Manipur State Of India Research Articles

Understanding the Role of Agriculture in the Nature of Insurgency in Manipur

The state of Manipur in India has been in a state of turmoil and militarization since the time it lost its princely status in 1949. And over the years since then it has witnessed mushrooming of various insurgent groups among the numerous ethnic communities in the tiny state. In as much as the causes for such state of insurgent movements, the nature and dimensions of insurgency in the state is diverse. It would be of paramount importance to understand the nature of insurgency in Manipur rather than just see all groups from the prism of “Law and order” problem but perhaps the root cause of it could be related to an ancestral agriculture practice and its ownership. This will surely enable the government to have a multi-prone approach to finding a lasting solution to the prolonged narrative of insurgency issue which is socially divisive, economically expensive and politically national integration is at stake.

Performance of micro and small foodpreneurs in Manipur during COVID-19 pandemic

To critically assess the performance of micro and small foodpreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic in Manipur state of India, an online survey was conducted during the year 2020. The survey data was subjected to non-parametric statistical analysis using PROC NPAR1WAY and Dwass, Steel, Critchlow-Fligner multiple comparison analysis. The findings suggested that during COVID-19 pandemic, the micro and small foodpreneurs faced multifaceted challenges with respect to the number of employees, working hours, supply of raw material, selling mode, production, sale, turnover and the extent of loss, etc. The performance of different categories of foodpreneurs was compared based on the change in various performance indicators between pre-pandemic and pandemic period. The study also highlights the major problems faced by the foodpreneurs and remedial measures. This is the first report on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on foodpreneurs from North East India.

Modeling proportion of success in high school leaving certificate examination-a comparative study of inflated unit Lindley and inflated beta distribution

In this article, we first introduced the inflated unit Lindley distribution considering zero or/and one inflation scenario and studied its basic distributional and structural properties. Both the proposed distributions are shown to be members of exponential family with full rank. Different parameter estimation methods are discussed along with supporting simulation studies to check their efficacy. Proportion of students passing the high school leaving certificate examination for the schools across the state of Manipur in India for the year 2020 are then modeled using the proposed distributions and compared with the inflated beta distribution to justify its benefits.

Dietary adequacy and nutritional status of Meitei community of Manipur, Northeast India

Meitei is the main ethnic community that belongs to the north‐eastern state of Manipur in India. This community is bestowed with rich biodiverse resources with indigenous foods still form an integral part of their diet. However, limited data on the food and nutrient consumption as well as nutritional status of this community are available. This study was carried out on the children, adolescents and women of reproductive age (WRA) of this community from 12 villages, to determine their food consumption pattern and nutritional status. Basic anthropometry and 24‐h dietary intake assessment was conducted. The prevalence of underweight was 27%, stunting was 45% and wasting was 12% in children below 5 years. Stunting was observed among 34% of children 5–17 years of age. About 7% of WRA were undernourished, while 28% were overweight or obese. About 55% of 1–7 year‐old children had mean probability adequacy of 12 micronutrients <0.5, and the adequacy of individual micronutrients namely vitamin A, E and calcium were low. Dietary determinants such as low dietary diversity score, dietary species richness and the lowest tertiles of different food groups' intake (except for sugars, fish and sea foods and spices and condiments) predicted micronutrient inadequacy. In addition to a high prevalence of undernutrition in children and adolescents and overnutrition in WRA, the effect of various dietary determinants on micronutrient adequacy in the study group of the Meitei community are reported.

Morpho-agronomic characterization and evaluation of a gene based marker in three aromatic pigmented Chakhao rice accessions of Manipur

Chakhao Poireiton, Chakhao Sempak and Chakhao Amubi are the three most popular traditional non-Basmati-type black scented rice of the state of Manipur in India. These varieties have long statured (135-145 cm height) plants which have high anthocyanin pigment on sheaths, leaf blades, nodes and internodes. They are characterized by late heading (115-120 days) and late maturity duration (145-150 days). The lemma and palea of grains are of purple colour with strong fragrance. The agro-morphological characterization of Chakhao Poireiton, Chakhao Sempak and Chakhao Amubi was done at College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India during the wet (Kharif) seasons of 2017 and 2018 following the DUS test guidelines for the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority (PPV &amp; FRA). DNA extractions were done using SDS method and a CAPS marker for the OSB1 gene was used to discriminate rice seeds governing white and black colour. We validated the usefulness of this marker in three varieties of black scented rice and in a white local landrace as well as their crosses with the white local landrace.

Economics of Value Addition in Fish in Manipur State of India: Empirical Analysis

Fishery is a significant sector of the Indian economy from the point of view of food supplies, foreign exchange and also for its potential to generate employment. The North Eastern (NE) region of India has been recognized as a global hot spot of fresh water bodies. The annual growth rate of fish production in NE India registered a positive growth over the years indicating a healthy trend. The fish production of Manipur is mostly contributed by the Loktak Lake which is the largest freshwater lake in NE India. Population of Manipur consumes fish in various forms which includes fermented, sun dried, smoked, pickles, freshly cooked. Keeping in view present research paper in an overview to assess the value addition at each stage of marketing of fish of Loktak Lake. A sample of 60 numbers of fishermen and 10 numbers of different intermediaries were taken into consideration for this research. A standard analytical technique has been employed to analyse the data to draw in inferences from the results. The findings of the paper demonstrated that the local trader -cum- retailer earned a huge profit which was higher than the profit earned by the fishermen. Therefore, the study recommends encouraging the maximum involvement of fishermen in value addition process at their level to harvest the higher profits. The state fish department must lead to encourage the fishermen with latest tools and techniques for value addition.

The enclosures of colonization: Indigeneity, development, and the case of Mapithel dam in Northeast India

This paper examines the Mapithel dam in Northeastern state of Manipur in India as a site of contestation between the state-led development agenda and the affected tribal people. Based on discursive field experiences, the paper reflects upon the competing values in relation to land use and ownership systems and raises a question – as to whether in the name of development, is the government eroding tribal people’s right over their land and resources? The Mapithel dam issue not only invites serious deliberations beyond dam construction and its social and ecological ramifications but also contemplates on the various dynamics in and through cultural identity, politics, and natural resources. The paper addresses some key aspects of the very political closure approach which emphasizes state’s hegemony through forceful intrusion into the life, livelihood, and ‘lebenswelt’ of tribal people and infringement of their traditional rights.

High burden of hepatitis C & HIV co-infection among people who inject drugs in Manipur, Northeast India.

Background & objectives:It is well documented that the Northeast State of Manipur in India has been dealing with the dual problems of injecting drug use and HIV for the last two decades, but the hepatitis C problem has not been so well characterized. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV/HIV co-infection among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Manipur, and identify factors associated with infection.Methods:Data were obtained from the Integrated Behavioural and Biological Assessment (2009-2010), a cross-sectional survey among 821 male PWID in two districts of Manipur (Churachandpur and Bishnupur). Information about drug use, sexual and injecting risk behaviours, and exposure to interventions was obtained, and biological specimens tested for HIV and HCV. Logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with HCV infection and HCV/HIV co-infection.Results:HCV prevalence was 74 per cent (91% Churachandpur, 56% Bishnupur), and HCV/HIV co-infection was 29 per cent (38% Churachandpur, 21% Bishnupur). Among the 31 per cent of HIV positive PWID, 95 per cent were co-infected. HCV infection was associated with district, longer duration of injecting, injecting at least once daily, generally injecting with a used needle and syringe, and having had an HIV test. HCV/HIV co-infection was associated with district, older age, being employed, being widowed/divorced, longer duration of injecting, and feeling at risk of HIV infection.Interpretation & conclusions:The HCV/HIV co-infection among PWID in Manipur was very high, highlighting the urgent need for effective prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

Ethnicity and place in a ‘disturbed city’: ways of belonging in Imphal, Manipur

This article explores the relationships between ethnicity, place and belonging in the city of Imphal, capital of the state of Manipur in India’s Northeast border region. Manipur has experienced decades of conflict from ethno-nationalist separatism, inter-ethnic territorial disputes and counter-insurgency operations. These ethnic conflicts play out on the urban landscape of Imphal. Control of the city from above is diffused among the civilian government and the armed forces. Non-state actors such as insurgent groups and ethnic organizations exert their own control from below. On such unstable ground, struggles by residents seeking to create place and a sense of belonging affirm ethnic boundaries. These boundaries are not static and the lines between inclusion and exclusion are continually redrawn along existing and emerging fault-lines among the population. Yet these boundaries are also transcended in unusual ways that may seem trivial but in Imphal are essential to realizing alternative ways of belonging.

Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Wild Endemic Fruits of the Manipur Region of India

Manipur state of India is endowed with enormous genetic diversity in local and indigenous fruits, but nutritional attributes of some have not been scientifically investigated earlier. Nineteen endemic, endogenous fruits from 11 families were selected for biochemical and molecular analyses. Ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and correlation analysis revealed high and varying quantities. Phyllanthus emblica had the highest vitamin C (375.68 mg/100 g) and antioxidant activity (IC50 181.21 μg/ml). High-quality genomic DNA isolation was standardized, showing excellent spectra, efficient restriction digestion, and PCR amplification. Here, nutritional screening and molecular analysis of the endemic fruits and their potential nutritive value to hinder malnutrition is reported.

Process improvement as influenced by inoculum and product preservation in the production of Hawaijar - A traditional fermented Soybean

Hawaijar is a fermented soybean product of Manipur state of India, which is traditionally prepared by fermenting cooked bean wrapped with Ficus (Ficus hispida) leaves in a bamboo basket. Microorganisms isolated from the traditionally fermented product wereBacillus subtilis and Xanthomonas. Individual and combined cultures indicated that B. subtilis would be the organism of choice based on physical and organoleptic attributes. Preservation of the fresh product with acetic and citric acid combinations gave better results than sodium chloride and acetic acid. All the products were evaluated on their organoleptic attributes. The oven-dried product found acceptance by the sensory panelists and was to be similar to the sun-dried product. Key words: Hawaijar, Bacillus subtilis, preservation, ficus leaves, organoleptic evaluation.

Bacterial species associated with traditional starter cultures used for fermented bamboo shoot production in Manipur state of India

Soidon is a non-salted acidic fermented food prepared from the succulent bamboo shoot tip of Schizostachyum capitatum Munro by using a traditional liquid starter called “ soidon mahi” in Manipur state of India. In this study, 163 bacterial isolates associated with this starter samples were identified and their population distribution was investigated by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), 16S rDNA sequencing and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. This acidic starter (pH 4.5 ± 0.15) was dominated by a characteristic association of Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) together. The population distribution of dominant species were Bacillus subtilis 29.3%, Bacillus cereus 35.7%, Bacillus pumilus 2.6%, Lactobacillus brevis 9.6%, Lactobacillus plantarum 5.1%, Carnobacterium sp. 11.9%, Enterococcus faecium 1.2% and Pseudomonas fluorescens 4.6%. Alarming population load (10 6–10 7 cfu/ml) of B. cereus in 87% of starter samples studied should raise concern regarding biosafety of soidon consumption. PCR amplification of 16S–23S rDNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region and ITS-RFLP profiles revealed a high diversity with eight subgroups in B. subtilis, five subgroups in B. cereus and three subgroups in L. brevis isolates. The most abundant B. subtilis subgroup IB.1 distributed in most of the samples showed very less clonal variability during RAPD analysis. The molecular methods used in this study identified the dominant strains of Bacillus and LAB distributed in most of the starter samples. These dominant strains of B. subtilis, L. brevis and L. plantarum would allow for developing a defined starter culture for the production of quality soidon.

Prioritization of malaria endemic zones using self-organizing maps in the Manipur state of India

Due to the availability of a huge amount of epidemiological and public health data that require analysis and interpretation by using appropriate mathematical tools to support the existing method to control the mosquito and mosquito-borne diseases in a more effective way, data-mining tools are used to make sense from the chaos. Using data-mining tools, one can develop predictive models, patterns, association rules, and clusters of diseases, which can help the decision-makers in controlling the diseases. This paper mainly focuses on the applications of data-mining tools that have been used for the first time to prioritize the malaria endemic regions in Manipur state by using Self Organizing Maps (SOM). The SOM results (in two-dimensional images called Kohonen maps) clearly show the visual classification of malaria endemic zones into high, medium and low in the different districts of Manipur, and will be discussed in the paper.

Ethnic minorities and their vulnerability to AIDS in a border state of India

To successfully stall the spread of HIV/AIDS among the ethnic minorities in India, it is imperative that we not only understand the complexity of issues in India with regard to HIV spread among ethnic groups but also comprehend that straightforward measures that might have worked in the context of other countries may not work in the Indian context. The authors present field work data and the results of interviews with 635 opinion leaders from eight 'tribal groups' from the north eastern border state of Manipur in India where a high rate of HIV infection is reported among the IDUs (intravenous drug users). The study found community support for AIDS, sex and drug education, along with an increasing perception of social vulnerability. Even though respondents perceive the threat of infection, few feel that they are personally susceptible. As HIV/AIDS prevention programmes compete with other socioeconomic conditions, the prevention blue print must be tailored to meet diverse demands in the study area and of the ethnic minorities in India.

Genetic Diversity and Subspecies Differentiation in Local Rice Cutlivars from Manipur State of India.

The Manipur State of India is considered as a part of the center of diversity of Asian rice. To obtain information on the genetic diversity and subspecies differentiation in local rice cultivars from the area, a survey was made of selected morphological and physiological traits, chloroplast DNA (CtDNA) type, and total genomic DNA polymorphism. Judging from the discriminant score z, 32 out of 48 tested local cultivars were classified into indica, 5 into japonica, and 11 intermediate. An analysis of ORFIOO of CtDNA by PCR identified 29 cultivars as deletion type (indica ), and 22 as non-deletion type Japonica ). Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis revealed a high degree of polymorphism in the 51 cultivars, and 4 major clusters were recognized in a dendrogram constructed by UPGMA: 29 cultivars formed a cluster with typical indica standards