensity levels of 4.5% and 8.9%. The aim with this study is to investigate features of the flow that depend solely on imposed turbulence and the presence of wind turbine rotors. For this reason, the turbines are isolated from their environment, and no effect from the presence of the atmospheric boundary layer is modeled, i.e., a non-sheared inflow is used. Analysis of the characteristics of the flow as a function of the position along the row of turbines is performed in terms of standard deviation of the velocity components, turbulence kinetic energy, mean velocity, and power spectra of the axial velocity fluctuations. The mean power production along the row of turbines is also used as an indicator.Calculations are performed below rated power, where a generator torque controller implemented in EllipSys3D renders it possible for the turbines to adapt to the flow conditions in which they operate.The results obtained for the standard deviation of the velocity components, turbulence kinetic energy, power and mean velocity as functions of downstream distance show that an asymptotic wake state seems close to be reached, in the conditions tested, near the end of the 10 turbine row. Significant changes towards this state are seen to happen faster when imposing turbulence in the domain. Power spectra of the axial velocity fluctuations are shown to provide interesting information about the turbulence in the flow, but are found not to be useful in determining if an asymptotic wake state is reached.

Synthetic atmospheric turbulence and wind shear in large eddy simulations of wind turbine wakes

A method of generating a synthetic ambient wind field in neutral atmosphere is described and verified for modelling the effect of wind shear and turbulence on a wind turbine wake using the flow solver EllipSys3D. The method uses distributed volume forces to represent turbulent fluctuations, superimposed on top of a mean deterministic shear layer consistent with that used in the IEC standard for wind turbine load calculations. First, the method is evaluated by running a series of large-eddy simulations in an empty domain, where the imposed turbulence and wind shear is allowed to reach a fully developed stage in the domain. The performance of the method is verified by comparing the turbulence intensity and spectral distribution of the turbulent energy to the spectral distribution of turbulence generated by the IEC suggested Mann model. Second, the synthetic turbulence and wind shear is used as input for simulations with a wind turbine, represented by an actuator line model, to evaluate the development of turbulence in a wind turbine wake. The resulting turbulence intensity and spectral distribution, as well as the meandering of the wake, are compared to field data. Overall, the performance of the synthetic methods is found to be adequate to model atmospheric turbulence, and the wake flow results of the model are in good agreement with field data. An investigation is also carried out to estimate the wake transport velocity, used to model wake meandering in lower-order models. The conclusion is that the appropriate transport velocity of the wake lies somewhere between the centre velocity of the wake deficit and the free stream velocity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Alfred Döblin und Thomas Mann: Eine wechselvolle literarische Beziehung. (Epistemata: Reihe Literaturwissenschaft, 610) by Oliver Bernhardt

MLR, 104.2, 2009 597 as independent texts thatprofile the intriguing narrator figuremore than Seldwyla itself.Both this essay and Yomb Mays discussion of several of the novellas for their epoch-affiliation ('Paradigma des burgerlichen Realismus') offerwelcome and authoritative introductions to the cycle as awhole. Hahn's second contribution, 'Gretchenfrage und Ehekonflikt im Verlorenen La chen\ provides a cogent socio-historical contextualization of Switzerland in the mid-nineteenth century, in order to consider the final novella of the cycle as testi mony to Feuerbach's philosophy ofmaterialism. The remaining essays are also analyses of individual novellas. Catherine Watts and Riidiger Gorner interpret 'Kleidermachen Leute' for twovery different reader types: Watts's Tntertextual Explorations' enumerating for the undergraduate reader the novellistic aspects of this narrative (quoting in English translation), and Gorner's encyclopedic 'Ontologie des Anscheins' tracing the metaphor of disguise from Homer to W. G. Sebald. JuliaAugart's contribution, 'ZurAustauschbarkeit von Identitat,Geschlecht und Gefuhl imMedium Brief, deals with the novella of literarypersiflage, 'Die miss brauchten Liebesbriefe\ addressing the question of genre and the chain of duplicity in the triangular correspondence. Deborah Holmes's 'Keller's Pedagogy inPractice' prudently reassesses theviews of thenon-authoritarian pegadogic reformerEugenie Schwarzwald, who believed thatKeller's novellas (especially 'Frau Regel Amrain') represented a significant contribution tomodern female emancipation. Diligently presented and introduced, and containing an informative select bib liography and index, this interdisciplinary volume includes something of value and interest for a wide range of students and critics, and deserves a place on the shelves of any academic library. University College Dublin Siobhan Donovan Alfred Doblin und Thomas Mann: Eine wechselvolle literarische Beziehung. By Oliver Bernhardt. (Epistemata: Reihe Literaturwissenschaft, 610) Wurz burg: Konigshausen & Neumann. 2007. 218 pp. 29.80. ISBN 978-3-8260 3669-9. In this lucid and well-informed study,Oliver Bernhardt argues against theview that Alfred Doblin and Thomas Mann produced two radically opposed bodies ofwork. He criticizesWulf Koepke's description of the twowriters as Tntimfeinde\ calling it pauschal'?a sweeping generalization. It iswell known, of course, thatmost of the hostility was on Doblin's side, and thatMann's attitude toDoblin tended to be one of noblesse oblige. Bernhardt points out that early relations between the twomen were ambivalent, but not overtly hostile: in a letterof 1919 Doblin even describes his enthusiastic appreciation ofMann's Gesangvom Kindchen. Minutes of themeetings of the Sektion furDichtkunst der Preufiischen Akademie der Kiinste from 1928-29 show that the twomen never contradicted each other in this arena, and often supported each other's views. This working relationship began to dete riorate when Mann was awarded theNobel Prize forBuddenbrooks inNovember 598 Reviews 1929, one month after the publication of Berlin Alexanderplatz. Doblin was never able to forgiveMann for this triumph, and Bernhardt remarks that ifonly Doblin had followed Schiller's advice from thepoem 'Das Gliick' regarding his relationship with Goethe: 'Ziirne dem Glucklichen nicht\ then the storymight have been very different. The intellectual common ground was there: Bernhardt demonstrates in terestingparallels between Doblin's andManns ambivalent receptions ofNietzsche, although he notes that,unlike Doblin, Mann was fascinated byNietzsche's person as well as by his philosophy. The most original part of thisbook isChapter 6, inwhich Bernhardt undertakes detailed comparisons between themajor works, and succeeds in finding some im portant affinities. In the case ofDer Zauberberg and Berlin Alexanderplatz he has found a structural similarity: both novels are arguably Bildungsromane inwhich the educational process isdivided into three stages. (According to Walter Benjamin, Berlin Alexanderplatz represents a limit case of theBildungsroman.) Next, Bernhardt argues thatmyth is used similarly in both Babylonische Wandrung and Joseph und seine BriXder inorder topoint theway to a philosophically serene tHeiterkeit\This is not entirely accurate: both Doblin's Konrad and Mann's Joseph learn humility, but, unlike Konrad, Joseph also learns political engagement. And whereas Doblin uses myth to reveal the futilityofhuman endeavour, Mann's model ofmyth?founded on Bachofen aswell as on Schopenhauer?does not exclude the possibility of historical progress. The most convincing of Bernhardt's parallels is thatbetween November 1918 and Doktor Faustus. Both novels attempt to explain the genesis ofNational Socialism, the formerproceeding historically and politically, and the latterbymeans of psycho logy and aesthetics. Bernhardt shows that these two novels...

Scenario planning interventions in organizations: An analysis of the causes of success and failure

This paper presents a case analysis of a successful scenario intervention in an organization. This intervention is compared and contrasted with an unsuccessful one reported in Hodgkinson and Wright [Confronting strategic inertia in a top management team: learning from failure, Organization Studies 23 (2002)949–977]. We demonstrate that analysis of the answers given by workshop participants in a pre-intervention interview can be helpful in determining the receptiveness of an organization to a subsequent scenario intervention. We theorize that strategic inertia-characterized by coping patterns of bolstering failing strategy, procrastination (over a strategic dilemma) and buck-passing (the responsibility for the dilemma's resolution), can be caused by the psychological attenuation of the perceived level of environmental threat to the organization, culminating in unconflicted adherence to the currently followed strategy. We contend that the expression of such coping behaviour is antithetical to a subsequent successful scenario exercise since, if the exercise fails to identify an unconflicted strategic alternative, the sharp focus of the scenarios on futures unfavourable to business-as-usual strategy will re-activate the cognitive stress-reduction mechanisms. Strategic inertia will thus be reinforced. We conclude with a review of the implications of our diagnosis for reflective practitioners. Our paper is divided into four sections. In Section 1, we overview writings on inertia in strategic decision making. We pay especial attention to identifying potential causes of inertia. Next, we present Janis and Mann's [Decision Making, Free Press, New York, 1979] views of the psychological processes invoked by conflicted decisions and analyse the relevance of this laboratory-based theory to provide a psychological explanation of strategic inertia. Finally, we briefly describe the scenario intervention process and argue that it contains the potential to overcome strategic inertia. In Section 2, we review an already-published study of an unsuccessful scenario planning intervention, which illustrates the operation of components of Janis and Mann's model. Next, in Section 3, we focus on our own case investigation of a successful scenario planning intervention. The early part of this section documents the “success”, whilst the latter part analyses the causes of the success—again using the components of Janis and Mann's model. We conclude in Section 4, where we compare and contrast the application of Janis and Mann's model to both cases and we demonstrate that application of the model to pre-intervention interview data can aid the practitioner determine, at the outset, whether or not the organizational context will be receptive to the intervention.

Healthy participants in phase I clinical trials: the quality of their decision to take part

This study was set out to test the quality of the decision-making process of healthy volunteers in clinical trials. Researchers fear that the decision to volunteer for clinical trials is taken inadequately and that the signature on the consent forms, meant to affirm that consent was 'informed', is actually insubstantial. The study design was quasi-experimental, using a convenience quota sample. Over a period of a year, candidates were approached during their screening process for a proposed clinical trial, after concluding the required 'Informed Consent' procedure. In all, 100 participants in phase I trials filled out questionnaires based ultimately on the Janis and Mann model of vigilant information processing, during their stay in the research centre. Only 35% of the participants reached a 'quality decision'. There is a definite correlation between information processing and quality decision-making. However, many of the healthy research volunteers (58%) do not seek out information nor check alternatives before making a decision. Full disclosure is essential to a valid informed consent procedure but not sufficient; emphasis must be put on having the information understood and assimilated. Research nurses play a central role in achieving this objective.

A Comparison of Standard Coherence Models for Inflow Turbulence With Estimates from Field Measurements

The Long-term Inflow and Structural Test (LIST) program, managed by Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, is gathering inflow and structural response data on a modified version of the Micon 65/13 wind turbine at a site near Bushland, Texas. With the objective of establishing correlations between structural response and inflow, previous studies have employed regression and other dependency analyses to attempt to relate loads to various inflow parameters. With these inflow parameters that may be thought of as single-point-in-space statistics that ignore the spatial nature of the inflow, no significant correlation was identified between load levels and any single inflow parameter or even any set of such parameters, beyond the mean and standard deviation of the hub-height horizontal wind speed. Accordingly, here, we examine spatial statistics in the measured inflow of the LIST turbine by estimating the coherence for the three turbulence components (along-wind, across-wind, and vertical). We examine coherence spectra for both lateral and vertical separations and use the available ten-minute time series of the three components at several locations. The data obtained from spatial arrays on three main towers located upwind from the test turbine as well as on two additional towers on either side of the main towers consist of 291 ten-minute records. Details regarding estimation of the coherence functions from limited data are discussed. Comparisons with standard coherence models available in the literature and provided in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) guidelines are also discussed. It is found that the Davenport exponential coherence model may not be appropriate especially for modeling the coherence of the vertical turbulence component since it fails to account for reductions in coherence at low frequencies and over large separations. Results also show that the Mann uniform shear turbulence model predicts coherence spectra for all turbulence components and for different lateral separations better than the isotropic von Ka´rma´n model. Finally, on studying the cross-coherence among pairs of turbulence components based on field data, it is found that the coherence observed between along-wind and vertical turbulence components is not predicted by the isotropic von Ka´rma´n model while the Mann model appears to overestimate this cross-coherence.

Industrial Workers and the Formation of ‘Working-Class Consciousness’ In India

According to Karl Marx, the capitalist (private contolled) form of production can be transformed into the socialist form by the instrument of 'working-class consciousness'. This consciousness implies a form of self-realisation by the workers to establish a just and egalitarian social order. By using Michael Mann's model of 'working-class conscoiusness', this article argues that the Indian working class has achieved most of the attributes of 'class consciousness', and lacks only with regard to sustainability and momentrum

A Case Study of Occupationally Focused Brief Dynamic Therapy Using Mann's Model of Central Conflict

For most people who work, social and occupational competence is inherent to a sense of well-being and support. When occupational competence is questioned by themselves or others, patients may present to clinicians with complaints of dysfunction in the work setting. For these patients, addressing work issues with immediacy and brevity may quickly resolve difficulties, preventing further escalation. Mann's model of time-limited brief psychodynamic therapy may prove to be a useful tool in addressing these issues. The author reviews the current literature regarding occupational dysfunction combined with literature supporting the usefulness of Mann's model of time-limited brief dynamic psychotherapy. A case is discussed demonstrating the integration of Mann's model into a current occupational theme, elucidating the central conflict as it pertains to the occupational setting.

Gender and Power: A Comparative Analysis of Sex Segregation in Polish and American Higher Education, 1965-1985

This article discusses Mann's model of power and its application to the sociology of gender. The model is used in a cross-national study of gender power in Poland and in the United States. It is demonstrated that the collective power of American men and their distributive power over women have been higher than the power of Polish men. Moreover, the power of American men has been diffused and extensive, while that of Polish men has been authoritative and intensive throughout most of the period since World War II. The nature of gender power is shown to influence the levels of sex segregation in higher education. Sex segregation in the Polish system of higher education was lower than in the American system in 1965 and in the 1970s, but it was slightly higher in the 1980s. These results are interpreted as reflecting historical changes in both countries: the increase in the collective power of American women and shifts in the reach of political and ideological power in Poland.

Long-term care policy and the American family.

This article examines current and proposed long-term care policies and the social values of American families by looking at the influence of policy on family behavior. The analysis asks two questions. First, have our policies in recent years supported or undermined family values regarding the care of older members? Second, are our existing family values compatible with home and community-based long-term care reform proposals? Aaron, Mann, and Taylor's (1994) model for policy and changing values provides direction throughout. Findings based on behavior as a proxy for values suggest that current policies influence family values, and in turn, family values influence policies. Future policy is discussed in light of changed values, American family structure, dysfunctional families, individualism and collectivism, and gender neutrality and justice.

An Examination of Mann's Model of Time-Limited Individual Psychotherapy

The present study attempted a sensitive test of the dynamic sequence proposed by Mann for time-limited individual psychotherapy (TLP). Session evaluation ratings were collected from both patient and therapist. Indices were constructed that reflected the consistency of patient ratings, the consistency of therapist ratings, and the congruence between patient and therapist ratings, in each third of TLP. Measures of symptoms and social functioning were employed to differentiate cases of "good" versus "poor" treatment outcome. Therapists' adherence to the TLP technique was assessed by categorizing all interventions in each session. Fourteen patients were treated according to the TLP model. Measures of therapist behaviour indicated that treatments had been conducted in general accordance with Mann's technical recommendations. Measures of consistency and congruence failed to support the proposed TLP dynamic sequence. Analyses of mean evaluation ratings indicated a trend towards more positive evaluations as therapy progressed; "good" outcome cases were significantly more likely to evidence this pattern. Results are discussed in terms of interplay between inductive hypothesis building and empirical verification in the development of theories of psychotherapy.

The difficult crossmatch: a consideration of the staff and not the method.

The crossmatching laboratory is regarded as a stressful work environment where many nontechnical issues may influence the interpretation of test results, particularly if the results are unclear. An attempt has been made to identify major areas of conflict and stress and to demonstrate their relationship to the quality of crossmatching. The Janis an Mann model for decision making in conflict situations is presented and related to interpretation of crossmatches.