Speed Manipulation Research Articles

Light-based manipulation of visual processing speed during soccer-specific training has a positive impact on visual and visuomotor abilities in professional soccer players.

This study was aimed at assessing the effects of a 6-week intervention within a training environment that uses special lighting conditions targeted to slow down the visual processing speed of visual and visuomotor performance in professional soccer players. Twenty-four soccer players (age = 21.8 ± 4.8 years, 50% women) from the under 18 and under 23 men's teams, and 1st Women's team of the Sunderland Association Football Club participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups, with the intervention group performing 2-weekly 30-min sessions of specific soccer tasks with specific lighting conditions using the Okkulo system (Okkulo™, okkulo.com), whereas the control group performed the same training under normal lighting conditions. The intervention group showed significant improvements in dynamic visual acuity (p < 0.001), recognition time (p = 0.002), sensory reaction time (p < 0.001), motor reaction time (p = 0.002) and peripheral identification accuracy (p < 0.001), whereas no significant effects were obtained for stereopsis (p = 0.05), peripheral identification speed (p = 0.17) and anticipation (p = 0.22). In conclusion, a 6-week training intervention using the Okkulo system improved several visual and visuomotor skills in professional soccer players. Future studies will assess the transfer effects of using this technology to on-field performance.

Efficient implementation of quantum permutation algorithm using a polar SrO molecule in pendular states

Quantum algorithms offer more enhanced computational efficiency in comparison to their classical counterparts when solving specific tasks. In this study, we implement the quantum permutation algorithm utilizing a polar molecule within an external electric field. The selection of the molecular qutrit involves the utilization of field-dressed states generated through the pendular modes of SrO. Through the application of multi-target optimal control theory, we strategically design microwave pulses to execute logical operations, including Fourier transform, oracle U f operation, and inverse Fourier transform within a three-level molecular qutrit structure. The observed high fidelity of our outcomes is intricately linked to the concept of the quantum speed limit, which quantifies the maximum speed of quantum state manipulation. Subsequently, we design the optimized pulse sequence to successfully simulate the quantum permutation algorithm on a single SrO molecule, achieving remarkable fidelity. Consequently, a quantum circuit comprising a single qutrit suffices to determine permutation parity with just a single function evaluation. Therefore, our results indicate that the optimal control theory can be well applied to the quantum computation of polar molecular systems.

Real-Time Milling Chatter Detection and Control with Axis Encoder Feedback and Spindle Speed Manipulation

This paper introduces a complete real-time algorithm, where the chatter is detected and eliminated by spindle speed manipulation via the chatter energy feedback calculated from the axis encoder measurement. The proposed method does not require profound knowledge of the machining dynamics; instead, the entire algorithm exploits the fact that milling vibrations consist of forced vibrations at spindle speed harmonics and chatter vibrations that are close to one of the natural modes, with sidebands which are spread at the multiples of spindle speed frequency above and below the chatter frequency. The developed algorithm is able to identify the amplitude, phase and frequency of all the harmonics constituting the periodic forced and chatter vibrations. The key challenge is to select dominant chatter frequencies for the calculation of a robust and accurate chatter energy ratio feedback; this is achieved by utilizing the frequency estimation variance of EKF as a novel chatter indicator. Based on the chatter energy ratio feedback, the controller overrides the spindle speed in order to suppress the chatter energy below a particular threshold value. The varying spindle speed challenge is handled by updating the state transition matrices of the Kalman filters and real-time calculation of the band-pass filter coefficients, based on the derived discrete time transfer functions. The developed algorithm is tested on a Deckel FP5cc CNC which is in-house retrofitted and has a PC-based controller for the real-time application of the proposed algorithm. It is shown that the real-time chatter frequency and amplitude estimates are compatible with off-line FFT analysis, and chatter can be successfully eliminated by energy feedback.

Usability of visualizing position and orientation deviations for manual precise manipulation of objects in augmented reality

Manual precise manipulation of objects is an essential skill in everyday life, and Augmented Reality (AR) is increasingly being used to support such operations. In this study, we investigate whether detailed visualizations of position and orientation deviations are helpful for AR-assisted manual precise manipulation of objects. We developed three AR instructions with different visualizations of deviations: the logical deviation baseline instruction, the precise numerical deviations-based instruction, and the intuitive color-mapped deviations-based instruction. All three instructions visualized the required directions for manipulation and the logical values of whether the object met the accuracy requirements. Additionally, the latter two instructions provided detailed visualizations of deviations through numerical text and color-mapping respectively. A user study was conducted with 18 participants to compare the three AR instructions. The results showed that there were no significant differences found in speed, accuracy, perceived ease-of-use, and perceived workload between the three AR instructions. We found that the visualizations of the required directions for manipulation and the logical values of whether the object met the accuracy requirements were sufficient to guide manual precise manipulation. The detailed visualizations of the real-time deviations could not improve the speed and accuracy of manual precise manipulation, and although they could improve the perceived ease-of-use and user experience, the effects were not significant. Based on the results, several recommendations were provided for designing AR instructions to support precise manual manipulation.

Speed and contextual information of a crime-related video bias the responsibility judgments

Courts often rely on video evidence, assuming it accurately shows important legal details. Yet, studies suggest that video isn’t inherently “objective” and people, including legal professionals, might misinterpret its objectivity due to video quality or context. This study aimed to explore how video speed variations and contextual information affect judgments of responsibility in a video portraying a bus assault. The study employed a 5 × 3 mixed design, with video speed (Very Slow, 0.88x; Slow, 0.96x; Neutral, 1.00x; Fast, 1.04x; Very Fast, 1.12x) as a between-subject variable, contextual information (Hit, Harm, Kill) attributed to the perpetrator’s action as a within-subject factor, and dimensions of accountability, predictability, criminal intent, and severity as dependent variables. ANOVA results from a sample of 300 participants (60 per video speed condition) revealed that the highest levels of accountability, criminal intent, and predictability were attributed when the contextual information was “hit” as compared to the “harm” and “kill” actions. Furthermore, the greatest difference in accountability and criminal intent scores for the kill action was between the very fast and very slow conditions. These findings raise significant concerns about the use of video evidence in criminal proceedings, as video speed manipulation and contextual information can have a substantial impact on responsibility judgments.

Effects of playback speed and language proficiency on listening comprehension of multilingual English learners

ABSTRACT For multilingual English as an additional language learners (EALLs), listening is a critical skill that they must master. This quasi-experimental study examined if playback speed, overall English proficiency, and listening sub-scores affected the listening comprehension of EALLs. It also addressed if any of these effects were moderated by certain background and experiential factors. Data sources included a survey, listening comprehension sub-scores, overall English proficiency scores (TOEFL), and two listening comprehension test scores based on a set of easier and harder questions. Before taking the listening comprehension test, 168 students in English-medium institutions in Turkey and China listened to a 10-minute TED-talk YouTube video at three playback speed levels (slower: 0.75; default/normal: 1; faster: 1.25). Several statistically significant differences were obtained between the three groups regarding these measures. Results suggested that the playback speed and proficiency levels (both overall proficiency and listening sub-scores) matter both for the easier and harder comprehension questions. Implications of these findings for additional language education are described. Through the use of playback speed manipulation, this study underscores the crucial role customized instructional approaches play in enhancing listening comprehension for EALLs on video platforms like YouTube.

Children’s ability to estimate approaching vehicle time-to-arrival following training in a virtual pedestrian environment

Objectives Child pedestrian injuries represent a significant public health challenge. Understanding the most complex cognitive skills required to cross streets helps us understand, improve, and protect children in traffic, as underdeveloped cognitive skill likely impacts children’s pedestrian safety. One complex component of street-crossing is the cognitive-perceptual task of judging time-to-arrival of oncoming traffic. We examined capacity of 7- and 8-year-olds to judge time-to-arrival for vehicles approaching from varying distances and speeds, as well as improvement in those judgments following intensive street-crossing training in a virtual reality (VR) pedestrian simulator. Methods 500 seven- and eight-year-olds participated in a randomized trial evaluating use of a large kiosk VR versus smartphone-based VR headset to teach street-crossing skills. Prior to randomization into VR training condition and also prior to initiation of any training, children engaged in a video-based vehicle approach estimation task to assess ability to judge traffic time-to-arrival. They then engaged in multiple VR-based pedestrian safety training sessions in their randomly assigned condition until achieving adult functioning. Soon after training and again 6 months later, children repeated the vehicle estimation task. Results Prior to randomization or training, children were more accurate judging time to arrival for closer versus farther traffic, and rapidly-moving versus slower-moving traffic, but those results were subsumed by a speed x distance interaction. The interaction suggested distance cues were used more prominently than speed cues, and speed had varying effects at different distances. Training group had minimal effect on learning and all children became significantly better at judging vehicle arrival times following training. Conclusions Children tend to underestimate vehicle arrival times. Distance cues are more impactful on time-to-arrival judgments than speed cues, but children’s estimations based both on manipulations of vehicle speed and manipulations of vehicle distance improved post-training. Improvements were retained six months later. This finding is consistent with psychophysics research suggesting vehicle approach judgments rely on optical size and looming, which are impacted both by vehicle speeds and distances. Implementation of VR-based training for child pedestrian safety is recommended, as it may improve children’s judgment of vehicle time-to-arrival, but it must be conducted cautiously to avoid iatrogenic effects.

IOT Based DC Motor Speed and Direction Control

This paper introduces an innovative Internet of Things (IoT) based system designed to control the speed and direction of a DC motor using the Blynk mobile application. The system integrates an OLED display (SSD1306), an ESP8266 microcontroller, a 300 RPM DC motor, and an L293D motor driver. With this system, users can remotely manage the speed and direction of the DC motor through the Blynk app, accessible on smartphones or tablets. Real-time feedback on the motor's speed and direction is provided via the OLED display, enhancing user interaction and experience. The ESP8266 microcontroller acts as the core control unit, interfacing with the Blynk app via Wi-Fi to receive user commands and adjust the motor's operation accordingly. The bidirectional control feature of the L293D motor driver enables precise manipulation of the motor's speed and direction. By leveraging IoT technology and the Blynk app, users gain the flexibility to control the motor from any location with internet connectivity, offering convenience and accessibility. Additionally, the OLED display enhances the user interface, enabling intuitive monitoring and adjustment of motor parameters. In conclusion, this system offers a versatile and user-friendly solution for remotely managing DC motor speed and direction, with potential applications spanning across home automation, robotics, and industrial control systems.

Model-based feedforward control for an optimized manipulation of acoustically levitated spheres

We present a simple dynamic model for predicting the manipulation behavior of an acoustically levitated sphere. The model allows for the calculation of the sphere position over time, which is demonstrated for two manipulation strategies: a straight motion with a constant manipulation velocity and a straight motion in which the sphere acceleration follows a cosine function. The dynamic model as well as the manipulation strategies is verified experimentally in an acoustic levitator system consisting of an array of 16 by 16 ultrasonic transducers emitting at 40 kHz and an opposing reflector. In this system, a glass sphere of a diameter of 2 mm is manipulated horizontally by controlling the phases of the transducers. The sphere motion is recorded using a high-speed camera, and a tracking algorithm is used for capturing the sphere position over time. Moreover, a model predictive control algorithm is applied on a path-following problem to move the sphere along a given reference trajectory by means of a model-based optimal feedforward control. The proposed dynamic model as well as the methodology presented in this paper enables faster manipulation speeds with reduced oscillations during object movement.

Sleight of hand: role-differentiated bimanual manipulation speed across infancy

ABSTRACT Role-differentiated bimanual manipulation (RDBM) is a complex behaviour requiring the complementary movement of two hands to achieve a common goal. We investigated the relation of RDBM speed (time to complete a successful RDBM) with a hand preference for acquiring objects (early right, late right, left, no preference), toy type (simple/difficult), age (9-14 months), and hand (right/left) used to perform the RDBM. Changes in RDBM speed across age were examined across different hand preference groups for RDBMs performed on simple toys using the right hand. The analysis revealed that early-right preference infants had a steeper slope than the no preference/left-preference infants. The same was true for right-preference infants (early- and late-) for RDBMs performed on difficult toys using the right hand. A mixed ANOVA revealed that there were decreases in RDBM times across age, therefore infants are faster at performing RDBMs over time, regardless of toy type, hand used, or hand preference. The results of the present study suggest that when exploring the development of hand preference, we should consider the influence of age, hand preference, and hand used.

Jumping and leaping estimations using optic flow

Optic flow provides information on movement direction and speed during locomotion. Changing the relationship between optic flow and walking speed via training has been shown to influence subsequent distance and hill steepness estimations. Previous research has shown that experience with slow optic flow at a given walking speed was associated with increased effort and distance overestimation in comparison to experiencing with fast optic flow at the same walking speed. Here, we investigated whether exposure to different optic flow speeds relative to gait influences perceptions of leaping and jumping ability. Participants estimated their maximum leaping and jumping ability after exposure to either fast or moderate optic flow at the same walking speed. Those calibrated to fast optic flow estimated farther leaping and jumping abilities than those calibrated to moderate optic flow. Findings suggest that recalibration between optic flow and walking speed may specify an action boundary when calibrated or scaled to actions such as leaping, and possibly, the manipulation of optic flow speed has resulted in a change in the associated anticipated effort for walking a prescribed distance, which in turn influence one’s perceived action capabilities for jumping and leaping.

Effects of semi-immersive virtual reality and manipulation of optic flow speed on gait biomechanics in people post-stroke.

To investigate how people post-stroke and healthy people experience the addition of semi-immersive virtual reality (VR) and optic flow speed manipulation while walking on a treadmill, and if optic flow speed manipulation could be used in rehabilitation to elicit changes in post-stroke gait biomechanics. Sixteen people post-stroke and 16 healthy controls walked on a self-paced treadmill. After 2 habituation trials (without and with VR), participants walked 3 more trials under the following conditions of optic flow: matched, slow, and fast. Primary outcome measures were spatiotemporal gait parameters and lower limb kinematics. Secondary outcomes (simulator sickness and enjoyment) were assessed with the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and visual analogue scales (VAS). VR did not influence the gait biomechanics, and optic flow manipulation had a limited effect. Both groups significantly increased their walking speed with the slow optic flow and decreased their speed with the fast optic flow. For the other gait parameters, only small changes were found. Only people post-stroke had a significant increase on the SSQ and the enjoyment-VAS. Adding semi-immersive VR did not influence the gait pattern, was well tolerated, and enjoyable. Both groups altered their gait parameters when the optic flow speed was adjusted during the protocol. Incorporating such manipulations into treadmill training is feasible, but further research about the type of manipulation and level of immersion is needed.

In Case of Doubt, One Follows One's Self: The Implicit Guidance of the Embodied Self-Avatar.

The sense of embodiment in virtual reality (VR) is commonly understood as the subjective experience that one's physical body is substituted by a virtual counterpart, and is typically achieved when the avatar's body, seen from a first-person view, moves like one's physical body. Embodiment can also be experienced in other circumstances (e.g., in third-person view) or with imprecise or distorted visuo-motor coupling. It was moreover observed, in various cases of small or progressive temporal and spatial manipulations of avatars' movements, that participants may spontaneously follow the movement shown by the avatar. The present work investigates whether, in some specific contexts, participants would follow what their avatar does even when large movement discrepancies occur, thereby extending the scope of understanding of the self-avatar follower effect beyond subtle changes of motion or speed manipulations. We conducted an experimental study in which we introduced uncertainty about which movement to perform at specific times and analyzed participants' movements and subjective feedback after their avatar showed them an incorrect movement. Results show that, when in doubt, participants were influenced by their avatar's movements, leading them to perform that particular error twice more often than normal. Importantly, results of the embodiment score indicate that participants experienced a dissociation with their avatar at those times. Overall, these observations not only demonstrate the possibility of provoking situations in which participants follow the guidance of their avatar for large motor distortions, despite their awareness about the avatar movement disruption and on the possible influence it had on their choice, and, importantly, exemplify how the cognitive mechanism of embodiment is deeply rooted in the necessity of having a body.

Influence of Compounding Parameters on Color Space and Properties of Thermoplastics with Ultramarine Blue Pigment.

The incorporation of thermoplastics with pigments imparts diverse aesthetic qualities and properties to colored thermoplastic products. The selection of pigment type and content, along with specific processing conditions, plays a pivotal role in influencing color properties and overall product performance. This study focuses on optimizing these parameters to ensure the desired color quality and product functionality. Two types of polypropylene copolymer (PPCP) with different melt flow rates (MFRs) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) were compounded with ultramarine blue pigment masterbatch (MB) in concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 wt.% using a twin-screw extruder. The compounding process was conducted at a constant screw speed of 200 rpm and a die temperature of 210 °C. The effects of screw speed and die temperature were investigated at a constant MB of 3 wt.%. Colored samples were fabricated by injection molding. Microscopic analysis revealed a well-dispersed pigment within the PPCP matrix when using the MB. Rheological properties, assessed through the power law index, confirmed effective pigment dispersion, facilitated by shear thinning behavior and controlled shear rate via the manipulation of screw speed and die temperature. The effects of masterbatch contents and processing conditions on color spaces were evaluated using CIELAB and CIELCH, with one-way ANOVA employed to identify statistical significance. Higher opacity in high-MFR PPCP and ABS resulted in increased lightness and color strength, surpassing low-MFR PPCP by 15-40% at equivalent MB contents. Masterbatch content emerged as a significant factor influencing the color spaces of all colored thermoplastics. Further analysis, including Fisher pairwise comparisons of one-way ANOVA, revealed that screw speed influenced the redness and hue of low-MFR PPCP, whereas die temperature affected the lightness and hue of high-MFR PPCP and ABS. Interestingly, the blueness and chroma of colored thermoplastics were minimally affected by both screw speed and die temperature. Notably, regardless of processing conditions, the flexural properties of colored thermoplastics remained comparable to the neat polymer when incorporated with ultramarine blue pigment masterbatch.

Simple within-stride changes in treadmill speed can drive selective changes in human gait symmetry.

Millions of people walk with asymmetric gait patterns, highlighting a need for customizable rehabilitation approaches that can flexibly target different aspects of gait asymmetry. Here, we studied how simple within-stride changes in treadmill speed could drive selective changes in gait symmetry. In Experiment 1, healthy adults (n = 10) walked on an instrumented treadmill with and without a closed-loop controller engaged. This controller changed the treadmill speed to 1.50 or 0.75 m/s depending on whether the right or left leg generated propulsive ground reaction forces, respectively. Participants walked asymmetrically when the controller was engaged: the leg that accelerated during propulsion (right) showed smaller leading limb angles, larger trailing limb angles, and smaller propulsive forces than the leg that decelerated (left). In Experiment 2, healthy adults (n = 10) walked on the treadmill with and without an open-loop controller engaged. This controller changed the treadmill speed to 1.50 or 0.75 m/s at a prescribed time interval while a metronome guided participants to step at different time points relative to the speed change. Different patterns of gait asymmetry emerged depending on the timing of the speed change: step times, leading limb angles, and peak propulsion were asymmetric when the speed changed early in stance while step lengths, step times, and propulsion impulses were asymmetric when the speed changed later in stance. In sum, we show that simple manipulations of treadmill speed can drive selective changes in gait symmetry. Future work will explore the potential for this technique to restore gait symmetry in clinical populations.

High Gain Derived from Facile Carrier Dynamics Manipulation for Sensitive X‐ray Detection and Imaging

AbstractSignal amplification is vitally important for sensing low‐dose X‐rays in medical diagnosis by amplifying the generated electric read‐out signal. However, the complexity of external amplification circuits hampers device miniaturization and portability, while integrating amplification functionality directly into sensors or detectors remains a significant and formidable challenge. In this work, a direct high‐gain X‐ray detector with facile electron drift speed manipulation is reported in perovskite single‐crystal film (SCF). By employing laser‐assisted nucleation, high‐quality MAPbBr3 SCF is fabricated with precise control of thickness from ≈20 to ≈500 µm and the area up to 3 by 2 cm, while the architecture of ITO/MAPbBr3/Au is constructed to form the Schottky junction in opposite polarity. With the assistance of applied bias, the space electric field over MAPbBr3 SCF can be tunable, which ensures the manipulation of charge carrier drift speed to form recirculation for internal gain. The resultant photodetector exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity of 1.44 × 105 µC Gy−1 cm−2 with a gain of 5.14 × 105, an ultralow detection limit of 39.8 nGy s−1, and the X‐ray array imaging is achieved at a low dose rate of 5 µGy s−1. These results confirm the advance of high‐gain detectors in constructing sensing arrays for practical safe medical diagnosis.

Blood Flow Restriction Walking for Older Adults: A Brief Review

ABSTRACT Walking is a low-impact form of physical activity feasible, acceptable, and safe for load-compromised individuals, such as older adults. Options available to increase the potency of this exercise to promote training adaptations are generally limited to manipulation of speed, gradient, and duration. However, emerging studies have suggested that blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with walking is a method that can accentuate training-induced adaptations compared with walking alone. This narrative review aimed to examine the effectiveness and safety of BFR walking in older adults according to the existing literature. Of the limited evidence available on this topic, it appears that BFR walking compared with walking alone can induce significant increases in muscular hypertrophy and strength. Therefore, implementing BFR walking may be a feasible and safe option for older adults to enhance the effectiveness of their walking interventions, at least from a musculoskeletal perspective.

Sink or swim: Does a worm paralysis phenotype hold clues to neurodegenerative disease?

Receiving a neurodegenerative disease (NDD) diagnosis, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is devastating, particularly given the limited options for treatment. Advances in genetic technologies have allowed for efficient modeling of NDDs in animals and brought hope for new disease-modifying medications. The complexity of the mammalian brain and the costs and time needed to identify and develop therapeutic leads limits progress. Modeling NDDs in invertebrates, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, offers orders of magnitude increases in speed of genetic analysis and manipulation, and can be pursued at substantially reduced cost, providing an important, platform complement and inform research with mammalian NDD models. In this review, we describe how our efforts to exploit C. elegans for the study of neural signaling and health led to the discovery of a paralytic phenotype (swimming-induced paralysis) associated with altered dopamine signaling and, surprisingly, to the discovery of a novel gene and pathway whose dysfunction in glial cells triggers neurodegeneration. Research to date on swip-10 and its putative mammalian ortholog MBLAC1, suggests that a tandem analysis will offer insights into NDD mechanisms and insights into novel, disease-modifying therapeutics.

Virtual reality—enhanced walking in people post-stroke: effect of optic flow speed and level of immersion on the gait biomechanics

BackgroundOptic flow—the apparent visual motion experienced while moving—is absent during treadmill walking. With virtual reality (VR), optic flow can be controlled to mediate alterations in human walking. The aim of this study was to investigate (1) the effects of fully immersive VR and optic flow speed manipulation on gait biomechanics, simulator sickness, and enjoyment in people post-stroke and healthy people, and (2) the effects of the level of immersion on optic flow speed and sense of presence.MethodsSixteen people post-stroke and 16 healthy controls performed two VR-enhanced treadmill walking sessions: the semi-immersive GRAIL session and fully immersive head-mounted display (HMD) session. Both consisted of five walking trials. After two habituation trials (without and with VR), participants walked three more trials under the following conditions: matched, slow, and fast optic flow. Primary outcome measures were spatiotemporal parameters and lower limb kinematics. Secondary outcomes (simulator sickness, enjoyment, and sense of presence) were assessed with the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, Visual Analogue Scales, and Igroup Presence Questionnaire.ResultsWhen walking with the immersive HMD, the stroke group walked with a significantly slower cadence (-3.69strides/min, p = 0.006), longer stride time (+ 0.10 s, p = 0.017) and stance time for the unaffected leg (+ 1.47%, p = 0.001) and reduced swing time for the unaffected leg (− 1.47%, p = 0.001). Both groups responded to the optic flow speed manipulation such that people accelerated with a slow optic flow and decelerated with a fast optic flow. Compared to the semi-immersive GRAIL session, manipulating the optic flow speed with the fully immersive HMD had a greater effect on gait biomechanics whilst also eliciting a higher sense of presence.ConclusionAdding fully immersive VR while walking on a self-paced treadmill led to a more cautious gait pattern in people post-stroke. However, walking with the HMD was well tolerated and enjoyable. People post-stroke altered their gait parameters when optic flow speed was manipulated and showed greater alterations with the fully-immersive HMD. Further work is needed to determine the most effective type of optic flow speed manipulation as well as which other principles need to be implemented to positively influence the gait pattern of people post-stroke.Trial registration number: The study was pre-registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04521829).

Manipulation speed of light and giant phase shifting: a new quantum-based model for improving efficiency and security of internet of things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is transitioning towards Quantum Computing soon, relying on electromagnetic waves for data transfer within circuits and between IoT devices. This paper introduces a four-level atomic medium controlled by electromagnetic fields to manipulate the speed of light, resulting in subluminal and superluminal information transfer for IoT. Subluminal propagation transmits data at an average rate, while superluminal propagation transfers data faster than conventional methods. The differentiation between these two modes of propagation is determined by the sign of the group index, which is positive for subluminal and negative for superluminal. Our proposed model reports a maximum positive and negative group index of ± 5000. This modified group velocity to become {v}_{g}=pm ,c/5000 enhances IoT information transferring in quantum-based communication. The group delay time is measured to {t}_{d}=pm 10 mu s in the medium, which increases the capacity for IoT information storage. The maximum value of normal and anomalous phase shift is reported to Phi =pm , 20000 radians at 60 cm lengths of the medium; this effect is used to divide information in sub-set that protect IoT information from different types of attacks and losses.